Aultman - Intro to HC - Final Review
Why is it important for health care professionals to practice good health habits?
The health professions require adequate physical energy, mental acuity, and the ability to handle stress. Today's health care professional also has the important responsibility of being a healthy and healthful role model for patients.
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for drug abuse emergencies?
See Procedure 21-6
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for poisoning?
See Procedure 21-7
What is a cover letter and when is it used?
A cover letter is sent with a resume as a way to introduce yourself and explain why your resume is being sent/enclosed.
What is a grievance? What action should an employee with a grievance take?
A grievance is a formal complaint about a circumstance considered to be unfair or potentially harmful. Employees have the right file grievances with their employer. The employee should first try to resolve the issue with the employer. If it cannot be resolved, the employee may choose to fill out the necessary paperwork and follow the steps to file a formal grievance.
What is the purpose of the resume?
A resume is a written summary of professional qualifications. Its purpose is to convince employers to interview you. The resume must present you well and convince employers you are the kind of person they need and might want to hire.
What are activities of daily living (ADLs)?
ADLs are the actions done on a regular basis to meet everyday human physical needs, e.g., eating, toileting, shopping.
What is the meaning of "active listening"?
Active listening is an active undertaking and process requiring focus and concentration on what you're hearing; careful attention to the speaker; and observation of nonverbal communication.
How can patient confidentiality be protected when handling written documents?
All written materials containing patient information must be secured from the sight or possession of any unauthorized person. Written materials containing any patient information should never be left out where they can be seen by other patients, vendors, or any other office visitors.
What is meant by accepting criticism professionally?
An objective, though not unfeeling, response to criticism is what is necessary to appear to perform professionally and use criticism constructively. Responding gracefully to criticism is a sure sign of professionalism and self-confidence. Being willing to recognize and work on noted imperfections are signs of emotional maturity and professionalism.
Give examples of contrasting traditional beliefs and behaviors among the major American ethnic groups.
Answers will vary. Learners will likely use material from Table 15-2 in the text.
Give five examples of how professionalism is exhibited in each of the following areas: Attitude Conduct Appearance Skills
Attitude a. Be committed to your work b. Keep patient care and services uppermost in mind c. Be objective in your approach d. View problems as opportunities for action e. Develop and practice self-discipline Conduct a. Be dependable b. Perform all duties as assigned/needed c. Be flexible d. Accept differences and change e. Treat everyone with courtesy and consideration Appearance a. Practice personal cleanliness b. Use deodorant daily c. Pay attention to dental hygiene d. Avoid use of strong smelling perfumes/sprays e. Avoid extremes in dress and grooming Skills a. Understand your work in depth b. Observe and listen carefully c. Consult references; ask questions when in doubt d. Perform all work neatly/accurately e. Dedicate time to gaining new knowledge/skills Learners may suggest many other good examples.
How can an employee who is fired learn from the experience?
Being fired requires taking a hard look at yourself. Be totally honest about yourself and why you were fired. Only by accepting responsibility can a plan for positive change be developed and, ultimately, implemented. Taking charge, being completely frank, and making needed changes is an empowering and positive experience.
List the symptoms of burnout and suggested preventive measures.
Burnout is a form of physical and emotional exhaustion caused by a variety of personal and external stressors experienced over a period of time, including: a. Lack of sleep b. Long hours in difficult working conditions c. Inadequate emotional support d. Inability to deal with frustration e. Poor health habits Health care professionals can best avoid burnout by practicing good health habits, asserting themselves in nonthreatening ways, seeking support from friends and family, practicing effective communication, engaging in recreational activities, and getting adequate rest.
What is a continuing education unit?
CEUs refer to credits granted for certain types of learning that take place after completion of formal education. This type of education is also referred to as "continuing professional education." Most forms of professional approval, such as licensure, certification, and registration, require a specific number of CEUs to be earned for renewal or advanced status.
When does the rescuer start CPR on a victim?
CPR is always the first priority in an emergency. CPR is initiated when there is no breathing or pulse.
What problems may be indicated with a rapid weight gain in a patient?
Cardiac and kidney conditions that cause changes in body fluids and thus affect the total body weight. c. Are there any physical variances? If so, what are they? Limping, change in appearance d. Are there any psychosocial variances? If so, what are they? Failure to talk and apparent lack of usual cheerfulness
Give three examples of different cultural approaches to health care for each of the following categories: Causes of illness:
Causes of illness: a. Blockage or imbalance of body energy b. Disharmony caused by demons or spirits c. Punishment for sins d. Scientifically explained phenomena, e.g., microbes e. Will of God
What are seven characteristics of a leader?
Characteristics of effective leaders in health care include: a. Professional competence b. Commitment to providing quality service c. Willingness to recognize/support work of others d. Dedication to meeting high standards e. Believe needed changes/improvements can be made f. Willingness to serve as an example—be a performer g. Ability to communicate effectively Learners may think of other good characteristics.
Describe two methods for learning about employers.
Check the Internet or call the personnel office. For smaller firms, check with the receptionist, consumers, or suppliers you can easily, unobtrusively identify. Check local news stories and articles. Attend any open houses or informational meetings offered by the employer. Ask career services personnel at your school if there are graduates working for employers of interest and contact them.
How does communication affect patient well-being?
Communication by health care professionals can help relieve patient stress by giving reassurance, providing appropriate information, and answering questions. Good communication can increase the speed of patient recovery.
What are the characteristics of constructive criticism?
Constructive criticism is optimistic. It is designed to improve a person's outlook or performance. The message is that setbacks and/or failures are caused by circumstances subject to influence or change by the message receiver, if he or she chooses to alter and/or improve the behavior. This message is given respectfully, in deference to the receiver, and with the sincere intent of contributing to future improvement. Other characteristics include communication that is: a. Specific b. Seeks a solution c. Positive about some aspect(s) of the receiver d. Sensitive e. Empathetic f. Given in private g. Honest h. Clear
Explain the meaning of DRGs.
