Attraction Unit - Test Study Guide
Signs that someone does not like you
-cut space off -turn away (more so for males) -women turn themselves off (close down) -looking downwards; not at you whatsoever
Signs that someone likes you
-fiddling with hair or collarbone area -winking -proximity (moving towards you consistently) -extended eye contact
Companionate (Triangular Theory of Love)
-intimacy & commitment -deep attachment that we feel to those who are intertwined in our lives
Consummate Love (Triangular Theory of Love)
-intimacy, passion, & commitment -rare; hard to maintain -the most ideal form of love -if passion is lost, can change to companionate
Fatuous Love (Triangular Theory of Love)
-passion & commitment -whirlwind courtship -hollywood-type love
Romantic Love (Triangular Theory of Love)
-passion & intimacy -doesn't last ex. Romeo & Juliet
Hill's 4 reasons for affiliation needs
-social comparison -positive stimulation -emotional support -attention
Balance (Newcomb)
like each other and agree on things
Imbalance (Newcomb)
like each other but disagree -someone needs to give in; make a consession
Need Compatibility
like exactly the same things
How is an affect created?
neutral stimuli + affect arousing stimuli -Rozin, Millman, Nemeroff
Physical Attractiveness
once proximity (propinquity) affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance -varies by culture, age, etc. -external appearance can be misleading
Repeated Exposure (Mere Exposure Effect)
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction -Zajonc
3 Theories of Attraction
-Newcomb & Heider's Balance Theory -Infatuation/Companionate Theory -Sternburg's Triangular Theory of Love
Why do marriages break up?
-bored (apathy) -different interests -religious differences -different cultural backgrounds
Empty Love (Triangular Theory of Love)
-commitment -most interactions
Moreland & Beach Study
4 teachers visited a college classroom on different schedules -t1: 15 times; t2: 10 times; t3: 5 times; t4: 0 times -result: students like teacher 1 more because they saw her the most
Companionate Love
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
stereotype
a generalized belief about a group of people
Triangular Theory of Love
a relationship based on 1 vs. 2 or more values is less likely to last -based on 3 different scales: intimacy, commitment, & passion -Sternburg
Passionate Love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship -sometimes called infatuation
Infatuation
aroused state of the body -lust -lasts for up to 6 months in the beginning
Affect
feelings/mood towards something
Proximity
geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship -propinquity
Newcomb & Heider's Balance Theory
goal to have balance in any relationship (not just sexual ones) -balance -imbalance -nonbalance
Need Complementarity
have some mutually reinforcing ideas
Infatuation/Companionate Theory
idea that you have someone who loves you no matter what
closing time effect
individuals begin to perceive the opposite gender as being more attractive as it gets later into the night -also when more intoxicated
Liking (Triangular Theory of Love)
intamacy
Affiliation Needs
interpersonal relationships and friendships -females have a stronger need than males
Infatuation (Triangular Theory of Love)
passion
Nonbalance (Newcomb)
people dislike each other so therefore, agreement isn't needed
Attraction
positive or negative evaluation of another person
Self-Disclosure
process of revealing private thoughts, attitudes, feelings, and one's history to others -you know that you have a true friend you can trust -reciprocity
Zajonc
proposed that repeated exposure can lead to a more positive evaluation of a stimulus -repeated exposure relieves anxiety feelings -new stimuli become familiar -found that cockroaches, when separated, always went back to their original group (colored the wings in order to tell)
Affect-Centered Model of Attraction
proposes that attractive is based on affective responses -Byrne & Pierce
Reciprocity
return in kind -reciprocal/mutual exchange
Over-Disclosure
self-disclosure that exceeds what is appropriate for a relationship or social situation -TMI
Affiliation
sense of want or belonging
Similarity
similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen
Consession
something given up or yielded
passion
strong feeling or emotion
Pennebaker Study
students asked patrons to rate people in the bar at the beginning, middle, and end of the night -results: attractiveness scale increased as the night progressed and the participants drank more -closing time effect
Attitude
tendency to evaluate people, objects, and ideas
intamacy
the ability to form close, loving relationships
commitment
to promise or pledge
Sternburg
triangular theory of love -intimacy -passion -commitment
Power of Fear
we affiliate the most during times of fear which helps us to alleviate -most people wanted to communicate about what was going on when in a fear-inducing situation -Schacter
Beauty and Goodness Stereotype
we attribute positive characteristics to highly attractive people
Matching Hypothesis
we prefer someone who is highly attractive, but we choose a partner who we perceive as equally attractive -Pennebaker Study -Beauty and Goodness Stereotype
Intensity of Affect
weakness or strength of the emotion
Cunningham Experiement
when shown photos, college kids found the symmetrical & mature faces most attractive
Feelings
when your in a good positive mood you will be attracted to others -when you are in a negative mood, you tend to push people away and close yourself off
Direction of Affect
whether the emotion is positive or negative -positive news increases positive affect but does not change the negative affect (and vise versa)