Astronomy Final

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During the Tunguska Event, people were thrown 20 feet through the air, even though they were ________ away from the explosion.

40 miles

Which of the following planets in our solar system have rings? (Select all that apply)

Neptune Jupiter Uranus Saturn

What evidence do we have that there is dark matter in the galaxy?

Flat rotation curves far from the center of the galaxy

The idea of the big bang model was first proposed by....

Georges Lemaitre

The appearance of Earth's moon is nearly identical to ...

Mercury

Which cities would be covered with water if the Greenland Ice Sheet melted completely?

Miami and Amsterdam

Where did Earth's oceans come from?

Rain from water vapor in the early atmosphere

How can astronomers be sure that their measurements of distances to galaxies are accurate?

They measure the distance using multiple independent methods

The _________ for discovering exoplanets looks for tiny dips in light as a planet passes in front of its star.

Transit

Which of the following has the hottest surface temperatures?

Venus end of chapter 7

Which astronomer worked a decade before Hubble to measure the spectra of galaxies?

Vesto Slipher

On Mercury and the Moon, we notice that larger craters __________ smaller craters.

came before

What is the atmosphere of Venus is composed almost entirely of

carbon dioxide

What molecules dominated the Earth's primordial atmosphere?

carbon dioxide and water vapor

Which of the following is NOT a type of galaxy identified by Hubble?

circular

When a star explodes as a supernova, the expanding gas can pass through the interstellar medium triggering....

formation of new stars

Almost the entirety of Jupiter's size is made up of ...

gas

Which of the following provides clear evidence for dark matter? (Select all that apply)

gravitational lensing galaxy rotation curves

What two factors influence whether gas particles stay or leave a planet's atmosphere?

gravity, heat

What factor most helps the Earth maintain a relatively constant temperature?

greenhouse gases

What outward force balances against gravity in a star like our sun?

hot gas pressure

Pulsars appear to be rotating ....

hundreds of times per second

When the sun passes through densest parts of the galaxy, we risk

other stars catapulting comets toward the earth

The cosmic distance ladder begins with the most direct measurements of distance, such as ....

parallex

The part of the sun that we see with our eyes is called the ....

photosphere

Where did the oxygen in our atmosphere come from?

photosynthesis of living organisms

Which of the following factors influences the luminosity of a star? (Select all that apply)

radius, temperature

Parallax measurements of distant stars were dramatically improved with the use of ...

space telescopes

What causes the bright beaming of radio waves coming from pulsars?

strong magnetic fields

The horizontal axis of the HR Diagram is ....

temperature end of 10

The planets closest to the Sun are known as the ...

terrestrial planets

The total energy that a star produces in one second is known as the ...

luminosity

Sunspots are caused by ....

magnetic fields

The diagonal line across the middle of the HR Diagram is known as the ...

main sequence

The distance to the center of our galaxy can be found from...

mapping the distribution of globular clusters

What is the key quantity that controls the evolution of a star?

mass

As the solar nebula cooled, which compounds were the first to condense from a gas to a solid?

metals

Cold clouds of gas and dust between stars are called ...

molecular clouds

Every star, including our own sun, is powered by ....

nuclear fusion

What initiated the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus?

the gradual warming of the sun

Which of the following magnitudes would correspond to the "brightest star."

-1

The full moon has an apparent magnitude of roughly

-12

Which of the following stars will take the longest to go from a protostar to a compact object?

1 solar mass star

If the peak wavelength of a star at rest is 830 nm, but astronomers on earth observer that is has been shifted by 3.2 nm. Then how fast is the star moving relative to the earth?

1,156,626

If the peak wavelength of a star at rest is 1375 nm, then what peak wavelength is observed when the star is traveling 975,000 m/s away from the Earth.

1,379.47

How many asteroids (that we know of) are on a potential collision course with Earth?

10,000+

The gas in the solar nebula began at a temperature of about

2000 K

How many stars are in the Milky Way?

300 billion

Where could you find 300 billion of something in everyday life? (Select all that apply)

300 billion grains of sand at the beach

The temperature at the surface of the sun is about ....

5700 K

The faintest stars you can see with your eyes in the night sky have an apparent magnitude of roughly

6

If the peak wavelength of a star at rest is 615 nm, then what peak wavelength is observed when the star is traveling 2,500,000 m/s toward the Earth.

