ASU OB Final Study Guide
When managers attribute an employee's poor performance to a lack of ability, the manager is likely to
Transfer the employee
According to Herzberg, motivators are job characteristics associated with job satisfaction
True
According to the job characteristics model, autonomy leads to the psychological state of experienced responsibility
True
Alternative dispute resolution techniques are strategies designed to avoid costly lawsuits by resolving conflicts informally or through mediation or arbitration
True
Among the Big Five personality dimensions, conscientiousness has the strongest correlation with job performance
True
Based on the job characteristics model, the three core job dimensions of task identity, task significance, and skill variety lead to the psychological state of experienced meaningfulness
True
Content theories of motivation focus on identifying internal factors influencing motivation
True
Emotional intelligence appears to be a better predictor of management success than intelligence
True
Exam 2: Individuals with high self-esteem see themselves as worthwhile, capable, and acceptable
True
Extrinsic rewards often fail to motivate because one-shot rewards have a short-lived motivational impact
True
High self-monitors are often called chameleons
True
Intelligence represents an individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
True
It is important for managers to effectively deal with generational differences in values, attitudes, and behaviors that exist in the workforce
True
Low self-esteem can be raised by having the person think of desirable characteristics possessed rather than of undesirable characteristics that he or she doesn't have.
True
One advantage of job rotation is increased worker flexibility because employees are cross-trained to perform different jobs.
True
One implication of Alderfer's ERG theory is that mangers should keep in mind that workers may be motivated to pursue lower-level needs because they are frustrated with higher-order needs
True
Self- monitoring is defined by the extent to which a person observes their own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the demands of the situation
True
Since paid employment is a prime determinant of overall self-esteem, unemployment can have a devastating impact on an individual's self-esteem.
True
Stereotypes are useful because they help us process the large amount fo information that we receive daily
True
Team 7's right. A particular weakness of goal-setting theory is that it can lead to "tunnel vision" - employees sometimes forget/fail to do more mundane, but still necessary, tasks as a result of overly-focusing on certain goals
True
The self-serving bias is evident when students attribute their high grades to hard work and ability but attribute low grades to unfair tests, bad luck, and poor teaching
True
Vertical loading consists of giving workers more responsibility, usually by taking on duties normally performed by their supervisors.
True
When faced with an inequitable situation, taking a specialized training program is one way a person can increase him or her inputs
True
Which our country's changing age demographics, offering elder care to employees will become increasingly important.
True
Base on the above, from Gordon's perspective, which of the following is an outcome of the individual exchange relationship?
Two weeks paid vacation
The key point of Hofstede's cross-cultural research is that:
best management practices are culture-specific
Most entry-level managers who fail in the contemporary workforce do so because they lack the ability or the motivation to:
build relationships with colleagues and peers
Intel spends millions of dollars each year to encourage education in math and science. This policy __
builds human capital
A particular concern about using personality tests for employment decisions is that these types of assessments __
can be fake easily
Michelle, who is from the US, is on foreign assignment in Mexico. She notices that her co-workers are willing to make personal sacrifices to further the organization's goals. She correctly assumes that her co-workers are from a(n) ___ culture
collectivistic
According to the job characteristics model, skill variety, task identity, and task significance lead to the
experienced meaningfulness
If you fail this test, you'll likely experience __ emotions
goal incongruent
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ______ needs reflect the desire to grow as a human being and to use one's abilities to their fullest potential
growth
The main stumbling block for American managers working in foreign countries is that the managers ___
have family and personal adjustment problems
Kelly's attribution model suggests that people attribute behavior to external causes when they perceive __, __, and __
high consensus, low distinctiveness, low consistency
Bill works in an automotive plant installing rear bumpers onto vehicles. Bill's supervisor, Pat, has decided to horizontally load Bill's job. In the future, Bill's job will include __
installing the rear tail lights
According to Maslow, needs are
internal factors that arouse behavior.
The primary objective of the job characteristics model is to increase __
internal motivation
Which of the following statements about job enlargement is true? Job enlargement __
involves combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty.
