BADM 360-Exam 3

an unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in the organization and specifies who reports to whom

Chain of command

__________ is a result of the competition between driving and restraining forces

Change

John has tremendous technical skills and frequently comes up with valuable ideas. However, he is clueless about how to promote within the organization. John is an example of:

an inventor

Glass ceiling

an invisible barrier that exists for women and minorities that limits their upward mobility in organizations

Strategic role of HR

-Matching process -Integrate strategy -builds culture

Describe the contemporary team and virtual network structures and why they are being adopted by organizations

A widespread trend in departmentalization has been the implementation of team concepts. The vertical chain of command is a powerful means of control, but moving decisions through the hierarchy takes much time and keeps responsibility at the top. The trend is to delegate authority, push responsibility to low levels, and create participative teams that engage the commitment of workers. This approach enables organizations to be more flexible and responsive in a competitive global environment. Another approach to departmentalization is the dynamic network organization. Using the network structure, the organization divides major functions into separate companies that are brokered by a small headquarters organization. The network approach is revolutionary because it is difficult to answer the question, "Where is the organization?" This organizational approach is especially powerful for international operations.

risk propensity

All of the following are critical innovation strategies for changing products and technologies EXCEPT exploration cooperation innovation roles risk propensity

incorporates structures and processes that are appropriate for creative impulse and for the systematic implementation

Ambidextrous approach

______a person who sees the need for change and fights for productive change in an organization

An idea champion

Self-interest Lack of understanding and trust Uncertainty Different assessments and goals

Barriers to change

Performance Evaluation Errors:

Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale Stereotyping

Explain why organizations need coordination across departments and hierarchical levels, and describe mechanisms for achieving coordination.

Coordination refers to the quality of collaboration across departments; it is required for all structures. Coordination problems are amplified in the global arena, because units differ not only by goals and work activities but by distance, time, culture, and language. Companies may create task forces, use project managers, that are responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments on a full-time basis for the completion of a specific project. They use reengineering, which is the radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed.

Explain the value of creativity, idea incubators, horizontal linkages, and open innovation

Creativity is the ideas that meet perceived needs or offer opportunities. Idea Incubator is a safe harbor where employees can develop ideas and experiment without interference from company bureaucracy or politics. Horizontal Linkage Model is one approach to successful innovation. In this model, people from several departments meet frequently in teams and task forces to share ideas and solve problems. Open Innovation means extending the search for and commercializing new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry.

furthers horizontal coordination by including members across the organization

Cross-functional Team

decision authority is pushed down the chain of command to lower organization levels

Decentralization

hiring or promotion of applicants based on criteria that is not job related

Discrimination

Diversity initiative and programs

Enhance structures and policies Increasing awareness of sexual harassment

Compensation Equity

Fairness and equity

Divisional approach

Grouping based on organizational output Product, program, business

Today, more than ever, strategic decisions are related to human resource considerations. What refers to the economic value of the knowledge, experiences, skills, and capabilities of the employees

Human capital

_____ is the first step in attracting an effective work force

Human resource planning

External coordination

Includes customers, partners, and suppliers

_________ includes all ways in which employees are different

Inclusive model

Wage and Salary Systems

Job-based pay Skill-based pay Competency-based pay

Carly's Clothes, Inc. manufactures children's clothes. What department for Carly's Clothes can be considered a line department

Manufacturing development

Global companies often use the ______ structure to achieve simultaneous coordination or products across countries

Matrix

Kent works at Tick Tock, Inc. He has two bosses, one a functional manager and the other a divisional manager. Tick Tock Inc. has a ______ structure

Matrix

True

One major disadvantage of the virtual network approach is the lack of hands on control

raises productivity and cuts labor costs in competitive environment

Pay for Performance

Factors shaping personal bias

Prejudice Discrimination Stereotypes

_____ change is a change in the organization's product or service outputs

Product

__________ is a growing concern that is a violation of the Civil Rights Act

Sexual harassment

_________ approve and protect ideas when critics challenge the concepts

Sponsors

OD Activities include:

Team-building activities Survey-feedback activities Large-group interventions

change involves multiple departments or reallocation of resources users doubt legitimacy of change

Top Management approach

OD Steps include:

Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

HR

_________ must drive organizational performance; it's the competitive edge

Product Change

a change in the organization's product or service outputs

Technology Change

a change in the organization's production process

Skunkworks

are informal, autonomous, secretive groups that focus on breakthrough ideas

is vested in organizational positions, not people; flows down the vertical hierarchy, accepted by subordinates

authority

Restraining forces

barriers to change

Ethnocentrism

belief that your group or subculture is inherently superior to other groups and cultures

Matrix approach

combines functional and divisional approaches

Open innovation (part of external coordination)

commercialization of ideas beyond the organization

When departments are grouped together on the basis of organizational outputs, the organization is using a

divisional structure

The functional _____ and ______ are traditional approaches that rely on the chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships along the hierarchy

divisional, matrix

Managers must stay ahead of legal regulations and must ensure equal opportunities. Human Resource Managers must make sure not to discriminate against individuals on criteria that is not relevant to the job. They must deal with affirmative action, which attempts to help guarantee equal employment opportunities for people of protected groups. They also have to deal with sexual harassment issues, they must be combatted and avoided since it is unethical, immoral, illegal, and not conductive to a productive work environment.

federal legislation and societal trends that influence human resource management

has a wide span and fewer levels

flat structure

New-venture teams

gives free rein to creativity

The _______ delineates the chain of command and indicates departmental tasks and how they fit together, and provides order and logic for the organization

organizational chart

Organizational development can help managers address problems such as mergers/acquisitions, conflict management, and ______

organizational decline/revitalization

Organizational development (OD)--- is an organizations ability to improve and cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase problem-solving capabilities. It improves working relationships among employees. The large-group intervention approach brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change. The idea is to include everyone who has a stake in the change, gather perspectives from all parts of the system, and enable people to create a future.

organizational development and large-group interventions

Horizontal linkage model (part of internal coordination)

simultaneously contribute to new products and technologies

One of the newest ways of gauging whether a candidate is right for the company is by checking

social networking site

The matrix structure violates which chain of command

unity of command

Line authority means

that managers have formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates

Recognize the factors that affect women's opportunities, including the glass ceiling, the opt-out trend, and the female advantage.

-Women have "the female advantage" because they are collaborative, less hierarchical, and relationship oriented. -Companies with 3 or more women in top management are perceived to be more capable, stronger leadership, and inspire higher employee motivation, coordination and control, innovation, direction, work environment and values. -Both the glass ceiling and the decision to "opt out" of a high pressure career have an impact on women's advancement opportunities and pay.

Advantages of the matrix structure

-increases employee participation -makes efficient use of human resources -works well in a changing environment -develops both general and specific management skills

Org B with 3 hierarchical levels

Which of the following organizations have a flat structure: Org. A with 11 hierarchical levels Org. B with 3 hierarchical levels Org. C with 8 hierarchical levels Org. D with 6 hierarchical levels Org. E with 7 hierarchical levels

Female advantage

Women are favored in leadership roles for demonstrating behaviors and attitudes that collaborative, less hierarchical, relationship-oriented

What refers to the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs

Work specialization

Discuss why changes in people and culture are critical to any change process.

Changes in culture and people pertain to how employees think. These are changes in mindset rather than technology, structure, or products and services. People change pertains to just a few employees, such as sending a handful of managers to a training course to improve their management skills. Culture change pertains to the organization as a whole , such as shifting the basic mind-set from an organizational focus on rules and policies to an organizational focus on doing whatever is necessary to satisfy customers

Illustrate how organization structure can be designed to fit environmental uncertainty

Environmental uncertainty means that decision makers have difficulty acquiring good information and predicting external changes. An uncertain environment causes the increased differences occur among departments. The organization needs increased coordination to keep departments working together. The organization must adapt to change. In rapidly changing environments, the organization tends to be much looser, free-flowing, and adaptive, using an organic system. The structure is more horizontal and decision-making authority is decentralized.

Vertical functional approach

Grouping of positions into departments based on skills, expertise, work activities, and resource use

Compensation refers to all monetary payments and all goods or commodities used instead of money to reward employees. An organization's compensation structure includes wages and/or salaries and benefits such as health insurance, paid vacations, or employee fitness centers. The wage and salary structure is important in maintaining a productive workforce. Equally important are the benefits offered by the organization. Benefits comprise more than one-third of labor costs and in some industries nearly two-thirds. Terminations are valuable in maintaining an effective workforce. Employees who are poor performers can be dismissed. The exit interview is excellent for learning about dissatisfaction within the organization and, hence, reduce future turnover.

