ASU OB Final Study Guide

When managers attribute an employee's poor performance to a lack of ability, the manager is likely to

Transfer the employee

According to Herzberg, motivators are job characteristics associated with job satisfaction

True

According to the job characteristics model, autonomy leads to the psychological state of experienced responsibility

True

Alternative dispute resolution techniques are strategies designed to avoid costly lawsuits by resolving conflicts informally or through mediation or arbitration

True

Among the Big Five personality dimensions, conscientiousness has the strongest correlation with job performance

True

Based on the job characteristics model, the three core job dimensions of task identity, task significance, and skill variety lead to the psychological state of experienced meaningfulness

True

Content theories of motivation focus on identifying internal factors influencing motivation

True

Emotional intelligence appears to be a better predictor of management success than intelligence

True

Exam 2: Individuals with high self-esteem see themselves as worthwhile, capable, and acceptable

True

Extrinsic rewards often fail to motivate because one-shot rewards have a short-lived motivational impact

True

High self-monitors are often called chameleons

True

Intelligence represents an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

True

It is important for managers to effectively deal with generational differences in values, attitudes, and behaviors that exist in the workforce

True

Low self-esteem can be raised by having the person think of desirable characteristics possessed rather than of undesirable characteristics that he or she doesn't have.

True

One advantage of job rotation is increased worker flexibility because employees are cross-trained to perform different jobs.

True

One implication of Alderfer's ERG theory is that mangers should keep in mind that workers may be motivated to pursue lower-level needs because they are frustrated with higher-order needs

True

Self- monitoring is defined by the extent to which a person observes their own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the demands of the situation

True

Since paid employment is a prime determinant of overall self-esteem, unemployment can have a devastating impact on an individual's self-esteem.

True

Stereotypes are useful because they help us process the large amount fo information that we receive daily

True

Team 7's right. A particular weakness of goal-setting theory is that it can lead to "tunnel vision" - employees sometimes forget/fail to do more mundane, but still necessary, tasks as a result of overly-focusing on certain goals

True

The self-serving bias is evident when students attribute their high grades to hard work and ability but attribute low grades to unfair tests, bad luck, and poor teaching

True

Vertical loading consists of giving workers more responsibility, usually by taking on duties normally performed by their supervisors.

True

When faced with an inequitable situation, taking a specialized training program is one way a person can increase him or her inputs

True

Which our country's changing age demographics, offering elder care to employees will become increasingly important.

True

Base on the above, from Gordon's perspective, which of the following is an outcome of the individual exchange relationship?

Two weeks paid vacation

The key point of Hofstede's cross-cultural research is that:

best management practices are culture-specific

Most entry-level managers who fail in the contemporary workforce do so because they lack the ability or the motivation to:

build relationships with colleagues and peers

Intel spends millions of dollars each year to encourage education in math and science. This policy __

builds human capital

A particular concern about using personality tests for employment decisions is that these types of assessments __

can be fake easily

Michelle, who is from the US, is on foreign assignment in Mexico. She notices that her co-workers are willing to make personal sacrifices to further the organization's goals. She correctly assumes that her co-workers are from a(n) ___ culture

collectivistic

According to the job characteristics model, skill variety, task identity, and task significance lead to the

experienced meaningfulness

If you fail this test, you'll likely experience __ emotions

goal incongruent

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ______ needs reflect the desire to grow as a human being and to use one's abilities to their fullest potential

growth

The main stumbling block for American managers working in foreign countries is that the managers ___

have family and personal adjustment problems

Kelly's attribution model suggests that people attribute behavior to external causes when they perceive __, __, and __

high consensus, low distinctiveness, low consistency

Bill works in an automotive plant installing rear bumpers onto vehicles. Bill's supervisor, Pat, has decided to horizontally load Bill's job. In the future, Bill's job will include __

installing the rear tail lights

According to Maslow, needs are

internal factors that arouse behavior.

The primary objective of the job characteristics model is to increase __

internal motivation

Which of the following statements about job enlargement is true? Job enlargement __

involves combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty.

