Astro HW4-HW6

What is the best reason astronomers have come up with to explain why sunspots are cooler and look darker?

Sunspots are places where the strong magnetic fields in the Sun resist the upward motion of bubbling hot gases from underneath

A type of planet that our surveys of exoplanets are revealing around other stars, but we don't have any examples of around the Sun are:

Super-Earth's

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the rotation of Venus?

Venus rotates in roughly the same time period as Earth.

One of the best proofs that our theory of how the solar system formed is correct is that astronomers now observe

disks around other stars which show evidence of gaps where planets may be forming

When a chunk of cosmic material the size of a golf ball or a baseball hits the Earth's atmosphere it makes a

fireball

Which of the following statements about the violent events on the Sun called flares is FALSE? flares happen more often during solar maximum, and sometimes during those periods, there can be several in one day a flare can release energy equivalent to a million hydrogen bombs flares originate in the upper part of the corona, in the regions called coronal holes astronomers think that flares are connected with sudden changes in the magnetic field of the Sun the visible light we see from a flare is only a tiny fraction of the energy it releases

flares originate in the upper part of the corona, in the regions called coronal holes

When astronomers say that Ganymede is a differentiated body, they mean that it:

has a heavier core, surrounded by a lighter, icy mantle and crust

During the process of differentiation,

heavier materials sink to the centers of molten planets

When an astronomer rambles on and on about the luminosity of a star she is studying, she is talking about:

how much energy the star gives off each second

The element that can act like a metal when it is under tremendous pressure and is probably responsible for Jupiter and Saturn's magnetism is:

hydrogen

A main difference between asteroids and comets is that asteroids are mostly made of rock and comets are mostly made of

ice

What makes astronomers believe that Mars once had rivers and running water?

images from orbiting spacecraft reveal ancient channels that look like dried-up river beds on Earth (and our rovers show geological formations made by running water)

The first technique that allowed astronomers to find exoplanets involved:

measuring changes in the radial velocity (Doppler shift) of the star caused by the pull of orbiting planets

Chunks of solid material that survive passing through the Earth's atmosphere and are found on the Earth's surface are called

meteorites

What have astronomers and geologists studied to arrive at the same conclusions about Earth's origins?

meteorites

The Murchison meteorite that was found in Australia in 1969 is important to scientists because it contained

organic materials, such as amino acids

You are out on the beach, enjoying the warm sunshine with friends. As you glance up at the Sun (only briefly we hope), the part of the Sun that you can see directly is called its:

photosphere

The material inside the Sun is in the form of a

plasma

Which of the following is not a characteristic that worlds in our solar system have in common:

that all the planets have solid surfaces on which we can see impact craters

One region on Earth that has become a rich source of new meteorites in recent decades (including the meteorite from Mars that got famous because some scientists claimed they had found evidence for the building blocks of life on Mars) is:

the Antarctic

A type of star that has turned out to be extremely useful for measuring distances is

the Cepheid variables

The large reservoir of comet nuclei far beyond Pluto, from which we believe new long-period comets come into the inner solar system, is called:

the Oort Cloud

The Moon is heavily cratered, but the Earth which "lives next door" is NOT. Why?

the active geology and weather on Earth destroy traces of impacts over millions of years

A spot where magma rises to the surface can be seen as a

volcano

Saturn's ring particles are composed mainly of:

water ice

The rings of the outer planets consist of

billions of chunks (of various sizes) that all orbit the equator of each planet

Two stars that are physically associated (move together through space) are called

binary stars

Today, astronomers can measure distances directly to worlds like Venus, Mars, the Moon, or the satellites of Jupiter by

bouncing radar beams off them

Which part of the Sun's atmosphere is the hottest?

corona

Jupiter has enough mass to make 318 Earths. In contrast, Uranus and Neptune have only enough mass to make

15 Earths

How far away would a star with a parallax of 0.2 arcsec be from us?