609.875

The mass of the sun is composed of about ______ hydrogen.

75%

Which of the following stellar spectral types corresponds to the hottest stars.

B

Sunspots were first observed ....

Before 300 B.C.

Why do some astronomers object to the new definition of a planet that was adopted in 2006?

By this definition, Earth, Jupiter, and other planets should not be considered planets.

Which equation(s) are used to detect the presence of dark matter in galaxies?

Doppler Shift and Kepler's 3rd Law

Which scientist used Cepheid variables to measure the distance to faint "nebulas" in our sky, proving they were actually whole other galaxies?

Edwin Hubble end of 12

The discovery of _________ prompted astronomers to reconsider whether Pluto should really be called a planet.

Eris

Which of the following statements best describes the mass in the outer parts of the Milky Way (beyond the orbit of the sun)?

It emits a surprisingly small amount of light end of 11

Which of the following parts of the formal definition of a planet does Pluto fail to meet?

It has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit

Why was the parallax of the closest stars not observed until 200 years after the invention of the telescope?

The change in a star's position due to parallax is tiny and difficult to measure

Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation of dark matter?

Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation of dark matter?

The two engineers who discovered the cosmic microwave background worked for ....

a phone company

Cepheid variables make good standard candles because their period is closely related to their _____________.

absolute magnitude

_____________ measures how bright an object would appear if it were exactly 10 parsecs away from earth.

absolute magnitude

The mass of our galaxy has been found by ...

applying Kepler's Third Law to the Sun's orbit

If we could capture the spectrum of an exoplanet, we may find evidence for life on that planet in the form of what?

biosignatures

If a star is traveling toward you, its observed spectrum will be ....

blue-shifted

Sunspots are dark because they are ___________ than the surrounding area.

cooler end of 9

The best time to observe the moon to see its crater is during a ....

crescent moon

The difference between the apparent magnitude and the absolute magnitude is known as the ...

distance modulus

If you do not account for ____________, you may conclude that the distribution of stars in the sky provides evidence that we are located at the center of the Milky Way.

dust

Which of the following statements about interstellar dust is FALSE

dust gives HII regions their red color

The bright circles around impact craters are called ...

ejecta

A galaxy that looks like a smooth squashed sphere would like be classified as a(n) __________ galaxy.

elliptical

A gas particle will escape a planet's atmosphere if it moves faster than the .

escape speed

The Hubble Tuning Fork diagram proves that galaxies gradually move from being elliptical galaxies to spiral galaxies over time.

false

An explosion the size of the Tunguska Event is likely to happen every

few centuries

The Jovian planets are composed mostly of _______ and _________.

hydrogen, helium

Dark matter is found in ...

in every type of galaxy

A planet will keep a large atmosphere if it _________ or __________.

is cold .... has a ton of gravity

Why does Mars get incredibly hot and incredibly cold?

it does not have an atmosphere

The moon Titan is special because....

its surface is wet

"More money is spent on making movies about ____________ than on actually finding them."

killer asteroids

If a galaxy were shrunk down to the size of a paper plate, then the next nearest galaxy would be...

less than 100 feet away

The surface of the moon is covered with a fine powder of pulverized rock called...

regolith

Mercury has a network of strange wrinkles across its surface called ...

scarps

The black hole at the center of the Milky Way has a mass of _________ solar masses.

several million

One way that we can observe changes in the overall magnetic dynamo of the sun is ....

the number of sunspots on the sun

Supernovas are particularly useful as distance indicators because ...

they can be seen from very far away

Jupiter weighs roughly

twice as much as all the other planets combined end of 8

On a standard HR Diagram, stars with the largest radius will appear in the _________ corner.

upper right

On a standard HR diagram, where would you find the most massive main sequence stars?

upper-left

What are the axes of the graph of Hubble's Law?

velocity vs distance

The surface of the moon contains geologic evidence for what on the moon in the past?

volcanoes

Electron degeneracy is what holds up a __________ against the compressing force of gravity.

white dwarf

The luminosity of a star can be determined by measuring the _____________ in the stellar spectra.

width of lines

An HR Diagram of a star cluster shows that nearly all of the stars fall along the main sequence. From this information, we can tell that the star cluster must be ...

young


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