DRGs were established by Congress in 1983 as a cost control measure. DRGs—Diagnostic Related Groups—establish the typical, expected hospital costs for a common injury/illness diagnosis and treatment. Care providers then receive that specific amount of cost reimbursement every time they perform a DRG procedure.
What is the definition of "culture"?
Culture refers to a wide range of factors, including values, everyday activities, shared beliefs and attitudes, social organization, family and personal relationships, language, religious practices, and concepts of time and space.
Give three examples of different cultural approaches to health care for each of the following categories: Definition of health:
Definition of health: a. Absence of disease b. Balance of body energy c. Balance of hot/cold and wet/dry forces in body d. Harmony with nature e. Integration of body/mind/spirit
What is the best way to support your qualifications during an interview?
Demonstrate behaviors desired by employers, such as being on time and communicating clearly. Be prepared with specific examples that demonstrate your qualifications. Listen carefully to what the employer needs and address those areas to show how you can be of help.
Describe how and why you should organize a workplace dedicated to your job search.
Devote a specific area in your home to job search undertakings. It is, after all, a job itself. This is also a good way to keep organized. Job search necessities may include: a. Appointments calendar b. Notebook to record/organize information c. Index cards for quick reference d. Good quality writing materials for resumes, cover letters, and thank-you notes e. Sufficient computer supplies, if you have a computer f. Dictionary g. Yellow Page telephone book h. Area street map
What is the meaning of "empathy"? Why is it important in health care?
Empathy is understanding another person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior. To experience empathy is to look at the world from the other person's perspective. Empathy is a critical component of health care communication. It enables the health care professional to understand and address each individual patient's particular needs better.
What is the difference between fee-for-service and managed care?
Fee-for-service is a method of paying for particular health care services received. Managed care plans contain specific, built-in cost controls to increase efficiency in the provision of care.
What is "feedback"? How can its use improve communication?
Feedback is a way for a listener/receiver to check whether the message was heard and understood as the sender intended. The use of feedback helps avoid misunderstandings.
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for temperature-related illnesses?
See Procedure 21-8
What is the difference between computer hardware and software?
Hardware is the computer's physical components, e.g., the CPU (the central processing unit, which manages a computer's operations). Software contains the instructions needed to permit the computer to function and is loaded onto the computer from CDs or downloaded from the Internet or local network.
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for other common conditions that require emergency care?
See Procedure 21-9
How have methods for paying medical costs changed over the years?
In the past, patients paid the physician's asking price for services provided either in cash or, occasionally, in trade. Subsequently, as health care became more sophisticated and complicated, insurance reimbursement of medical service costs became the preferred payment method. Today, in an effort to effect cost control, managed care, prepaid services, co-pay arrangements and preferred group insurance policies are all being used, as are traditional fee-for-service and insurance payment plans.
What are possible negative consequences of getting an inadequate amount of sleep?
Inadequate sleep means your body does not recuperate from the day's activities; the brain may not rest enough to clear and recharge itself; and the following day may produce lack of productive, best effort.
Who are internal and external customers?
Internal customers are people who work in the health care industry, e.g., office professionals, pharmaceutical suppliers. External customers are the people who come to a provider for services, e.g., the patient (client).
How should you handle interview questions about sensitive issues?
It is not necessary to go into detail about past, difficult problems or sensitive issues, such as why you were fired from a job. Stay calm and confident, be honest, and try to let the potential employer know that you have learned from past problems and are dedicated to doing a good job in the future. Provide examples of how you have resolved the difficulty. (Example: secured reliable child care for children to take care of excessive absences from work.)
What does the phrase "Noting variances to the norm" mean?
It means the health care professional is preparing to look for, or has taken note of, some patient condition or situation that is not normal or usual. For example, a blood pressure reading that is higher than usual for a particular patient.
Why is it a critical function for the health care professional to be able to discriminate between normal and abnormal conditions and situations?
Learning to observe patients, their symptoms, and actions, and asking appropriate questions provides vital information that can be used by other health care professionals and the physician in the care of the patient.
Why is it essential for health care professionals to participate in lifelong learning activities?
Learning will be required after graduation to keep up with the many changes in how health care work is performed. Changes in the procedures and delivery of health care are continuous. Lifelong learning refers to all purposeful learning activities, both formal and informal, that take place throughout our lives. The need for these kinds of activities was federally recognized in 1976 with passage of the Lifelong Learning Act.
What are three ways to show respect for the interviewer?
Listen carefully, shake hands firmly, maintain eye contact, never read material on the interviewer's desk or "snoop" around, be polite
How can you project positive nonverbal messages during the interview?
Maintain good posture while standing and seated; lean forward slightly in your chair to show interest in the other person; maintain eye contact; speak clearly with expression and enthusiasm; smile as appropriate; nod or otherwise indicate you are listening.
How can you ensure that your employment application represents you well?
Make the application neat, concise, honest, accurate, complete, and appropriate to the position available. Do not leave any spaces blank; do not write "see resume" anywhere on the application.
What is the purpose of managed care? What are three methods used to control costs?
Managed care plans are designed to control health care costs. The purpose is to provide quality health care that patients can afford to access. Managed care costs are controlled by increasing efficiency, eliminating duplication of services, and discouraging the incursion of unnecessary costs.
What is Medicaid?
Medicaid is a cost assistance program to help pay low-income and disabled persons' medical costs. Federally funded, the program is operated by the states. Medicaid eligibility and payment procedures vary by state.
How should errors be corrected on medical records?
