Astronomy Final
During the Tunguska Event, people were thrown 20 feet through the air, even though they were ________ away from the explosion.
40 miles
Which of the following planets in our solar system have rings? (Select all that apply)
Neptune Jupiter Uranus Saturn
What evidence do we have that there is dark matter in the galaxy?
Flat rotation curves far from the center of the galaxy
The idea of the big bang model was first proposed by....
Georges Lemaitre
The appearance of Earth's moon is nearly identical to ...
Mercury
Which cities would be covered with water if the Greenland Ice Sheet melted completely?
Miami and Amsterdam
Where did Earth's oceans come from?
Rain from water vapor in the early atmosphere
How can astronomers be sure that their measurements of distances to galaxies are accurate?
They measure the distance using multiple independent methods
The _________ for discovering exoplanets looks for tiny dips in light as a planet passes in front of its star.
Transit
Which of the following has the hottest surface temperatures?
Venus end of chapter 7
Which astronomer worked a decade before Hubble to measure the spectra of galaxies?
Vesto Slipher
On Mercury and the Moon, we notice that larger craters __________ smaller craters.
came before
What is the atmosphere of Venus is composed almost entirely of
carbon dioxide
What molecules dominated the Earth's primordial atmosphere?
carbon dioxide and water vapor
Which of the following is NOT a type of galaxy identified by Hubble?
circular
When a star explodes as a supernova, the expanding gas can pass through the interstellar medium triggering....
formation of new stars
Almost the entirety of Jupiter's size is made up of ...
gas
Which of the following provides clear evidence for dark matter? (Select all that apply)
gravitational lensing galaxy rotation curves
What two factors influence whether gas particles stay or leave a planet's atmosphere?
gravity, heat
What factor most helps the Earth maintain a relatively constant temperature?
greenhouse gases
What outward force balances against gravity in a star like our sun?
hot gas pressure
Pulsars appear to be rotating ....
hundreds of times per second
When the sun passes through densest parts of the galaxy, we risk
other stars catapulting comets toward the earth
The cosmic distance ladder begins with the most direct measurements of distance, such as ....
parallex
The part of the sun that we see with our eyes is called the ....
photosphere
Where did the oxygen in our atmosphere come from?
photosynthesis of living organisms
Which of the following factors influences the luminosity of a star? (Select all that apply)
radius, temperature
Parallax measurements of distant stars were dramatically improved with the use of ...
space telescopes
What causes the bright beaming of radio waves coming from pulsars?
strong magnetic fields
The horizontal axis of the HR Diagram is ....
temperature end of 10
The planets closest to the Sun are known as the ...
terrestrial planets
The total energy that a star produces in one second is known as the ...
luminosity
Sunspots are caused by ....
magnetic fields
The diagonal line across the middle of the HR Diagram is known as the ...
main sequence
The distance to the center of our galaxy can be found from...
mapping the distribution of globular clusters
What is the key quantity that controls the evolution of a star?
mass
As the solar nebula cooled, which compounds were the first to condense from a gas to a solid?
metals
Cold clouds of gas and dust between stars are called ...
molecular clouds
Every star, including our own sun, is powered by ....
nuclear fusion
What initiated the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus?
the gradual warming of the sun
Which of the following magnitudes would correspond to the "brightest star."
-1
The full moon has an apparent magnitude of roughly
-12
Which of the following stars will take the longest to go from a protostar to a compact object?
1 solar mass star
If the peak wavelength of a star at rest is 830 nm, but astronomers on earth observer that is has been shifted by 3.2 nm. Then how fast is the star moving relative to the earth?
1,156,626
If the peak wavelength of a star at rest is 1375 nm, then what peak wavelength is observed when the star is traveling 975,000 m/s away from the Earth.
1,379.47
How many asteroids (that we know of) are on a potential collision course with Earth?
10,000+
The gas in the solar nebula began at a temperature of about
2000 K
How many stars are in the Milky Way?
300 billion
Where could you find 300 billion of something in everyday life? (Select all that apply)
300 billion grains of sand at the beach
The temperature at the surface of the sun is about ....
5700 K
The faintest stars you can see with your eyes in the night sky have an apparent magnitude of roughly
6
If the peak wavelength of a star at rest is 615 nm, then what peak wavelength is observed when the star is traveling 2,500,000 m/s toward the Earth.