The primary reason for managing diversity is to __

maintain a successful business in an increasingly competitive marketplace

In their discussion of the job characteristics model, Team 9 reviewed a case study that found that:

moderate support for the model

Latin America business conversations are commonly conducted at a range of approximately ___

one foot

Arab cultures embrace a(n) __ time perspective

polychronic

Job design, training and development, self-management, and goal setting are all ways in which managers can improve employees' ___

self- efficacy

Functional conflict __

serves the interest of the organization

All of the following are specific intelligence- related predictors of job performance EXCEPT:

spatial intelligence

Devil's advocacy and the dialectic method are two ways of __

stimulating functional conflict

In order to truly motivate employees, managers should be familiar with all the theories of motivation and know when to use them. This idea is called __

the contingency approach

We primarily learn cultural lessons

through formal inculcation

An effective contemporary manager engages in all the following behaviors, except

understand the positive impact cutting jobs has on the bottom line

Exam 1: The objective of organizational behavior is to develop a better __

understanding of people at work

__ is defined as what an individual is trying to accomplish; the object or aim of an action

A goal

Why should one spend one's time learning about organizational behavior?

All options are correct

__ is the alternative dispute resolution technique where the parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of the neutral third party in a formal court-like setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses. Participation is voluntary, and statements are confidential. Decisions are based on legal merits

Arbitration

In the __ style of handling conflict, the individual uses either a passive withdrawal from the problem or active suppression of the issue. This style is appropriate for trivial issues, but not for difficult problems

Avoiding

Culture generally remains ___ the threshold of conscious awareness because it involves __ assumptions.

Below; taken-for-granted

__ intelligence is the potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement

Bodily-kinesthetic

Recent research suggests emotional labor may result in __

Burnout

__ are suspected or inferred causes of behavior

Causal attributions

In the __ style of handling conflict, a high concern for ones self and a low concern for others fosters "I win-you lose" tactics. The other party's needs are largely ignored.

Dominating

__ is an example of an external dimension of diversity

Education

If an employee perceives that his/her expectancy link is broken, then he/she believes that:

Effort has no anticipated impact on performance

Its the seventh week fo the semester in Dr. Whitaker's OB class. Jennifer and Michelle have been classmates all semester, and have always gotten along well together. They are both upbeat, optimistic individuals who laugh easily, and generally see the best in people. However, one day Jennifer came to class feeling angry and upset after having a fight with her roommate, Robin. As Jennifer tells Michelle about the situation, Michelle feels herself getting angry as well. Quickly her mood becomes as negative as Jennifer's. What phenomenon explains Michelle's change in mood

Emotional Contagion

__ is defined as the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways.

Emotional Intelligence

According to the research

Ethnocentric practices were associated with lower turnover rates

Maxine has lived in the Paris her entire life. She believes that France is the greatest country in the world because the French language and customs are superior to those of all other cultures. Her belief is an example of __

Ethnocentrism

Ken recently graduated from college with a degree in BA. Fortunately, he has received two job offers. Which of the following theories is the most useful in predicting which of the two offers Ken will accept?

Expectancy Theory

Equity theory is a motivation model that explains how people strive for ___ in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships

Fairness

A person's needs remain unchanged over his or her lifetime

False

According to Vroom, expectancy represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance

False

Amount the Big Five personality dimensions, agreeableness has the strongest correlation with job performance

False

As Boomers exit the workplace, we expect that open leadership positions will be filled by employees emotionally-equipped for high-stress jobs.

False

Exam 3: Motivation is entirely driven by pay.

False

Experts now believe that organizations can suffer from too little dysfunctional conflict

False

From our reading, "How Gen Y & Boomers Will Re-shape Your Agenda", Gen Y and Boomers are more concerned with a high salary and having high-quality colleagues

False

Managing diversity is legally mandate by Equal Employment Opportunity laws

False

McClelland argues that individuals with high achievement motivation are best suited for top-level executive positions.

False

One implication of Maslow's theory is that managers can feel comfortable that once an employee has been motivated, he or she will remain motivated

False

Process theories of motivation focus solely on identifying internal factors influencing motivation

False

The fundamental attribution error represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.

False

The use of monetary incentives enhance the positive effects of goal setting, especially for difficult goals.