Medical records cannot be corrected in a way that covers up what was originally written. Doing so gives the appearance they have been illegally altered, and negates their value as legal records. Draw a line through the error, provide the correct information, and date and sign the correction. Note the fact that the original entry was an error per facility policy.
Who is covered by Medicare? What services are covered?
Medicare, established in 1965 as a part of Social Security, provides health insurance coverage to U.S. citizens over the age of 65 and other citizens eligible for Social Security, such as the disabled. Part A coverage is for most hospitalization, home care, and hospice. Part B covers part of the cost of outpatient services such as physician fees, diagnostic tests, some equipment, and physical and occupational therapy. Part C (Medicare Advantage) is for those that have Part A and B and choose to receive all of their health care services through a provider organization. Part D is for prescription drug coverage.
Give three examples of different cultural approaches to health care for each of the following categories: Methods of treatment:
Methods of treatment: a. Acupuncture b. Herbs c. Prayer d. Pharmaceutical drugs e. Surgery
Why is it important that the health care professional use correct spelling and grammar?
Misspelled words and poor grammar give the impression of carelessness. Misspelled words can cause confusion, negatively affecting patient care. If spelling is in doubt, check it; the failure to do so may constitute negligence. The use of correct grammar when writing or speaking is a sign of good education, competence, and professionalism.
Why is effective communication an important factor in health care delivery?
Modern health care systems rely on the efficient and accurate delivery of large amounts of information. Diagnosis and treatments are often based on a variety of data that must be shared amongst many health care providers. There are vast networks of primary care providers, specialists, therapists, testing centers, medical facilities, and insurance companies, all working together to provide and coordinate patient care. The timely delivery of accurate information is crucial to system efficacy and efficiency.
What is the Good Samaritan Act, and how does it protect the rescuer?
Most states have adopted Good Samaritan laws to encourage individuals to get involved helping accident or illness victims. The law protects individuals who give aid from liability for ordinary care prudently administered, unless gross negligence or willful intent to harm the victim is displayed.
What is nonverbal communication? Give three examples.
Nonverbal communication is sending a message other than by spoken word. Nonverbal communication may be by body movement (a shrug of the shoulders), by tone of the voice (sarcastic expression indicating annoyance), or by facial movement (hinting surprise, anger, or happiness). Touch, physical appearance, and gestures are other commonly used nonverbal communication techniques.
Who determines which CEUs are accepted by professional and regulatory organizations?
Organizations that grant licenses, certifications, and registrations decide which CEUs they will accept.
What is the difference between a policy and a procedure?
Policies are the rules established and followed by an organization. Procedures are the specific steps taken/followed to perform a particular task.
What is quality improvement?
Processes used to find ways to preserve or improve quality of care while decreasing costs.
Why are professional development activities important throughout the career of the health care professional?
Professional development means continually striving to improve your abilities and performance. Medicine and health care change/advance every day. Staying professionally "state of the art" allows you to provide ever better service. Professional development activities, whether through self-improvement, networking assistance, joining professional organizations, or continuing formal education add to a health care professional's career lifelong satisfaction and higher productivity.
Explain the meaning of "professional distance."
Professional distance describes the proper professional/patient relationship, i.e., demonstrating a caring attitude toward a patient without feeling the need to become his or her friend.
What is meant by professionalism in health care?
Professionalism is difficult to define, because it consists of many characteristics and behaviors. Health care professionals best display professionalism by dedicating themselves to doing their best on the job and providing and maintaining high-quality service. The expression "caring competence" truly and fairly captures the essence of professionalism in health care.
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for an allergic reaction?
See Procedure 21-1
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for bleeding and wounds?
See Procedure 21-2
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for bone, joint and muscle injuries?
See Procedure 21-3
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for facial injuries?
See Procedure 21-4
What are the signs and symptoms and treatment for burns?
See Procedure 21-5
What is the most important interview follow-up activity?
Send a thank-you letter for the time, experience, information, and opportunity. If you are interested in the job, add anything (briefly!) you didn't have time to cover in the interview.
What is the definition of sexual harassment and what steps should a victim take?
Sexual harassment consists of unwelcome actions that are sexual in nature. It is a form of sexual discrimination as defined by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. If unwelcome sexual behavior is encountered, the victim should first speak with the harasser. If the harassment continues, the victim should take the matter to the designated person at the facility. If the harassment still continues, a formal complaint can be filed with the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Give three examples of different cultural approaches to health care for each of the following categories: Sources of good health:
Sources of good health: a. Nutritious food, rest, good hygiene b. Gift from ancestors c. Good self-care practices, e.g., exercise, no smoking d. Reward from God e. Will of God f. Good luck
Why would you develop a personalized skill inventory as a first step in your job search?
So you know what talent/skills/traits you have to sell. Employers look for individuals having both technical and nontechnical assets. As a recent graduate, your technical expertise should be cutting edge. In addition, list some of your current or anticipated nontechnical assets/resources/skills, including professionalism, enthusiasm, willingness to learn, positive attitude, reliability, honesty, ability to communicate, problem-solving skills, ability to work well as a team member, writing skills, teaching ability, and so on. All such skills and abilities placed on your resume help make you appear to be a well-rounded applicant who is ready to help meet the employer's needs.
How can you show an employer you are interested in the job?
Tell the employer you are interested and explain why; learn about the facility before the interview and demonstrate your knowledge and interest during the interview; give examples to show how your skills, habits, and attitudes can help the employer; show interest in and willingness to commit to the facility's success.
How do the vital signs vary over the life span?
Temperature—temperature control in the younger patient is less stable and runs higher than in adulthood. Pulse—goes down—see Table 20-1 Respirations—goes down—see Table 20-2 Blood pressure—goes up—see Table 20-3
What does it mean to use a pain assessment scale?
