Athletic Training - Chapter Nine

Describe the types of spinal injuries and how they occur.

-bone: fractures in lumbar spine, spondylolisis, spondylolthesis -disk: bulges, compression -muscle/tendon: ruptured muscle, strains, spasms -ligaments: excessive flexion with rotation

List each of the regions of the spine and state how many vertebrae there are in each.

-cervical: 7 -thoracic:12 -lumber: 5 -sacrum: 5

cervical muscle strain

whiplash

Explain how the intervertebral disks become injured

-improper posture -lifting

List the spinal segments, and discuss which is most commonly injured and why.

-sacrum (tailbone): most common for injury because of compression fractures due to falling on your butt -lumbar (lower) -thoracic (middle) -cervical (upper)

Identify three strategies for preventing spine injuries

-maintain proper posture -exercise and flexibility -proper lifting technique

Describe the anatomy of the intervertebral disk

-nucleus pulpus: jellylike core -annulus fibrosus: several cartilage layers

when the ear is in front of the line of the body

forward head

brachial plexus injuries are often the result of ____ and are often called ______

stretching the nerves, stingers or burners

compression fracture

compression

the layers of cartilage that surround the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk are called the

annulus fibrosus

a condition in which an athlete's spine is crooked rather than running in a straight line from the skull to the sacrum is referred to as

scoliosis

a lateral curve to one side

scoliosis

the most posterior process of a vertebra is he

spinous process

__________ is often described as a stress fracture or bone degeneration of the vertebrae, specifically at a location referred to as the pars interarticularis

spondololisis

fracture of the lumbar vertebrae

spondololthesis

when one vertebrae slips or shunts on another due to instability is called _____

spondololthesis

a bony condition whereby one vertebra slips forward is called

spondylolisthesis

What is the difference between spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?

spondylolysis: hyper extension stress fracture / bone degeneration spondylolisthesis: where spine becomes unstable

what is the difference between sprains and strains of the lumbar region

the pain from a sprain tends to be localized, whereas the pain from a muscle strain tends to move the length of the muscle, especially hen the athlete tries to use the muscle while bending

describe when an athlete can return to competition if he has suffered a brachial plexus or cervical ligament injury

when they are confident and is symptom free with full range in motion

the network of nerves that exit the cervical spine and run a course though the shoulder and down the arm is called the _____

brachial plexus

brachial plexus injury

head moving away from shoulder

Cervical sprains are usually the result of

hyperflexion and hyperextension

spearing in football is attributed t

improper coaching techniques

when the ear, shoulder, hip, and ankle are in alignment

normal

If an AT were working with an athlete who reported burning sensations down the arm that lasted only about 15 seconds, what might have happened?

possible cervical spine bone injury or brachial plexus injury

if an athlete suffers a disk bulge, it most typically bulges in which direction

posteriorly

disk bulge

pushing through annulus fibrosus

Why is proper posture important, and why do you think it is hard for some people to use proper posture?

it doesn't cause injuries and abnormalities. it is easier because we are lazy, however it can change with exercise

excessive roundness of the thoracic spine is called

kyphosis

rounded shoulders

kyphosis

a forward curvature of the lumbar spine

lordosis

spearing in football can result in

neck injuries

What is the brachial plexus and how is it injured

nerves that run though the shoulder/spine & when shoulder is pressed and neck goes opposite way

What are the signs and symptoms of a cervical spine fracture

-weakness -tingling in arms -numbness

how many cervical vertebrae does an athlete have

7

fracture of cervical vertebrae

axial loading

the segment of the spine that is attached to the ribs is called the

thoracic spine