Explain how organizations maintain a workforce through the administration of wages and salaries, benefits, and terminations

True

Sexual harassment is a violation of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

Explain the strategic role of human resource management

HR needs to drive the organization's performance and maintain its competitive edge. It does this by integrating strategies and building a leadership culture. They also make sure to bring in the right people to improve global competition, quality, and innovation. i. Find Right People ii. Manage Talent iii. Maintain Effective Workforce

Explain how organizations determine their future staffing needs through human resource planning.

Human resource planning is the forecasting of human resource needs and the projected matching of individuals with expected vacancies. By anticipating future HRM needs, the organization can prepare itself to meet competitive challenges more effectively than organizations that react to problems only as they arise.

Coercion approach

a crisis exists initiators clearly have power other implementation techniques have failed

Explain what the changing social contract between organizations and employees means for workers and human resource managers.

In the new image, each person must take care of herself or himself. Particularly in learning organizations, everyone is expected to be a self-motivated worker who has excellent interpersonal relationships and is continuously acquiring new skills. Employees take more responsibility and control in their jobs, becoming partners in business improvement rather than working as a machine. HRM departments can help organizations develop a mix of training, career development opportunities, compensation packages, and rewards and incentives. They can provide career information and assessment, combined with career coaching to help employees determine new career directions.

Barney and betty work at Mountain Park Inc. Although they both work on the assembly line, they have the authority to make many decisions about their job. Mountain Park can be said to have:

a high degree of decentralization

_____ is a clear and concise summary of the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities for a particular job

a job description

_______perform tasks that reflect the organization's primary goal and mission. In a software company, line departments make and sell the product

Line departments

Organizational Development addresses:

Mergers and acquisitions Organizational decline and revitalization Conflict management

Define organizational change and explain the forces driving innovation and change in today's organizations.

Organizational Change is defined as the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization. Today's organizations need to continuously adapt to new situations if they are to survive and prosper. Successful change requires that organizations be capable of both creating and implementing ideas, which means the organization must learn to be ambidextrous, means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovation. A Product Change is a change in the organization's product or service outputs. A Technology Change is a change in the organization's production process - how the organization does its work.

What refers to the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals

Organizing

Stereotyping

Placing an employee into a class or category based on a few characteristics

Organizational Development

Planned, systematic process of change using behavioral science

Line departments perform tasks that reflect the organizations primary goal and mission

True

Two possible tactics for overcoming resistance to change are coercion and negotation

True

Today's diversity is broadly defined by:

Race Gender Age Lifestyle Disability

Reengineering

Radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed

Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale

Rating technique that relates an employee's performance to specific job-related incidents

True

Recruiters are now viewing the profiles and pictures of candidates on social networking sites such as Facebook

Describe the tools managers use to recruit and select employees.

Recruiting is defined as the practices that define the characteristics of applicants to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied. Many organizations use internal recruiting, or promote-from-within, policies to fill their higher-level positions. Internal recruiting has several advantages because it is less costly, generates higher employee commitment, development, and satisfaction and offers opportunities for career advancement to employees rather than outsiders. External recruiting is recruiting newcomers from outside the organization. A variety of outside sources provide applicants, including newspaper advertising, state employment services. Referrals are one of the cheapest and most reliable methods of external recruiting.

Affirmative action

Requires employers to take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people of protected groups

True

Skunkworks are a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business

False

True or False The functional structure is appropriate when the primary goal is innovation and flexibility

which of the following is an OD intervention technique in which questionaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results reported back to them by a change agent

Survey feedback activities

Jacob a customer service rep for AB Retailers, has seven levels of management between himself and the company's CEO. In comparison to his friend Rhonda, who only has four levels of management between herself and the CEO. His company has what type of organizational company

Tall

False Human Capital

The economic value of the knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees refers to personal capital

Explain the matrix approach to structure and its application to both domestic and international organizations.

The matrix structure uses functional and divisional chains of command simultaneously in the same part of the organization. The matrix structure has dual lines of authority. The matrix approach to structure provides a formal chain of command for both the functional and divisional relationships. The matrix structure is typically used when the organization experiences environmental pressure for both a strong functional departmentalization and a divisional departmentalization. Global corporations often use the matrix structure. The problem for global companies is to achieve simultaneous coordination of various products within each country or region and for each product line. The two lines of authority in the matrix provides excellent simultaneous coordination.