The "pain assessment scale" is a subjective evaluation of the patient's pain by the patient. Using a scale of 1-10, a patient is asked to rate his or her pain, from no pain (1) to the worst imaginable (10), so subsequent treatment of the pain can be better and effectively evaluated by the patient receiving the treatment. If the patient is cognitively unable to rate their pain using a numerical scale, a Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale may be used.
What is the Golden Rule of first aid?
The Golden Rule for providing first aid is to "do no further harm."
Explain the Philosophy of Individual Worth, and how it relates to work in health care.
The Philosophy of Individual Worth states that every individual has inherent value and social worth. In health care, this means every professional must do his or her best at all times for all patients. The health care professional must provide equal care to all, even under the most demanding circumstances.
What is the meaning of "the cost of money?"
The cost of money is income lost because you cannot invest money owed to you; it also includes interest on loans that cannot be paid off until the receivables are in the account.
What is an apical-radial deficit?
The difference between the radial and apical pulse. An apical-radial deficit can be present in a number of cardiac conditions.
How does the probationary period benefit both the employer and health care professional?
The employer is given a period of time to find out if the new employee "fits," performs as needed, gets along with other personnel and is a desired workplace addition. The employer has unlimited authority to terminate any employee in the, usually, 60, 90 or 120 day probationary period. The employee can decide if the job is appropriate, if he or she has the required skills, if the job requirements are about as expected, and if relations with coworkers and supervisor are comfortable.
Describe behavioral and situational interview questions and explain their purpose.
These types of questions ask you to describe/explain how you would or have actually handled workplace issues such as handling a difficult customer, getting along with a coworker, and solving a problem. You might be given a scenario or asked to supply a true example. The interviewer is interested in how you function as an employee.
What are three reasons why every health care professional should develop good writing skills?
Valid reasons include: a. Improves patient care b. Adds to patient belief in caregiver competence c. Demonstrates professionalism d. Represents the organization well e. Increases the health care professional's value f. Improves the health care professional's promotional opportunities Learners may have other good suggestions.
When should first aid be administered?
When emergency care is needed by an accident victim or by someone who has become suddenly ill. First aid is to provide immediate care to minimize the effects of injury or illness until the victim can be seen by a physician.
Give three examples of people who would be good references.
a. Instructors b. School administrators c. Former employers d. Health care professionals who know you e. Clergy f. Respected members of the community
What items should be included when preparing meeting agendas?
a. Date of meeting b. Meeting start and end times c. Exact meeting location d. Topics to be discussed (agenda) e. What meeting attendees should bring, if anything f. Name of speaker, if any
How much time should you spend each week on job search activities?
You should plan to devote at least twenty hours each week to your job search. Some employment professionals even recommend you spend forty hours a week on this pursuit.
Why is it essential for today's health care professional to be computer literate? Computers are now used in all areas of health care delivery. All health care professionals function as information managers. The ability to use computers has become an important workplace competency. The correct use of computers permits:
a. Accessing huge amounts of stored information b. Calculating and manipulating patient data quickly and accurately c. Enabling high-speed communication
What is the difference between accounts payable and accounts receivable?
a. Accounts payable—money you owe b. Accounts receivable—money owed to you
What are ten characteristics of a successful resume?
a. Accurate, e.g., perfect spelling b. Conservative, e.g., uses white paper c. Neat d. Easy to read e. Professional f. Without information that should be discussed in person, such as reason for leaving last job g. Properly formatted and spaced h. With special features (e.g., bold) for highlighting (unless resume will be scanned electronically) i. Concise j. Proofread by someone qualified
What are seven behaviors that contribute to professional success? Examples:
a. Act with integrity b. Demonstrate loyalty c. Observe the chain of command d. Give a full day's work e. Become part of the team f. Go beyond the minimum g. Learn from role models/mentors
Describe the three major eating disorders.
a. Anorexia nervosa: belief that one is overweight even when not; cutting of calories below the number needed to maintain health or even to sustain life b. Bulimia: compulsive eating of huge quantities of food following by forced vomiting or using laxatives c. Binge eating: compulsive, uncontrolled consumption of large quantities of food beyond that necessary to satisfy physical hunger
What are three ways to respond to illegal interview questions?
a. Ask how the question(s) relates to the job. b. Respond to the employer's concern rather than directly answering the question. c. State that the question is illegal.
What are five ways to improve presentations given to groups?
a. Be clear about your purpose, most important points b. Determine audience's needs, sophistication c. Organize material for ease of presentation, reception d. Avoid presentation confusion, e.g., skipping topic-to-topic e. Speak at a moderate rate f. Prepare key points notes or checklist g. Look at audience while speaking
Describe the ideal appearance of a man or a woman who is attending a health care job interview.
a. Be sure everything about you is clean. b. Demonstrate your health care knowledge by avoiding things that would be inappropriate on the job, such as dangling earrings; loose, flowing hair; visible piercings; and long, brightly-colored fingernails. c. Wear business attire. d. Do not wear sunglasses, jeans, T-shirts, other casual dress. e. Keep jewelry simple. f. Avoid heavy make-up. g. Trim facial hair neatly.
What are eight commonly asked general interview questions? Examples:
a. Can you tell me something about yourself? b. Why do you want to work here? c. Why do you think you are qualified for this job? d. What are your strengths and weaknesses? e. What did you like best (least) about your last job? f. Which classes did you like best (least)? g. What are your short-term and long-term employment goals? h. How do you work under pressure? i. How do you get along with others? j. How do you handle stress?
What are four types of questions? Give an example of each.
a. Close-ended questions b. Open-ended questions c. Probing questions d. Leading questions Examples will vary, but should illustrate the basic features of each type of question, as explained in Table 16-1.