The primary reason for managing diversity is to __
maintain a successful business in an increasingly competitive marketplace
In their discussion of the job characteristics model, Team 9 reviewed a case study that found that:
moderate support for the model
Latin America business conversations are commonly conducted at a range of approximately ___
one foot
Arab cultures embrace a(n) __ time perspective
polychronic
Job design, training and development, self-management, and goal setting are all ways in which managers can improve employees' ___
self- efficacy
Functional conflict __
serves the interest of the organization
All of the following are specific intelligence- related predictors of job performance EXCEPT:
spatial intelligence
Devil's advocacy and the dialectic method are two ways of __
stimulating functional conflict
In order to truly motivate employees, managers should be familiar with all the theories of motivation and know when to use them. This idea is called __
the contingency approach
We primarily learn cultural lessons
through formal inculcation
An effective contemporary manager engages in all the following behaviors, except
understand the positive impact cutting jobs has on the bottom line
Exam 1: The objective of organizational behavior is to develop a better __
understanding of people at work
__ is defined as what an individual is trying to accomplish; the object or aim of an action
A goal
Why should one spend one's time learning about organizational behavior?
All options are correct
__ is the alternative dispute resolution technique where the parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of the neutral third party in a formal court-like setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses. Participation is voluntary, and statements are confidential. Decisions are based on legal merits
Arbitration
In the __ style of handling conflict, the individual uses either a passive withdrawal from the problem or active suppression of the issue. This style is appropriate for trivial issues, but not for difficult problems
Avoiding
Culture generally remains ___ the threshold of conscious awareness because it involves __ assumptions.
Below; taken-for-granted
__ intelligence is the potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement
Bodily-kinesthetic
Recent research suggests emotional labor may result in __
Burnout
__ are suspected or inferred causes of behavior
Causal attributions
In the __ style of handling conflict, a high concern for ones self and a low concern for others fosters "I win-you lose" tactics. The other party's needs are largely ignored.
Dominating
__ is an example of an external dimension of diversity
Education
If an employee perceives that his/her expectancy link is broken, then he/she believes that:
Effort has no anticipated impact on performance
Its the seventh week fo the semester in Dr. Whitaker's OB class. Jennifer and Michelle have been classmates all semester, and have always gotten along well together. They are both upbeat, optimistic individuals who laugh easily, and generally see the best in people. However, one day Jennifer came to class feeling angry and upset after having a fight with her roommate, Robin. As Jennifer tells Michelle about the situation, Michelle feels herself getting angry as well. Quickly her mood becomes as negative as Jennifer's. What phenomenon explains Michelle's change in mood
Emotional Contagion
__ is defined as the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways.
Emotional Intelligence
According to the research
Ethnocentric practices were associated with lower turnover rates
Maxine has lived in the Paris her entire life. She believes that France is the greatest country in the world because the French language and customs are superior to those of all other cultures. Her belief is an example of __
Ethnocentrism
Ken recently graduated from college with a degree in BA. Fortunately, he has received two job offers. Which of the following theories is the most useful in predicting which of the two offers Ken will accept?
Expectancy Theory
Equity theory is a motivation model that explains how people strive for ___ in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships
Fairness
A person's needs remain unchanged over his or her lifetime
False
According to Vroom, expectancy represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance
False
Amount the Big Five personality dimensions, agreeableness has the strongest correlation with job performance
False
As Boomers exit the workplace, we expect that open leadership positions will be filled by employees emotionally-equipped for high-stress jobs.
False
Exam 3: Motivation is entirely driven by pay.
False
Experts now believe that organizations can suffer from too little dysfunctional conflict
False
From our reading, "How Gen Y & Boomers Will Re-shape Your Agenda", Gen Y and Boomers are more concerned with a high salary and having high-quality colleagues
False
Managing diversity is legally mandate by Equal Employment Opportunity laws
False
McClelland argues that individuals with high achievement motivation are best suited for top-level executive positions.
False
One implication of Maslow's theory is that managers can feel comfortable that once an employee has been motivated, he or she will remain motivated
False
Process theories of motivation focus solely on identifying internal factors influencing motivation
False
The fundamental attribution error represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.
False
The use of monetary incentives enhance the positive effects of goal setting, especially for difficult goals.