Span of Management

The number of employees reporting to a supervisor

Identify how structure can be used to achieve an organization's strategic goals

The pure functional structure is appropriate for achieving internal efficiency goals; the vertical functional structure uses task specialization and a chain of command, not flexible or innovative. Horizontal teams are appropriate when the primary goal is innovation and flexibility; the firm can differentiate itself and respond quickly to change. The cross-functional teams structure and project teams provides greater coordination and flexibility. The divisional structure promotes differentiation because each division can focus on specific products and customers.

False unfreezing, changing, refreezing

The three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change with organizational development are planning changing and stabilizing

Identify the three innovation strategies managers implement for changing products and technologies.

The three innovation strategies are exploration, cooperation, and entrepreneurship

desegrigates major functions to separate companies that are brokered by a small headquarters

The virtual network structure

Three distinct steps of OD

Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

when the firm subcontracts most of its major functions to separate companies it uses what structure

Virtual network structure

Idea incubator

a safe harbor where employees can develop ideas without interference from company bureaucracy or politics

Task force

a temporary team or committee formed to solve a specific short-term problem involving several departments

Continuous process production

a type of technology involving the materials that are being processed continuously in motion

Discrimination

acting on prejudicial attitudes

Recruiting methods that are used to promote the hiring, development, and retention of "protected genders" are examples of

affirmative action

Exit interviews

can be used to learn about dissatisfaction and reason for departure

Communication/education approach

change is technical users need accurate information and analysis to understand the change

Internal coordination

coordination between employees and managers

The role of a ____ is to prevent people in other roles from adopting a bad idea

critic

Centralization

decision authority is located near the top of the organization

Decentralization

decision authority is pushed downward to all levels

Prejudice

different is less qualified, bad

An _____ is a company that is higly attractive to potential employees because of human resources practices that focus on tangible and intangible benefits, and that embrace a long-term view to solving immediate problems

employer of choice

Training and development represent a planned effort by an organization to facilitate employees' learning of job-related behaviors. Performance appraisal comprises the steps of observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee. Managers use performance appraisal to describe and evaluate the employees' performance.

explain how organizations develop an effective workforce through training and performance appraisal

Three innovation strategies

exploration, cooperation, and entrepreneurship

Negotiation approach

group has power over implementation group will lose out in the change

Tall structure

has more levels and narrow span

Staff departments:

include all those who provide specialized skills in support of line departments.

An example of ____ is when current employees are given preference when a position in their organization opens

internal recruiting

Team approach

is a very widespread trend Allows managers to delegate authority Flexible, responsive

Large batch and mass production

is distinguished by standardized production runs

Staff auhtority

is narrower than line authority and includes the right to advise, recommend, and counsel in the staff specialists' area of expertise

Human Capital

is the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees

What is an advantage of team structure

less response time, quicker decisions

Line authority

means that people in management positions have formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates

Staff authority

narrower and includes the right to advise, recommend, counsel in the staff specialists' area of expertise

Creativity

novel ideas that meet perceived needs or offer opportunities

Line departments

perform primary business tasks, i.e sales and production

Project manager

person responsible for coordinating activities of several departments for the completion of a specific project

Idea champion

person who sees the need for and fights for productive change in an organization

critic

prevent people in other roles from adopting a bad idea

Driving forces

problems or opportunities that provide motivation for change

Small-batch and unit production firms

produce goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification.

New-venture funds

provide resources for new ideas

Stereotypes

rigid, exaggerated, and irrational beliefs

Staff departments

support line departments, i.e Marketing Labor relations Research Accounting Human Resources

Work Specialization

the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs; also called division of labor

when several departments (such as marketing, research, and manufacturing) work closely together to develop new products

the horizontal linkage model and how it contributes to successful product and service innovations

The matrix structure violates which of the following principles of management

unity of command

Participation approach

users need to feel involved design requires information from others users have power to resist

Walt works for a large company. Recently, his organization began to contract out such functions as training and computer service. This approach is consistent with a _____ structure

virtual network

Opt-out trend

women are voluntarily leaving the workforce for various reasons

Explain the OD stages of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.

•Unfreezing- employees throughout the organization become aware of problems/ need to change and creates motivation to change their attitudes/behaviors •Changing- new plan can be put into place, which include employee training; could also be where individuals know the need to change and experiment with different behaviors/ skills testing •Refreezing- when new attitudes/behaviors become more concrete and employees are evaluated and rewarded/ reinforced for making the change