What are the common defense mechanisms encountered in health care situations?
a. Compensation—substitute something that does not satisfy a need b. Control—exert excessive control for lost control c. Denial—say it's not so d. Displacement—transferring feelings e. Malingering—pretending to be ill f. Projection—blaming someone else g. Rationalization—explaining away a behavior h. Regression—adapting younger behavior tactics i. Repression—blocking out conscious thought j. Withdrawal—refusing to communicate or participate
What are five characteristics of good medical documentation?
a. Completeness; all requested information is included b. Records are concise and factual c. Properly identified with patient name, identifying number d. Legibility e. Have correct spelling, terminology, punctuation, and grammar f. Details are clearly, objectively expressed g. Avoids duplicate findings h. Uses only approved, facility-sanctioned abbreviations i. Contains a time and date for all entries j. Are signed by proper person(s) k. Completed without leaving empty lines l. Charted only after completing procedure/treatment m. Written in black or blue ink
Give an example to demonstrate the meaning of each level of need(Maslow)
a. Consuming enough food to live b. Being free from being hit with a weapon c. Enjoying friendships d. Feeling good about what you're doing e. Achieving your desired vocation
List eight documents that would be appropriate to include in the health care applicant's professional portfolio.
a. Copy of diploma or certificate of program completion b. Copy of professional license, registration c. Certificates demonstrating specific competencies, e.g., CPR d. Documentation of accomplishments, e.g., awards e. Prior, positive work/service evaluations f. List of technical skills/competencies g. Letters of recommendation h. Examples of class health care assignments on which you did well
What items should be included when writing the minutes of a meeting?
a. Date and time meeting was called to order b. Members present and absent c. Acceptance of previous minutes, additions, corrections d. Announcements e. Short summaries of discussions, decisions made, and conclusions agreed upon f. Date and time of next meeting g. Time of adjournment h. Signature of person preparing minutes and name of chairperson
State the components comprising a History and Physical (H&P).
a. Date the H&P is done b. Demographic data—age, sex, race, place of birth, etc. c. Source of referral d. Chief complaints—why seeking care now e. History of present illness f. Past history—previous medical conditions g. Current health status—current lifestyle depiction h. Family history of illness i. Psychological history j. Review of all systems—height, weight, etc., and exam of head, neck, upper extremities, etc.
What are the four steps that should be taken when planning a written document?
a. Determine the purpose of the piece of writing b. Generate ideas for content based on the purpose c. Consider the written material's reader(s) d. Organize the content
How can the health care professional help ensure the security of computerized records?
a. Do not use an obvious password like a nickname b. Clear monitor screens before leaving work area c. Keep unauthorized personnel away from work area d. Shred discarded printouts before throwing them in the trash
Describe how organic foods are raised differently from conventionally raised foods.
a. Do not use chemical fertilizers, weed killers, or pesticides b. Do not give animals antibiotics, other medications, or growth hormones
What components determine quality of care? Quality of care speaks to the excellence of the health care received. Patient quality of care concerns include:
a. Easily accessible and available services b. Timely and safe delivery of care c. Coordination and continuity of care between services d. Effectiveness of services, that is, the delivery and outcome of care provided
List five recommendations for improving one's daily eating habits.
a. Eat moderate amounts b. Look for nutritional value c. Avoid excessive amounts of salt and sugar d. Eat adequate amounts of fiber e. Prepare your own meals f. Eat slowly and enjoy your food g. Drink sufficient water h. Plan meals to include adequate vitamins and minerals
What are the major components of the USDA Dietary Guidelines?
a. Emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy b. Include lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts c. Reduce saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and added sugars
What are the four major areas of expenditures incurred by a health care delivery system?
a. Financing b. Technology & supplies (pharmaceuticals and equipment) c. Facilities d. Personnel
What are the seven steps to follow when an emergency occurs that will protect both the victim and rescuer?
a. First, assess the situation, the surrounding environment b. Call EMS (Emergency Medical Services—911) for help/advice c. If the victim is conscious, get permission (consent) to help/treat d. Try to determine what happened e. Follow Standard Precautions when/while giving care f. Enlist the appropriate help of bystanders g. Don't move the victim unless absolutely necessary h. Stay calm
Compare and contrast the three major formats used when writing business letters.
a. Full block—all lines are lined up evenly on the left margin; efficiency results as keystrokes to indent are eliminated b. Block—all lines but date, closing and signature are flush on the left hand margin c. Modified block—same as block except first sentence in each paragraph is indented five spaces, creating the most informal business letter
What actions should an employee take when leaving a job?
a. Give adequate notice, such as 2-4 weeks b. Submit a letter of resignation c. Do not list complaints or grievances in the resignation letter d. Tell the supervisor first e. Complete all tasks and assignments f. Do not slack off during the last days g. Leave everything in order h. Offer to train the replacement
What are the six food groups contained in the Food Guide Pyramid?
a. Grains b. Vegetables c. Fruits d. Oils e. Milk products f. Meats, fish, beans, nuts
What are the major sections of a resume?
a. Heading—this first section includes your name, address, and phone number b. Objective—this section states your job goal c. Qualifications—statement of your skills/traits for the position being solicited d. Education background e. Certifications and licenses held and not listed elsewhere f. Work experience g. Special skills h. Languages i. Awards and honors j. Community service and volunteer work k. Memberships in professional organizations l. Hobbies and interests
What are five major purposes of medical documentation?
a. Helps ensure good patient care b. Provides legal protection c. Helps ensure compliance with regulatory agencies d. Improves cost control e. Decreases payment denials from insurance companies
What are five questions you should not ask at the first interview? Examples:
a. How much is the pay? b. What benefits do you provide? c. How many vacation days will I get? d. How long are the lunch hours and breaks? e. Can we leave early on Fridays? f. What are the paid holidays?