False
If managers use __, inaccurate evaluations of job applications ad employees may result
Faulty Schemata
Carol is a recent high-school graduate with an excellent GPA. After much thought, she decided that she wants to pursue a graduate degree in physics after she finishes college and eventually become a college professor. To attain this goal, she realizes that she must first study hard and do well in her undergraduate classes, then take the graduate entrance exam and apply to the best graduate programs in her field. Along the way, she wants to obtain an internship, as this will help her get into a quality graduate program. Carol's thought process best exemplifies which stage of the goal setting process?
Fostering strategies and action plans
Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat ___
Has more education and experience
Sven is a 51 yr old white male who works as a manager in the marketing department of a small organization in sweden. He has 12 yes seniority at his current organization. He is relatively outgoing in social settings and is married. His favorite hobbies include boxing and cooking. Which of these following characteristics represents an organizational dimension of diversity
Having 12 years on the job.
You are rushing to class when a friend stops you and begins to discuss a personal problem. You want to break off the conversation so that you can get to class on time. You glance at your watch, and the other person responds, "Ok, i know you've got to run. Can we talk after class?" Clearly your friend got the message and understands through your verbal and nonverbal signals that the conversation must end. Which of the following concepts best explains your friends behavior?
He is a high-self monitor.
John, a middle-level manager, noticed that all his subordinates were filling out their monthly reports incorrectly. He concluded that the report forms were too complicated and need to be revised. John is basing his decision on which type of attributional information?
High consenus
Tracy is uncertain about entering into business negotiations before she has gotten to know her associates. She feels that trust needs to be established first. Tracy is probably from a(n) ____ culture
High context
According to the research on self-monitoring, which of the following is true?
High self-monitors received more promotions than did low self-monitors
According to research evidence on conflict, __
Higher levels of conflict tend to reduce internal work motivation
Gordon has a MA in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He is known for putting in long hours of hard work on his job. He receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Gordon's perspective, which of the following is an input into the individual-organization exchange relationship?
His MA in electrical engineering
__ represents the productive potential of an individual's knowledge and actions
Human capital
__ is the motivational mechanism of goal setting
Increasing persistency
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, __ represents an individual's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.
Instrumentality
The strength of the __ conflict-handing style is its longer lasting impact because it deals with the underlying problem rather than merely with symptoms. Its primary weakness is that it is very time consuming.
Integrating
__ is defined as the perceived fairness of the decision makers behavior in the process of decision making
Interactional Justice
Which behavior would help managers harness the Pygmalion Effect
Introduce new employees as if they have outstanding potential
When dealing with personality conflicts among subordinates, managers are advised to __
Investigate and document the conflict
Vertical loading is associated with ___
Job enrichment
___ calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another
Job rotation
Of the following, which is a characteristic of a 21st- century manager
Knowledge workers
Someone from England is likely to require greater interpersonal space than someone from ___
Korea
__ is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in an efficient and ethical manner
Management
__ is the alternative dispute resolution technique where a trained, neutral third party actively guides the disputing parties in exploring innovative solutions to the conflict. This third party does not render a decision. It is up to the disputants to reach a mutually acceptable decision
Mediation
Someone from North Carolina is likely to require greater interpersonal space than someone from __
Mexico
According to the job characteristics model, growth need strength is an example of a ___
Moderator
McClelland believes that individuals with a high ___ coupled with a ___ are best suited for top management
Need for power; low need for affiliation
Equity theory predicts that a student will experience __ if a friend of equal scholarly ability studies the same amount for a test but receives a higher grade.
Negative inequity
The primary strength of the __ conflict-handling style is that it encourages cooperation. Its main weakness is that its a temporary fix that fails to confront the underlying problem
Obliging
__ is the alternative dispute resolution technique where someone who works for the organization, and is widely respected and trusted by his or her co-workers, hears grievances on a confidential basis and attempts to arrange a solutions. This approach allows someone to get help from above without relying on the formal hierarchy chain.
Ombudsman
Which os the following is true?
Organizational conflict is inevitable
In Kelly's model of attribution, consensus attributions relate to __, distinctiveness attributions relate to __, and consistency attributions relate to __.
Other people, other tasks, time
As the mother of two small children; Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum wage job. After paying rent and child-care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights and she and the kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs described by Maslow is driving Jen's behavior?
Physiological
What is the bottom-to-top sequence of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy?
Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
__is defined as the perceived fairness of the process used to make decisions regarding the allocation of rewards and resources
Procedural Justice
__ conflict encourages different opinions regardless of personal feelings of those involved
Programmed
According to our reading (The Young & The Clueless), one key method for building self-awareness is to:
Provide broad feedback from many sources
According to Herzberg's motivator- hygiene model, which of the following is a motivator?
Responsibility
A __ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.
Schema
__ is necessary because people do not have the mental capacity to fully comprehend all the physical and social stimuli bombarding them from the enviroment
Selective attention
What is the correct sequence of stages in the social information processing model?
Selective attention/comprehension; eroding and simplification; storage and retention; retrieval and response
__ is the view the individual has of himself or herself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being
Self concept
___ is a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.
Self-efficacy
__ represents the productive potential resulting from strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative support
Social capital
Some employees at Harley-Davidson factories have had the company logo tattooed on their bodies. This example is an indication of __
Strong organizational identification
According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the follwoing is a hygiene factor?
Supervisor relations
__ represents the extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a whole or completely identifiable piece of work.
Task identity
Based on research on the Big Five personality dimensions, which of the following is true?
The Big Five personality structure seems to be valid across a number of different cultures
In the ___ style of handling conflict, the individual uses a give-and-take approach involving moderate concern for both self and others. This style is appropriate when parties have opposite goals or possess equal power.
Compromising
Regarding the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on __ is dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, and persistent
Conscientiousness
If you were designing a workplace from scratch, all of the following programs EXCEPT ONE were recommended by our reading "How Gen Y & Boomers Will Re-shape Your Agenda". Which program was NOT specified as a critical for the Gen Y and Boomer generation?
Consistent, high quality feedback about job performance
___ is defined as a set of beliefs and values about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people, and a set of formal or informal practices to support the values
Culture
Exam 4: Which of the following is true with regard to conflict?
Current OB experts believe that conflict has both positive and negative outcomes, depending on its nature and intensity
Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour at lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to __.
Decrease his inputs
Jim is head of the marketing department and must decide how to allocate a fixed amount of funds. There are two top projects that Jim believes hold the most promise. Recently, the majority of funds have been allocated to Project A, but Jim wonders if it's time to provide Project B with a larger share of the money. Jim decides to assign a particular individual, Clara, to thoroughly criticize the proposal, looking for every possible flaw. Which technique is Jim using to help him make a better decision?
Devil's advocacy
__ involves a manager assigning an employee the role of critic
Devil's advocacy
Frank has a 10am job interview. Although he showed up 10 mins late, he was still fired. The job of stocker required Frank to maintain adequate supplies of construction materials in the warehouse. Two weeks after he was fired, stock of one key component was seriously low. Frank's supervisor, Jim, began to wonder if Frank has the skills and motivation necessary to succeed in this organization. Jim decided to keep a closer eye on Frank's performance. Although he didn't like to admit it, this increased supervisory attention made Frank nervous. He felt like him was watching his every move and just waiting for him to make another mistake. Because he was nervous, Frank made several other errors on the job. Frank's poor performance didn't surprise Jim, however. Jim had been expecting Frank to mess up all along. Which of the following best explains this situation.
The Golem Effect
A drawback to __ is that "winning the debate" may overshadow the issue at hand, leading to a less than desirable outcome.
The dialectic method
Laura is head of R&D . and must decide how to allocate a fixed amount of funds. There are two top projects that Laura believes hold the most promise. She decides to arrange a structured debate for the two top proposals. Importantly, the assumptions of each proposal are identified, and a conflicting counterproposal is generated based on a different set of assumptions. Advocates of each position present and debate the merits of their proposal before Laura makes her decision. Which technique is Laura using to help her make a better decision?
The dialectic method
Pap Juans's, a local pizza chain, instituted a new compensation policy attempting to increase the on-time delivery of its drivers. Drivers were paid one extra dollar for each on-time delivery, payable on the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers had increased by 50% since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected?
The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior.
__ foster(s) organizational conflict
Unreasonable deadlines
__ refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes
Valence
Which of the following trends is predicted for the U.S. labor force?
Younger workers will experience career plateauing
After working for his company for 25 years, Jason is being sent on a foreign assignment to Germany. He expects most negotiations there will go well since he is an expert in his field and does not see the need for a prolonged get-acquainted period. He makes this assumption because he knows that Germany is ___
a low context culture