609.875
The mass of the sun is composed of about ______ hydrogen.
75%
Which of the following stellar spectral types corresponds to the hottest stars.
B
Sunspots were first observed ....
Before 300 B.C.
Why do some astronomers object to the new definition of a planet that was adopted in 2006?
By this definition, Earth, Jupiter, and other planets should not be considered planets.
Which equation(s) are used to detect the presence of dark matter in galaxies?
Doppler Shift and Kepler's 3rd Law
Which scientist used Cepheid variables to measure the distance to faint "nebulas" in our sky, proving they were actually whole other galaxies?
Edwin Hubble end of 12
The discovery of _________ prompted astronomers to reconsider whether Pluto should really be called a planet.
Eris
Which of the following statements best describes the mass in the outer parts of the Milky Way (beyond the orbit of the sun)?
It emits a surprisingly small amount of light end of 11
Which of the following parts of the formal definition of a planet does Pluto fail to meet?
It has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit
Why was the parallax of the closest stars not observed until 200 years after the invention of the telescope?
The change in a star's position due to parallax is tiny and difficult to measure
Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation of dark matter?
Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation of dark matter?
The two engineers who discovered the cosmic microwave background worked for ....
a phone company
Cepheid variables make good standard candles because their period is closely related to their _____________.
absolute magnitude
_____________ measures how bright an object would appear if it were exactly 10 parsecs away from earth.
absolute magnitude
The mass of our galaxy has been found by ...
applying Kepler's Third Law to the Sun's orbit
If we could capture the spectrum of an exoplanet, we may find evidence for life on that planet in the form of what?
biosignatures
If a star is traveling toward you, its observed spectrum will be ....
blue-shifted
Sunspots are dark because they are ___________ than the surrounding area.
cooler end of 9
The best time to observe the moon to see its crater is during a ....
crescent moon
The difference between the apparent magnitude and the absolute magnitude is known as the ...
distance modulus
If you do not account for ____________, you may conclude that the distribution of stars in the sky provides evidence that we are located at the center of the Milky Way.
dust
Which of the following statements about interstellar dust is FALSE
dust gives HII regions their red color
The bright circles around impact craters are called ...
ejecta
A galaxy that looks like a smooth squashed sphere would like be classified as a(n) __________ galaxy.
elliptical
A gas particle will escape a planet's atmosphere if it moves faster than the .
escape speed
The Hubble Tuning Fork diagram proves that galaxies gradually move from being elliptical galaxies to spiral galaxies over time.
false
An explosion the size of the Tunguska Event is likely to happen every
few centuries
The Jovian planets are composed mostly of _______ and _________.
hydrogen, helium
Dark matter is found in ...
in every type of galaxy
A planet will keep a large atmosphere if it _________ or __________.
is cold .... has a ton of gravity
Why does Mars get incredibly hot and incredibly cold?
it does not have an atmosphere
The moon Titan is special because....
its surface is wet
"More money is spent on making movies about ____________ than on actually finding them."
killer asteroids
If a galaxy were shrunk down to the size of a paper plate, then the next nearest galaxy would be...
less than 100 feet away
The surface of the moon is covered with a fine powder of pulverized rock called...
regolith
Mercury has a network of strange wrinkles across its surface called ...
scarps
The black hole at the center of the Milky Way has a mass of _________ solar masses.
several million
One way that we can observe changes in the overall magnetic dynamo of the sun is ....
the number of sunspots on the sun
Supernovas are particularly useful as distance indicators because ...
they can be seen from very far away
Jupiter weighs roughly
twice as much as all the other planets combined end of 8
On a standard HR Diagram, stars with the largest radius will appear in the _________ corner.
upper right
On a standard HR diagram, where would you find the most massive main sequence stars?
upper-left
What are the axes of the graph of Hubble's Law?
velocity vs distance
The surface of the moon contains geologic evidence for what on the moon in the past?
volcanoes
Electron degeneracy is what holds up a __________ against the compressing force of gravity.
white dwarf
The luminosity of a star can be determined by measuring the _____________ in the stellar spectra.
width of lines
An HR Diagram of a star cluster shows that nearly all of the stars fall along the main sequence. From this information, we can tell that the star cluster must be ...
young