What are the steps in working with unhappy customers?
a. Identify the problem b. Seek resolution c. Verify satisfaction
What are seven ways the health care professional can assist in controlling facility costs?
a. Improve your personal efficiency b. Focus on your job; do your work well c. Carefully use equipment and supplies d. Bill and code your time/services correctly, and do not misplace or neglect any legitimate charges e. Try to maintain an adequate, efficient inventory f. Educate patients to reduce medical services g. Be willing to cross-train and expand skills or purchase items at the last minute, at a cost higher than that charged when they are ordered in bulk for later delivery. b. What are ways she can use to identify which inventory tag goes with which patient? Review each patient's medical record to see what procedure was performed. c. What are the possible consequences if she charges the wrong supplies to a patient? If the payer (insurance company, Medicare, etc.) notes that the supplies don't match the procedure, they may refuse to reimburse. Even more serious, they may decide to investigate the facility to see if mismanagement or fraud is taking place.
Give five examples of questions to ask to discover a patient's needs.
a. Is there anything you'd like to say about your needs? b. What do you usually do when you feel ill? c. Whom do you normally see to answer health questions? d. Who will help you at home with your health care? e. Do you object to any medical procedures or practices? Many similar, or different, questions can be asked to determine relevant patient needs. Answers should emphasize attempts to determine individual needs of the patient.
What are five common barriers that can interfere with communication?
a. Language differences b. Cultural influences c. Defense mechanisms d. Physical distractions e. Sensory impairments f. Medication effects g. Pain
How can a health care professional view destructive criticism in a constructive manner?
a. Look for any truth in what the other person is saying b. If criticism is valid, take responsibility and work to change your behavior c. Use the experience as an opportunity to improve communication with coworkers and build stronger team relationships d. Gather suggestions about how you can improve and changed only when required by an emergency. Staff should be encouraged to consider the impact of their actions, such as being absent or not returning equipment where it belongs, on patient care.
What are sample questions to be asked to evaluate each of the body's systems? Many possible questions should be appropriate for each system and of the type illustrated in the text. The following are modeled after those given in the text:
a. Musculoskeletal—"Is there any discomfort with movement?" b. Integumentary—"What is the status of the skin color?" c. Circulatory—"What are the vital signs?" d. Respiratory—"What are the respiratory rate and rhythm?" e. Digestive—"When was the last bowel movement?" f. Urinary—"What is the appearance of the urine?" g. Eyes—"Is there any redness?" h. Ears—"Is there any drainage from the ear?" i. Nervous—"Is there any numbness?" j. Endocrine—broad, general questions, e.g., diabetes k. Female reproductive—"When did you last menstruate?" l. Male reproductive—"Are there any sores on the penis?"
What are five ways to properly handle and care for computer hardware?
a. Never bring down a mouse sharply on a hard surface b. Do not pull or jerk cables, wires, or peripherals c. Keep liquids away from any computer hardware d. Keep all hardware free of dust, food crumbs e. Clean all hardware in accordance with manufacturer instructions
What are eight ways to continue learning after graduation?
a. Observe others b. Ask questions c. Read books and journal articles d. Study in a small group e. Study with a partner or mentor f. Attend professional conferences and meetings g. Watch videos and educational television programs h. Explore the Internet
What are four ways the health care professional can determine the individual needs of a patient?
a. Observe patient behavior and third-party interactions b. Determine possible language barriers c. Ask questions to determine individual preferences d. Listen carefully to patient comments/responses
What are the major health risks faced by health care professionals today?
a. Occupational hazards—exposure to infectious diseases, chemicals, and potentially dangerous equipment b. Burnout c. Injury from lifting, computer work, and so on The following activities expose individuals to additional risks: d. Smoking e. Substance abuse f. Unprotected sex
What information is typically found in a medical record?
a. Patient medical history b. Physician's orders, e.g., medications prescribed c. Diagnostic test results/findings d. Admissions forms/consents e. Surgical procedures consents/reports f. Any graphics, e.g., blood pressure, etc. g. Flow sheets from monitoring h. Medication records, to show all medications given
What are five recent technological and demographic changes that require experienced health care professionals to acquire new knowledge and skills? Answers will vary. Learners may select from the following or from others that do not appear on the list. They should have a major impact on health care.
a. People are living longer b. Hospital stays are shorter today c. Ethnic and cultural diversity in U.S. population d. Growing patient interest in alternative/complimentary care e. Increase in third-party payers f. Emphasis on wellness, and patient responsibility g. Increased use of computers h. Spread of infectious diseases, particularly hepatitis B, AIDS, and tuberculosis i. Expansion of health care professionals' roles and responsibilities j. Increased specialization and use of teams to provide patient care k. Development of sophisticated equipment
What are the five levels of needs described by Maslow?
a. Physiological needs b. Physical and psychological security c. Maintaining satisfying relations with others d. Having high self-esteem e. Self-actualization
What are some methods the health care professional can use to deal with stress?
a. Prioritizing tasks and responsibilities b. Managing time c. Using muscle relaxation techniques d. Practicing stress control/reduction, e.g., using meditation e. Developing a positive attitude
What are three different formats used for progress notes?
a. Problem-oriented charting—organized around a patient's health problem(s) b. Narrative charting—provides written notes on all aspects of a patient's health problem(s) and care c. Charting by exception—this abbreviated format only notes a patient's abnormal findings
What are five benefits of physical exercise?
a. Promotes a feeling of well-being (more endorphins) b. Relieves stress and improves mental outlook c. Improves the quality of sleep d. Helps with weight control e. Increases energy level
What are the benefits of participating in a professional organization?