5 parsecs

You are using a radioactive isotope to measure the age of a rock in your lab. The half-life of the isotope is 300 million years and the ratio of parent to daughter particles is 1/4. How old is the rock?

600 million years

If everything in the solar system is moving around, why do the Perseid meteors repeat regularly around August 11th or so?

Because the Earth in its orbit intersects the same swarm of meteor particles at the same time each year

The most common element in the Sun is

Hydrogen

The world in the solar system that is most active volcanically is:

Io

Which of the following statements about the seasons on Jupiter is correct?

Jupiter's axis is hardly tilted so it has no real seasonal variations

Why do astronomers today think that we have an asteroid belt and not a planet between Mars and Jupiter?

Jupiter's gravity prevented material in that zone from getting together

Which of the following is a giant planet?

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

The telescope in space that allowed astronomers to find thousands of exoplanets and exoplanet candidates by making very careful measurements during a planet transit was called:

Kepler

Which law do astronomers use to determine the masses of the stars in a spectroscopic binary system?

Kepler's Third Law

Between 1992 and today, astronomers using large telescopes have discovered many icy pieces that orbit in the same region as the orbit of Pluto. These are believed to be members of the

Kuiper belt

After a lot of work, a group of graduate students has finally measured the wavelengths of many dozens of lines in the spectrum of a distant star. If a number of the lines come from molecules such as titanium oxide, the star is likely to be which spectral type:

M

Which of the following types of star is the coolest (has the lowest surface temperature)?

M

If no one has ever visited the core of the Earth, how do we know that it is made of metals?

circulating liquid metals in the core set up a large (measurable) magnetic field

Which of the following is a terrestrial planet?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

The moon Triton orbits which of the planets?

Neptune

The largest volcano on Mars is called:

Olympus Mons (Mt. Olympus)

Which of the following worlds does NOT have a ring?

Pluto

Why does Mars have an overall reddish color when we see its surface from afar?

The material of Mars' surface contains a lot of iron oxide, the same chemistry that makes rusting metals look reddish

Which of the following statements about the Sun's photosphere is NOT TRUE? (The photosphere is significantly hotter than all the layers of the Sun beneath it (further inward) The photosphere is not a solid layer; if a spaceship (that could withstand the heat) fell through it, it wouldn't feel anything when reaching the photosphere The photosphere is much less dense than our Earth's atmosphere The photosphere is the layer where the Sun becomes opaque (you can't see through it) Through a telescope, the photosphere looks mottled or granulated)

The photosphere is significantly hotter than all the layers of the Sun beneath it (further inward)

Which of the following statements about Saturn's rings is TRUE? There is really only one ring, which looks unbroken from Earth The structure of the rings is completely independent of Saturn's moons The rings are made of billions and billions of individual "moonlets" (small chunks) The rings are made of particles no bigger than the particles that make up smoke If the rings were put on Earth, they would stretch from about New York to Boston

The rings are made of billions and billions of individual "moonlets" (small chunks)

The process by which Venus became so much hotter than the Earth is called:

The runaway greenhouse effect

What do astronomers think is the origin of the many irregular moons around the outer planets (irregular meaning they are orbiting backwards and/or have eccentric orbits)?

These moons were likely formed elsewhere and captured by the giant planets

How can astronomers measure the age of a meteorite that fell from the skies?

They measure the amount still left of radioactive materials in the meteorite, and how much has turned into decay products

The planet that most resembles the Earth in size and internal composition is

Venus

Some objects in space just don't have what it takes to be a star (just like many hopefuls in Hollywood don't.) Which of the following is a "failed star", an object with too little mass to qualify as a star?

a brown dwarf

According to the formula E=mc2,

a little bit of mass can be converted into a substantial amount of energy

When two objects in orbit have periods of revolution that are simple ratios of each other (such as 1 to 2 or 1 to 3) we say that we have:

a resonance

The typical meteor is

a small solid particle, no bigger than a pea

Which of the following looks the brightest in the sky?

a star with magnitude -1

If there are at least a million asteroids, how did spacecraft like Galileo survive their trip through the asteroid belt?