False

If managers use __, inaccurate evaluations of job applications ad employees may result

Faulty Schemata

Carol is a recent high-school graduate with an excellent GPA. After much thought, she decided that she wants to pursue a graduate degree in physics after she finishes college and eventually become a college professor. To attain this goal, she realizes that she must first study hard and do well in her undergraduate classes, then take the graduate entrance exam and apply to the best graduate programs in her field. Along the way, she wants to obtain an internship, as this will help her get into a quality graduate program. Carol's thought process best exemplifies which stage of the goal setting process?

Fostering strategies and action plans

Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat ___

Has more education and experience

Sven is a 51 yr old white male who works as a manager in the marketing department of a small organization in sweden. He has 12 yes seniority at his current organization. He is relatively outgoing in social settings and is married. His favorite hobbies include boxing and cooking. Which of these following characteristics represents an organizational dimension of diversity

Having 12 years on the job.

You are rushing to class when a friend stops you and begins to discuss a personal problem. You want to break off the conversation so that you can get to class on time. You glance at your watch, and the other person responds, "Ok, i know you've got to run. Can we talk after class?" Clearly your friend got the message and understands through your verbal and nonverbal signals that the conversation must end. Which of the following concepts best explains your friends behavior?

He is a high-self monitor.

John, a middle-level manager, noticed that all his subordinates were filling out their monthly reports incorrectly. He concluded that the report forms were too complicated and need to be revised. John is basing his decision on which type of attributional information?

High consenus

Tracy is uncertain about entering into business negotiations before she has gotten to know her associates. She feels that trust needs to be established first. Tracy is probably from a(n) ____ culture

High context

According to the research on self-monitoring, which of the following is true?

High self-monitors received more promotions than did low self-monitors

According to research evidence on conflict, __

Higher levels of conflict tend to reduce internal work motivation

Gordon has a MA in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He is known for putting in long hours of hard work on his job. He receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Gordon's perspective, which of the following is an input into the individual-organization exchange relationship?

His MA in electrical engineering

__ represents the productive potential of an individual's knowledge and actions

Human capital

__ is the motivational mechanism of goal setting

Increasing persistency

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, __ represents an individual's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.

Instrumentality

The strength of the __ conflict-handing style is its longer lasting impact because it deals with the underlying problem rather than merely with symptoms. Its primary weakness is that it is very time consuming.

Integrating

__ is defined as the perceived fairness of the decision makers behavior in the process of decision making

Interactional Justice

Which behavior would help managers harness the Pygmalion Effect

Introduce new employees as if they have outstanding potential

When dealing with personality conflicts among subordinates, managers are advised to __

Investigate and document the conflict

Vertical loading is associated with ___

Job enrichment

___ calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another

Job rotation

Of the following, which is a characteristic of a 21st- century manager

Knowledge workers

Someone from England is likely to require greater interpersonal space than someone from ___

Korea

__ is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in an efficient and ethical manner

Management

__ is the alternative dispute resolution technique where a trained, neutral third party actively guides the disputing parties in exploring innovative solutions to the conflict. This third party does not render a decision. It is up to the disputants to reach a mutually acceptable decision

Mediation

Someone from North Carolina is likely to require greater interpersonal space than someone from __

Mexico

According to the job characteristics model, growth need strength is an example of a ___

Moderator

McClelland believes that individuals with a high ___ coupled with a ___ are best suited for top management

Need for power; low need for affiliation

Equity theory predicts that a student will experience __ if a friend of equal scholarly ability studies the same amount for a test but receives a higher grade.

Negative inequity

The primary strength of the __ conflict-handling style is that it encourages cooperation. Its main weakness is that its a temporary fix that fails to confront the underlying problem

Obliging

__ is the alternative dispute resolution technique where someone who works for the organization, and is widely respected and trusted by his or her co-workers, hears grievances on a confidential basis and attempts to arrange a solutions. This approach allows someone to get help from above without relying on the formal hierarchy chain.

Ombudsman

Which os the following is true?

Organizational conflict is inevitable

In Kelly's model of attribution, consensus attributions relate to __, distinctiveness attributions relate to __, and consistency attributions relate to __.

Other people, other tasks, time

As the mother of two small children; Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum wage job. After paying rent and child-care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights and she and the kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs described by Maslow is driving Jen's behavior?

Physiological

What is the bottom-to-top sequence of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy?

Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

__is defined as the perceived fairness of the process used to make decisions regarding the allocation of rewards and resources

Procedural Justice

__ conflict encourages different opinions regardless of personal feelings of those involved

Programmed

According to our reading (The Young & The Clueless), one key method for building self-awareness is to:

Provide broad feedback from many sources

According to Herzberg's motivator- hygiene model, which of the following is a motivator?

Responsibility

A __ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.

Schema

__ is necessary because people do not have the mental capacity to fully comprehend all the physical and social stimuli bombarding them from the enviroment

Selective attention

What is the correct sequence of stages in the social information processing model?

Selective attention/comprehension; eroding and simplification; storage and retention; retrieval and response

__ is the view the individual has of himself or herself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being

Self concept

___ is a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.

Self-efficacy

__ represents the productive potential resulting from strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative support

Social capital

Some employees at Harley-Davidson factories have had the company logo tattooed on their bodies. This example is an indication of __

Strong organizational identification

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the follwoing is a hygiene factor?

Supervisor relations

__ represents the extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a whole or completely identifiable piece of work.

Task identity

Based on research on the Big Five personality dimensions, which of the following is true?

The Big Five personality structure seems to be valid across a number of different cultures

In the ___ style of handling conflict, the individual uses a give-and-take approach involving moderate concern for both self and others. This style is appropriate when parties have opposite goals or possess equal power.

Compromising

Regarding the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on __ is dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, and persistent

Conscientiousness

If you were designing a workplace from scratch, all of the following programs EXCEPT ONE were recommended by our reading "How Gen Y & Boomers Will Re-shape Your Agenda". Which program was NOT specified as a critical for the Gen Y and Boomer generation?

Consistent, high quality feedback about job performance

___ is defined as a set of beliefs and values about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people, and a set of formal or informal practices to support the values

Culture

Exam 4: Which of the following is true with regard to conflict?

Current OB experts believe that conflict has both positive and negative outcomes, depending on its nature and intensity

Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour at lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to __.

Decrease his inputs

Jim is head of the marketing department and must decide how to allocate a fixed amount of funds. There are two top projects that Jim believes hold the most promise. Recently, the majority of funds have been allocated to Project A, but Jim wonders if it's time to provide Project B with a larger share of the money. Jim decides to assign a particular individual, Clara, to thoroughly criticize the proposal, looking for every possible flaw. Which technique is Jim using to help him make a better decision?

Devil's advocacy

__ involves a manager assigning an employee the role of critic

Devil's advocacy

Frank has a 10am job interview. Although he showed up 10 mins late, he was still fired. The job of stocker required Frank to maintain adequate supplies of construction materials in the warehouse. Two weeks after he was fired, stock of one key component was seriously low. Frank's supervisor, Jim, began to wonder if Frank has the skills and motivation necessary to succeed in this organization. Jim decided to keep a closer eye on Frank's performance. Although he didn't like to admit it, this increased supervisory attention made Frank nervous. He felt like him was watching his every move and just waiting for him to make another mistake. Because he was nervous, Frank made several other errors on the job. Frank's poor performance didn't surprise Jim, however. Jim had been expecting Frank to mess up all along. Which of the following best explains this situation.

The Golem Effect

A drawback to __ is that "winning the debate" may overshadow the issue at hand, leading to a less than desirable outcome.

The dialectic method

Laura is head of R&D . and must decide how to allocate a fixed amount of funds. There are two top projects that Laura believes hold the most promise. She decides to arrange a structured debate for the two top proposals. Importantly, the assumptions of each proposal are identified, and a conflicting counterproposal is generated based on a different set of assumptions. Advocates of each position present and debate the merits of their proposal before Laura makes her decision. Which technique is Laura using to help her make a better decision?

The dialectic method

Pap Juans's, a local pizza chain, instituted a new compensation policy attempting to increase the on-time delivery of its drivers. Drivers were paid one extra dollar for each on-time delivery, payable on the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers had increased by 50% since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected?

The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior.

__ foster(s) organizational conflict

Unreasonable deadlines

__ refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes

Valence

Which of the following trends is predicted for the U.S. labor force?

Younger workers will experience career plateauing

After working for his company for 25 years, Jason is being sent on a foreign assignment to Germany. He expects most negotiations there will go well since he is an expert in his field and does not see the need for a prolonged get-acquainted period. He makes this assumption because he knows that Germany is ___

a low context culture