a. Promoting the profession and working in like-minded groups b. Supporting continuing education and keeping current c. Encouraging member networking, advising, role modeling d. Supporting legislation on behalf of the profession and health care in general while developing management and leadership skills
What are the six classes of nutrients and the purpose of each?
a. Proteins: build structural components of the body b. Carbohydrates: supply immediate energy c. Fats: provide concentrated forms of energy d. Vitamins: provides substances necessary to sustain growth, health, and life e. Minerals: provide substances necessary for the body to function properly f. Water: essential to maintain life
What are the three ways the health care professional can help patients deal with the experience of loss?
a. Realize loss significance to patients b. Understand loss reactions and the need to grieve c. Be willing to talk with patients who wish to discuss some/all of their loss
What are five good proofreading techniques?
a. Reread the document to verify content; check facts for accuracy b. Check the organization of the material c. Read aloud; check for odd-sounding words or phrases d. Double check spelling by reading backwards e. Use computer spelling/grammar checking features f. Print computer drafts to proofread; paper proofing is easier and often more accurate than computer screen proofing g. If uncertainty exists, ask for help h. Have written work checked as required by employer
What are the six steps of the communication process?
a. Set communication goals—decide what to accomplish b. Create the message c. Deliver the message d. Listen to and hear the response e. Offer feedback and seek clarification f. Evaluate the encounter and revise the message if needed
What are the six steps for developing and delivering effective patient education?
a. Set education goals (learning objectives) b. Create the instructional message c. Deliver the instruction d. Listen e. Check for understanding f. Evaluate
Give six examples of health problems caused by overweight and obesity.
a. Shortness of breath b. Back and joint pains c. Reduced ability to enjoy physical activities d. High blood pressure e. Heart disease f. Elevated levels of fats in the blood g. Type 2 diabetes h. Stroke i. Gallbladder disease j. Osteoarthritis k. Sleep apnea l. Certain cancers
What are eight factors that you should consider when identifying your workplace preferences?
a. Size of facility b. Work pace c. Amount of time spent working with others and working on your own d. Amount of supervision e. Hours of work f. Type of patient population g. Type of professional specialty h. Location
What are eight ways to project a professional impression when speaking on the telephone?
a. Speak clearly; pronounce words correctly and distinctly b. Speak at a moderate rate of speed c. Strive for a pleasant, not high-pitched, tone d. Project warmth, friendliness, caring e. Smile, when appropriate, as you speak f. Put expression in your voice g. Allow periods of silence for response h. Never chew gum or eat when speaking on the phone
How should the content of an effective business letter be organized?
a. State the letter's purpose in the introduction b. Develop ideas in the letter body—what needs to be done by the letter receiver and why c. Summarize the action needed and specifically state what you want the reader to do, if anything
What are three ways the health care professional can learn more about using computers?
a. Take classes b. Read the manuals that come with the hardware/software or that can be accessed on the Internet c. Work through software tutorials and help menus d. Explore the software you have installed e. Read some of the many books available to all levels of users
What are the steps in taking an accurate TPR and B/P? TPR is temperature/pulse/respiration. B/P is blood pressure.
a. Temperature taking is described in Procedure 20-1 b. Pulse taking is described in Procedures 20-2 and 20-3 c. Respiration taking is described in Procedure 20-4 d. Blood pressure taking is described in Procedure 20-5 Learners should follow the steps included in the procedures.
What are the different types of equipment for taking a temperature?
a. Temporal artery (infrared) b. Electronic c. Tympanic (aural) d. Chemical-dot
Describe two specific considerations when communicating with patients who are:
a. Terminally ill—be willing to listen; show you care b. Hearing impaired—speak slowly; speak distinctly c. Visually impaired—announce your presence; explain what you're doing, and why d. Speech impaired—use pictures and drawings; use written language e. Angry—remain calm; do not raise your voice f. Unable to understand English well—do not raise your voice; use pictures, if available, and/or gestures Learners may suggest many other good examples.
What is the purpose of each of the following laws?
a. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act—prohibit sexual harassment, a form of sex discrimination b. Equal Pay Act—prevent wage discrimination for jobs with the same employer that require equal skills, effort, and responsibility c. Family Medical Leave Act—allow employee up to 12 months of unpaid leave to meet family needs; same or equivalent job must be given upon return d. Occupational Safety and Health Act—prevent unsafe working conditions
What are eleven important things a new employee should do and learn when starting a new job? Examples:
a. Tour the facility b. Location of items in own department c. Location of lunchroom and rest rooms d. Location of and procedure for securing supplies e. Where to store personal belongings f. Safety rules and security precautions g. How to operate equipment h. Meet coworkers i. Review schedule j. Review job description Learners may have other good suggestions.
What are five methods of earning CEUs?
a. Traditional continuing education classes/courses b. Recognized/sanctioned workshops c. Special sessions/workshops offered at conventions/meetings d. Home study materials published in professional journals e. Online study courses offered by approved education providers
What are the four common slings and wraps used to treat musculoskeletal injuries?
a. Triangular sling to support the shoulder, collarbone and arm injuries (Procedure 21-10) b. Spiral wraps for the arms, legs or body trunk (Procedure 21-11) c. Figure-eight wraps for joints, e.g., ankle, elbow, wrist (Procedure 21-12) d. Finger wrap, with a splint if broken (Procedure 21-13)
How can old habits be changed or new habits formed? Recognize a need for and be willing to change. Then:
a. Understand making change is not easy b. Patiently work to effect change c. Set reasonable change goals d. Focus on the positive e. Track your progress f. Reward your achievements
What are five strategies for preparing effective written materials for patient education?
