ATI- Endocrine

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has type 2 diabetes mellitus about the pathophysiology of the disease. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

"My cells are resistant to the effects of insulin." Rationale: The client who has type 2 DM will have resistance and a decrease in the secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells.

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has type one diabetes mellitus about exercise. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

"Wear a medical alert identification tag when you exercise." Rationale: The client should wear a medical alert identification tag in the event of a hypoglycemic response, because exercise can potentiate the effects of insulin and cause the blood glucose levels to decrease.

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory values for a client who has hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketoic syndrome. The nurse should expect that which of the following laboratory values is consistent with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketoic syndrome?

Blood glucose 320 mg/dL Rationale: The client who has hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketoic syndrome should have a blood glucose level greater than 250 mg/dL, which will cause spilling of ketones in the urine and development of metabolic acidosis.

A nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following a parathyroidectomy to treat hyperparathyroidism. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse expect to decrease as a therapeutic effect of the procedure?

Calcium Rationale: The parathyroid hormone regulates calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance within the client's blood and bone by maintaining a balance between the mineral levels in the blood and the bone. Hyperparathyroidism is associated with hypercalcemia; therefore, a decrease in the calcium level indicates an improvement in the client's condition.

A nurse is preparing a 24-hour urine specimen for a client who is suspected to have pheochromocytoma. Which of the following laboratory tests from the 24-hour urine specimen should the nurse use to determine the client's condition?

Catecholamine metabolites Rationale: The nurse should expect the 24-hr urine specimen to test for catecholamine metabolites. The test is used to determine if the client has pheochromocytoma, which measures the level of catecholamines (epinephrine, and norepinephrine) secretion in a 24-hr urine sample. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland that causes excess release of the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), which are hormones that regulate blood pressure and heart rate.

A nurse is assisting with the plan of care for a client who has Cushing's syndrome due to chronic corticosteroid use. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care?

Check for hypertension Rationale: The nurse should check the client for hypertension, which can indicate fluid volume overload.

A nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following a bilateral adrenalectomy. The nurse should expect to administer glucocorticoids following the procedure to enhance which of the following therapeutic effects?

Compensate for decrease in cortisol effects? Rationale: The client who has an adrenalectomy requires glucocorticoids before, during, and after surgery to prevent an adrenal crisis caused by a sudden drop in cortisol levels. On of the hormones produced by the adrenal glands is cortisol, a glucocorticoid. Loss of glucocorticoid secretion leads to a state of altered metabolism and an inability to deal with stressors which, if untreated, is fatal.

A nurse is collecting data from a client who has Grave's disease. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect the client to display?

Difficulty sleeping Rationale: The client who has Grave's disease can have difficulty sleeping and anxiety due to the overproduction of thyroid hormone.

A nurse is checking a client who has Grave's disease for the development of thyroid storm. The nurse should report which of the following findings to the provider?

Fever Rationale: The client who is experiencing a thyroid storm will have an exaggerated condition of hyperthyroidism associated with the development of a sudden extreme elevation in body temperature, hypertension, abdominal pain, and tachycardia. Grave's disease is a common cause of hyperthyroidism, which is an imbalance of metabolism caused by an overproduction of the thyroid hormone.

A nurse is checking laboratory values to determine if a client who has diabetes mellitus is adhering to the treatment plan. Which of the following tests should the nurse use to make this determination?

Glycoslated hemoglobin levels Rationale: Checking glycoslated hemoglobin levels, or HbA1c, is an accurate method to determine if the client is routinely complaint. Glycoslated hemoglobin refers to hemoglobin that is connected to glucose. Since the life span of an RBC is 4 months, this value will not be affected by recent changes in the client's diet or medication.

A nurse is monitoring a client who has syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

Hyponatremia Rationale: the client who has SIADH will have hyponatremia caused by the excessive release of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH). As a result of the excess ADH, the client retains water that causes dilution all hyponatremia.

A nurse is collecting data from a client who has manifestations of acromegaly. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

Increased head size Rationale: The client who has acromegaly will manifest an enlarged head size due to the excessive production of growth hormones after closing the epiphyses (the "growth plate" at the ends of the long bones) by the pituitary gland. It results in the gradual enlargement of the client's body tissues, such as the bones of the jaw, hands, feet, and skull.

A nurse is caring for a client who has type 2 diabetes mellitus and is displaying manifestations of hyperglycemia. Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the client has hyperglycemia?

Increased urination Rationale: Increased urination, or polyuria, is a manifestation of hyperglycemia due to a deficiency of insulin, which can lead to osmotic diuresis.

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus a about hypoglycemia. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching?

Irritability Rationale: The client who has irritability is displaying an early manifestation of hypoglycemia for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Other early manifestations include fatigue, headache, difficulty thinking, sweating and nausea.

A nurse is assisting with the plan of care for a community health screening for a group of clients who are at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following clients should the nurse include in the screening?

Men and women who are obese Rationale: There is a high correlation between obesity and type 2 DM. Obesity plays a major role in the development of type 2 DM bu decreasing the number of available insulin receptors in skeletal muscles and fat cells. This is referred to as peripheral insulin resistance. A reduced-calorie diet for obese clients tends to reverse the phenomenon of peripheral insulin resistance.

A nurse is assisting with the plan of care for a client who is experiencing the Somogyi effect and takes intermittent-acting insulin. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan?

Monitor the client's nighttime blood glucose levels Rationale: The Somogyi effect is a swing of a high blood glucose level in the morning after an extremely low blood glucose level during the night. The swing is caused but the increase of stress hormones to counter low glucose levels. Monitoring the client's nighttime blood glucose levels over time can provide an accurate diagnosis of the Somogyi effect.

A nurse is caring for a client who has diabetes insipidus. For which of the following findings should the nurse monitor?

Polyuria Rationale: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by increased thirst (polydipsia) and increased urination (polyuria). The client who has diabetes insipidus will excrete large quantities of urine with a very low specific gravity.

A nurse is collecting data from a client who has Cushing's syndrome. Which of the following skin manifestations should the nurse expect to find?

Purple striae on the chest and abdomen Rationale: The client who has Cushing's disease should have purple striae (steaks or stripes) on the chest and abdomen because cortisol destroys collagen under the skin.

A nurse is caring for a client who had a thyroidectomy to treat hyperthyroidism caused by an adenoma. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider? SATA

Tachycardia and hypertension Laryngeal strider and hoarseness Positive Trousseau's sign Rationale: -Tachycardia and hypertension are unexpected findings, which can indicate the occurrence of thyroid storm following removal of the thyroid gland, especially if the client was in a hyperthyroid state prior to the surgery. Thyrotoxic, or thyroid storm, is a life-threatening condition with a sudden onset that includes tachycardia, fever, sweating, restlessness, and tremors. Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema can develop rapidly and lead to death. -Laryngeal strider and hoarseness are unexpected findings and can indicate swelling in the area of the surgery or damage to the laryngeal nerve. This should be reported to the provider before respiratory distress develops. -A Postive Trousseau's sign is an indication of hypocalcemia, which is a complication of thyroid removal. This occurs when the parathyroid glands are also removed and regulation of serum calcium is impaired.

A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has Addison's disease about healthy snack foods. Which of the following food choices by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

Turkey and cheese sandwich Rationale: A turkey and cheese sandwich is high in protein, carbohydrates, and sodium. The client who has Addison's disease requires a diet low in potassium and high in sodium, carbohydrates, and protein. Addison's disease is a hormone deficiency caused by damage to the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex). Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and, in some cases, the hormone aldosterone.