although there are many asteroids, they are widely spaced (there is lots of space between them)

Which of the following statements about spectroscopic binary stars is FALSE? visually we can only see one star some of the lines in the spectrum are double, with the spacing changing over time an analysis of the ways the lines in the spectrum change allows us to calculate the star's distance directly we can use the spectrum to determine the sum of the masses of the two stars we can often use the changes in the positions of the spectral lines to measure the radial velocity of the stars in the system

an analysis of the ways the lines in the spectrum change allows us to calculate the star's distance directly

Which of the following is NOT a way that the moon Titan probably resembles the Earth?

at its surface the temperature and pressure are just right for water to exist in all three phases (gas, liquid, and ice)

Why did it take astronomers until 1838 to measure the parallax of the stars?

because the stars are so far away that their annual shift of position in the sky is too small to see without a good telescope

How did Henrietta Leavitt "calibrate" her period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variable stars? In other words, how did she make the general idea into a numerical rule?

by finding cepheids in star clusters whose distance was known in another way

How were the rings of Uranus discovered?

by using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (the telescope aboard an airplane) to observe Uranus moving in front of a distant star

More than 75% of the known asteroids:

can be found in a belt between Mars and Jupiter

The same gas makes up most of the atmosphere of Mars and Venus. This gas is:

carbon dioxide

Coronal Mass Ejections from the Sun have many serious effects on or near the Earth. Which of the following is NOT one of these effects? (disrupting the electronics of satellites heating the ionosphere and thus expanding the extent of our planet's atmosphere causing power surges and power outages in parts of the Earth near the poles causing huge cyclones around the equator of the Earth exposing astronauts and airplane passengers to increased amounts of radiation)

causing huge cyclones around the equator of the Earth

What features are abundant on Callisto and Ganymede and almost absent on Europa and Io?

impact craters

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes Uranus from every other planet in our solar system?

it rotates on an axis tilted almost 90 degrees to the circle of its orbit

The inner planets are made mostly of rock and metal because:

it was so hot where the inner planets formed that the lighter materials evaporated

Which of the following characteristics of a single star (one that moves through space alone) is it difficult to measure directly?

its mass

Which of the following points about our planet's atmosphere is FALSE? it is slowly leaking atoms into space from its outermost regions its mass is a substantial part of the mass of the Earth warm air rises and cool air descends within it, setting up circulating currents` it is made mostly of nitrogen one of its layers helps keep much of the ultraviolet radiation from space from reaching the surface

its mass is a substantial part of the mass of the Earth

Which of the following statements about Valles Marineris, the great "grand canyon system" on Mars is true?

landslides have helped broaden the canyons since they were first formed

Astronomers now realize that active regions on the Sun are connected with

loops of magnetic field emerging from the surface of the Sun

Stars that lie in different places on the main sequence of the H-R diagram differ from each other mainly by having different:

masses

Astronomers estimate that about 25 million meteors strike the Earth's atmosphere each day. How come we haven't run out of meteors in the long history of the Earth?

meteors are pieces of dirt left over from the formation of our solar system and from old comets; there is a huge supply of small dirt particles from both sources

Which element plays the same role on Titan as water does on Earth (existing as gas, liquid, and solid)?

methane

Most of the stars we can see with the unaided eye from Earth are

more luminous (intrinsically brighter) than the Sun

Today we realize that the source of energy for the Sun is a process called

nuclear fusion

Which part of a comet is the DENSEST?

nucleus

As astronomers use the term, the parallax of a star is

one half the angle that a star shifts when seen from opposite sides of the Earth's orbit

Where in the Sun does fusion of hydrogen occur?

only in the core

The rate at which a collection of the same radioactive atoms will decay depends on:

only on internal processes within the atoms; nothing external matters

Where on the H-R Diagram would we find stars that look red when seen through a telescope?