a. Verify accuracy of content b. Organize the material in an easy-to-follow format c. Use bulleted or numbered lists if this makes the information easier to use/follow d. Create a logical text order e. Write at a reading level appropriate for the patients
What are six guidelines for using computers effectively?
a. Verify the accuracy of all data you enter b. Always back up your work/computerized data c. Stay legal; particularly avoid copyright infringement d. Keep up with the rapid pace of computer advancements e. Don't panic when the computer "acts up" f. Avoid injury from prolonged or improper use
What are the characteristics of a good cover letter?
a. Word-processed or typed b. Spelling and grammar are perfect c. On same paper as the resume d. Addressed to a specific person, if possible e. Individualized letters sent to each employer/position f. Not more than one page long g. Using standard business letter format
What should be done to ensure that business letters are delivered properly to the addressee?
a. Write the address in uppercase (capital) letters b. Do not use punctuation in the address c. Use the ZIP code, adding the additional four-number code if possible d. Do not write in the lower right-hand envelope corner e. Include a complete return address on the envelope's upper left-hand corner
Select four sources of job leads and explain how to use each one.
a. Your school's Career Service Center will help you organize yourself, help prepare your presentation, provide you with lists of likely places of employment, and is a natural magnet for employers seeking qualified professionals. b. Networking is a job search tactic most often used two ways: you tell everyone you know your employment availability and newly acquired job skills, hoping someone may connect you with a willing employer; or you solicit networking assistance within the profession you hope to pursue, asking existing profession members to make your availability known. c. Job fairs or career orientation and learning sessions put on by your school, other schools, employers, and assistance organizations, e.g., Chamber of Commerce; attend these events to both learn about employment opportunities and to introduce yourself to prospective employers. d. Help-wanted ads—professional journals, the Internet, and newspapers contain announcements of employment opportunities, identifying employers in the market and the particular skills they need; by reviewing the ads you learn about skills needed and educate yourself about stating your case, in addition to finding potential jobs. Other job search techniques exist, ranging from "cold calling" employers to alert them to your availability, to using "telephone job lines" provided and presented by large health care employers such as hospitals, to searching the Internet, an ever more commonly used source for listing employment opportunities. Learners may suggest other good ideas.
What are five appropriate questions to ask a potential employer at the first interview? Examples:
a.What are the duties and responsibilities of this position? b. May I have a copy of the job description? c. I see on the job description that I am required to do _____. Can you please tell me more about this? d. Could you describe a typical day in this position? e. Is there a training program for new employees? How does it work? f. What equipment will I be working with? g. How will I be evaluated?
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. b. Creation of documents
allows creation of concise, error-free documents to deliver home-care instructions, provides very accurate medical reports, and produces research reports
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. a. Information management
allows selection of appropriate patient treatment, preparation of reports for regulatory agencies, and justification of costs for insurance billing
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. d. Integration of operations
computer-integrated health care information systems permit patient record keeping, appointment scheduling, insurance coding, billing, and report creation through use of a single, coordinated data input system
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. j. Communication
communications using computers range from obtaining needed drugs from a pharmacy to conveying information over a LAN (local area network, e.g., a hospital and attending physicians' offices) to accessing medical research using the Internet with its worldwide scope. Learners may have many other good answers.
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. i. Education
computers allow a variety of new educational tactics/techniques, ranging from long-distance learning, in which learners literally access and tie into education providers, to use of CDs, which permit accessing particular information sources, to using computers to simulate reality and permit learners to learn about care/surgery techniques on virtual humans before treating real people
Describe the following health risks and what can be done to prevent or minimize them. Smoking:
contributes to disease and death; physically addictive Helpful for quitting: support groups, classes, structured programs, hypnosis, medications, methods to allow gradual withdrawal from nicotine
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. c. Numerical calculations
creating and monitoring budgets, financial planning, and business projecting and planning
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. e. Diagnostics
diagnoses are aided and enhanced by computers with quicker analysis of blood and other body fluids, creation of soft-tissue images, and more efficient viewing of internal body organs
Describe the following health risks and what can be done to prevent or minimize them. Substance abuse:
includes both prescription and illegal drugs and alcohol; can result in loss of job/career, incarceration. Helpful in quitting: rehabilitation programs, Alcoholics Anonymous, counseling
Describe the following health risks and what can be done to prevent or minimize them. Occupational hazards:
injuries and illnesses Helpful in preventing: proper body mechanics, protecting self from blood-borne pathogens, practicing safety, using computer safely
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. f. Treatment
many new treatment methods use computers, from robotic surgery to laser scanning and tissue removal to help modeling for cosmetic surgery
Describe the following health risks and what can be done to prevent or minimize them. Sexually transmitted diseases:
range from mild to fatal Helpful in preventing: testing of sex partners for HIV, using condoms, abstinence from sexual activity
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. g. Patient monitoring
record treatment progress, continuously take vital signs, use photography and imaging to determine patient status
List at least three computer applications for health care in each of the following areas. h. Research
research is enhanced by computers as large databases, such as MEDLARS, the National Library of Medicine database of medical databases, or other published information services such as PsychINFO (Psychological Abstracts database), can be quickly scanned for point-of-interest data or to match biological data using bioinformatics, organizing biological data into databases
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each progress note format? Problem-oriented charting
the advantage: all health care professionals focus charting on the same problems. The disadvantage: keeping the problem list up to date and maintaining a humanistic and not a listed-problem resolution approach to care;
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each progress note format? Narrative charting
the advantage: each health care professional can use his own approach to describing the patient and care given. The disadvantage: this is time consuming and can result in long, non-specific, and difficult-to-read records;
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each progress note format? Charting by exception
the advantage: the time savings and plain problem identification. The disadvantage: this approach is problem oriented and excludes the inclusion of preventive/wellness information
