B. (Ch. 9) Appendicular Skeleton

Clavicles

Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula - Cone shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with sternum - Act as braces to hold scapulae & arms out laterally - Stretched out "s"

Lower Extremity

Consists of the bones of the hip, thigh, leg, ankle, & foot - Pelvic bone, Coxal, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Foot

Upper extremity

Consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper & lower parts of the arm, wrist, & hand - Shoulder girdle, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpal bones, Metacarpal bones

Foot

1. Structure is similar to that of the hand with adaptations 2. Foot bones are held together to form spring arches - Medial longitudinal arch is made up of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, & medial 3 metatarsal bones - Lateral longitudinal arch is made up of the calcaneus, cuboid, & 4th & 5th metatarsal bones

Tibia

1. The larger, stronger, & more medially & superficially located of the 2 leg bones 2. Articulates proximally with femur to form knee joint 3. Articulates distally with the fibula & talus Medial malleolus

Fibula

1. The smaller, more laterally & deeply placed of the 2 leg bones 2. Articulates with the tibia Lateral malleolus

Bones of Forearm

1. Ulna - Medial bone in forearm - Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus 2. Radius - Lateral bone in forearm - head articulates with capitulum of humerus & with radial notch of ulna

The Upper Limb

30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb 1. Arm: Humerus 2. Forearm: Radius & Ulna 3. Hand - 8 carpal bones in wrist - 5 metacarpals in palm - 14 phalanges in fingers

Scapulae

Aka shoulder blades 1. Situated on dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2-7 2. Flat & triangular, with 3 borders & 3 angles 3. 7 large fossae, named according to location

Patella

Largest sesamoid bone in the body

Femur

Longest & heaviest bone in the body - medial condyle on same side of head

Pelvic girdle

Made up of the sacrum & 2 coxal bones bound tightly by strong ligaments 1. A stable circular base that supports the trunk & attaches the lower extremities to it 2. Each coxal bone is made up 3 bones that fuse together - Ilium (largest & uppermost) - Ischium (strongest & lowermost) - Pubis (anterior most) 3. Transmit weight of upper body

Carpal bones

Upper extremity. 1. 8 small bones that form the wrist 2. Carpal bones are bound closely & firmly by ligaments & form 2 rows of 4 carpals each - Proximal row is made up of the pisifom, triquetrum, lunate, & scaphoid - Distal row is made up of the hamate, capitate, trapezoid, & trapezium 3. The joints joints between the radius & carpal bones allow wrist & hand movements

Metacarpal bones

Upper extremity. 1. Form framework of the hand 2. Thumb metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones 3. Heads of the metacarpal bones (knuckles) articulate with the phalanges

Shoulder girdle

Upper extremity. 1. Made up of the scapula & clavicle 2. Clavicle forms only bony joint with trunk, the sternoclavicular joint 3. At its distal end, the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula 4. Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton 5. Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs

Ulna

Upper extremity. 1. The long bone found on the little finger side of the forearm 2. Articulates proximally with humerus & radius & distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk 3. Olecranon process (forms "c" or "u") Long and skinny

Radius

Upper extremity. 1. The long bone found on the thumb side of the forearm 2. Articulates proximally with capitulum of humerus & the radial notch of the ulna. Helps to identify by radial tuberosity

Humerus

Upper extremity. 1. The long bone found on the upper part of the arm 2. Articulates superiorly with the glenoid fossa of the scapula & inferiorly with radius & ulna 3. Largest, longest bone of upper limb