only on the right side of the diagram and never on the left

Loops of ionized plasma that connect sunspot pairs are called

prominences

When energy is first produced by fusion deep in the core of the star, that energy moves outward mostly by what process?

radiation

One way to find a new meteorite is to:

search the area beneath or close to the point where a bright fireball was seen to burn out

The majority of the moons orbiting the outer (jovian) planets are:

small moons orbiting in a retrograde direction (opposite to the direction their planet turns and orbits)

When two light elements collide to undergo nuclear fusion,

some of the energy in their mass is released

In the formula E=mc2, the letter c stands for

speed of light

An H-R Diagram plots the luminosity of stars against their:

surface temperature

Astronomers now believe that the differences in composition among the planets reflect what characteristic in the early solar system

temperature

In 1980, scientists suggested that the great mass extinction of 65 million years ago (which ended the reign of dinosaurs) may have been caused by a large impact from space. What discovery gives a big boost to this idea?

the discovery of a buried crater (about 200 km across) near Chicxulub, Mexico

Some years some meteor showers, such as the Leonids, feature many more meteors than at other times. What is the cause of these "meteor storms"?

the dust freed from some comets is clumpy and not evenly distributed along its orbit

Which of the following would NOT be one of the problems faced by an unprotected Earthling stranded on Mars? (Unprotected meaning no space suit.)

the extreme high heat at most latitudes

Comets change as they approach the Sun in their orbits. Which of the following statements about a comet approaching the Sun is FALSE? the solid water ice in a comet begins to evaporate just beyond the orbit of Mars comets close to the Sun can evaporate enough material to become as large or larger than Jupiter the gravity of the comet nucleus holds on to the evaporated material, and it all eventually freezes back into the nucleus when the ice evaporates, some dust frozen into the ice is freed up to join the comet's coma and tail the evaporation is not always even, but can occur in spurts (where jets of material are seen moving away from the comet nucleus)

the gravity of the comet nucleus holds on to the evaporated material, and it all eventually freezes back into the nucleus

The measurement of cosmic distances was helped tremendously by the discovery, in the early part of the 20th century, that in Cepheid variable stars, the average luminosity was related to:

the length of time they took to vary

Ninety percent of all stars (if plotted on an H-R diagram) would fall into a region astronomers call:

the main sequence

Which of the following pieces of observational evidence does our modern "solar nebula" theory of the formation of the solar system NOT explain directly?

the plane of the orbit of Pluto

One reason that we have such a complex system of belts/zones/storms in Jupiter's atmosphere is that:

the planet rotates very rapidly

The apparent brightness of stars in general tells us nothing about their distances; we cannot assume that the dimmer stars are farther away. In order for the apparent brightness of a star to be a good indicator of its distance, all the stars would have to be:

the same luminosity

Halley's Comet was given that name because Edmond Halley was

the scientist who pointed out that the orbit of the comet was such that it should return every 76 years or so

Astronomers call the vast, rotating cloud of vapor and dust from which the solar system formed:

the solar nebula

Our best evidence and theoretical calculations indicate that the solar system began with a giant spinning system of gas and dust that scientists call:

the solar nebula

At the moment when the Voyager spacecraft got closest to Uranus, the Sun was shining directly on the planet's south pole. Uranus takes about 17 hours to rotate once on its axis. If Voyager took a photo of the south pole 8.5 hours later, what would it observe?

the south pole was brightly lit, with the Sun shining down on it

Which of the following does the composition of a planet like Jupiter resemble:

the sun

Which of the following is NOT a way that Venus resembles the Earth?

the thickness and pressure of its atmosphere

A crucial difference that helps explain why Venus is so hot and the Earth isn't is that:

there was eventually no ocean to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Sunspots are darker than the regions of the Sun around them because

they are cooler than the material around them (although still very hot compared to Earth temperatures)

Which of these did the June 1908 impact event in Siberia and the 2013 event in the Russian city of Chelyabinsk have in common?

they both exploded high in the atmosphere and produced a shock wave that reached the ground

A light curve for a star measures how its brightness changes with

time