Athletic Training - Chapter Nine
Describe the types of spinal injuries and how they occur.
-bone: fractures in lumbar spine, spondylolisis, spondylolthesis -disk: bulges, compression -muscle/tendon: ruptured muscle, strains, spasms -ligaments: excessive flexion with rotation
List each of the regions of the spine and state how many vertebrae there are in each.
-cervical: 7 -thoracic:12 -lumber: 5 -sacrum: 5
cervical muscle strain
whiplash
Explain how the intervertebral disks become injured
-improper posture -lifting
List the spinal segments, and discuss which is most commonly injured and why.
-sacrum (tailbone): most common for injury because of compression fractures due to falling on your butt -lumbar (lower) -thoracic (middle) -cervical (upper)
Identify three strategies for preventing spine injuries
-maintain proper posture -exercise and flexibility -proper lifting technique
Describe the anatomy of the intervertebral disk
-nucleus pulpus: jellylike core -annulus fibrosus: several cartilage layers
when the ear is in front of the line of the body
forward head
brachial plexus injuries are often the result of ____ and are often called ______
stretching the nerves, stingers or burners
compression fracture
compression
the layers of cartilage that surround the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk are called the
annulus fibrosus
a condition in which an athlete's spine is crooked rather than running in a straight line from the skull to the sacrum is referred to as
scoliosis
a lateral curve to one side
scoliosis
the most posterior process of a vertebra is he
spinous process
__________ is often described as a stress fracture or bone degeneration of the vertebrae, specifically at a location referred to as the pars interarticularis
spondololisis
fracture of the lumbar vertebrae
spondololthesis
when one vertebrae slips or shunts on another due to instability is called _____
spondololthesis
a bony condition whereby one vertebra slips forward is called
spondylolisthesis
What is the difference between spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
spondylolysis: hyper extension stress fracture / bone degeneration spondylolisthesis: where spine becomes unstable
what is the difference between sprains and strains of the lumbar region
the pain from a sprain tends to be localized, whereas the pain from a muscle strain tends to move the length of the muscle, especially hen the athlete tries to use the muscle while bending
describe when an athlete can return to competition if he has suffered a brachial plexus or cervical ligament injury
when they are confident and is symptom free with full range in motion
the network of nerves that exit the cervical spine and run a course though the shoulder and down the arm is called the _____
brachial plexus
brachial plexus injury
head moving away from shoulder
Cervical sprains are usually the result of
hyperflexion and hyperextension
spearing in football is attributed t
improper coaching techniques
when the ear, shoulder, hip, and ankle are in alignment
normal
If an AT were working with an athlete who reported burning sensations down the arm that lasted only about 15 seconds, what might have happened?
possible cervical spine bone injury or brachial plexus injury
if an athlete suffers a disk bulge, it most typically bulges in which direction
posteriorly
disk bulge
pushing through annulus fibrosus
Why is proper posture important, and why do you think it is hard for some people to use proper posture?
it doesn't cause injuries and abnormalities. it is easier because we are lazy, however it can change with exercise
excessive roundness of the thoracic spine is called
kyphosis
rounded shoulders
kyphosis
a forward curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis
spearing in football can result in
neck injuries
What is the brachial plexus and how is it injured
nerves that run though the shoulder/spine & when shoulder is pressed and neck goes opposite way
What are the signs and symptoms of a cervical spine fracture
-weakness -tingling in arms -numbness
how many cervical vertebrae does an athlete have
7
fracture of cervical vertebrae
axial loading
the segment of the spine that is attached to the ribs is called the
thoracic spine