BADM 360-Exam 3
an unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in the organization and specifies who reports to whom
Chain of command
__________ is a result of the competition between driving and restraining forces
Change
John has tremendous technical skills and frequently comes up with valuable ideas. However, he is clueless about how to promote within the organization. John is an example of:
an inventor
Glass ceiling
an invisible barrier that exists for women and minorities that limits their upward mobility in organizations
Strategic role of HR
-Matching process -Integrate strategy -builds culture
Describe the contemporary team and virtual network structures and why they are being adopted by organizations
A widespread trend in departmentalization has been the implementation of team concepts. The vertical chain of command is a powerful means of control, but moving decisions through the hierarchy takes much time and keeps responsibility at the top. The trend is to delegate authority, push responsibility to low levels, and create participative teams that engage the commitment of workers. This approach enables organizations to be more flexible and responsive in a competitive global environment. Another approach to departmentalization is the dynamic network organization. Using the network structure, the organization divides major functions into separate companies that are brokered by a small headquarters organization. The network approach is revolutionary because it is difficult to answer the question, "Where is the organization?" This organizational approach is especially powerful for international operations.
risk propensity
All of the following are critical innovation strategies for changing products and technologies EXCEPT exploration cooperation innovation roles risk propensity
incorporates structures and processes that are appropriate for creative impulse and for the systematic implementation
Ambidextrous approach
______a person who sees the need for change and fights for productive change in an organization
An idea champion
Self-interest Lack of understanding and trust Uncertainty Different assessments and goals
Barriers to change
Performance Evaluation Errors:
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale Stereotyping
Explain why organizations need coordination across departments and hierarchical levels, and describe mechanisms for achieving coordination.
Coordination refers to the quality of collaboration across departments; it is required for all structures. Coordination problems are amplified in the global arena, because units differ not only by goals and work activities but by distance, time, culture, and language. Companies may create task forces, use project managers, that are responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments on a full-time basis for the completion of a specific project. They use reengineering, which is the radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed.
Explain the value of creativity, idea incubators, horizontal linkages, and open innovation
Creativity is the ideas that meet perceived needs or offer opportunities. Idea Incubator is a safe harbor where employees can develop ideas and experiment without interference from company bureaucracy or politics. Horizontal Linkage Model is one approach to successful innovation. In this model, people from several departments meet frequently in teams and task forces to share ideas and solve problems. Open Innovation means extending the search for and commercializing new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry.
furthers horizontal coordination by including members across the organization
Cross-functional Team
decision authority is pushed down the chain of command to lower organization levels
Decentralization
hiring or promotion of applicants based on criteria that is not job related
Discrimination
Diversity initiative and programs
Enhance structures and policies Increasing awareness of sexual harassment
Compensation Equity
Fairness and equity
Divisional approach
Grouping based on organizational output Product, program, business
Today, more than ever, strategic decisions are related to human resource considerations. What refers to the economic value of the knowledge, experiences, skills, and capabilities of the employees
Human capital
_____ is the first step in attracting an effective work force
Human resource planning
External coordination
Includes customers, partners, and suppliers
_________ includes all ways in which employees are different
Inclusive model
Wage and Salary Systems
Job-based pay Skill-based pay Competency-based pay
Carly's Clothes, Inc. manufactures children's clothes. What department for Carly's Clothes can be considered a line department
Manufacturing development
Global companies often use the ______ structure to achieve simultaneous coordination or products across countries
Matrix
Kent works at Tick Tock, Inc. He has two bosses, one a functional manager and the other a divisional manager. Tick Tock Inc. has a ______ structure
Matrix
True
One major disadvantage of the virtual network approach is the lack of hands on control
raises productivity and cuts labor costs in competitive environment
Pay for Performance
Factors shaping personal bias
Prejudice Discrimination Stereotypes
_____ change is a change in the organization's product or service outputs
Product
__________ is a growing concern that is a violation of the Civil Rights Act
Sexual harassment
_________ approve and protect ideas when critics challenge the concepts
Sponsors
OD Activities include:
Team-building activities Survey-feedback activities Large-group interventions
change involves multiple departments or reallocation of resources users doubt legitimacy of change
Top Management approach
OD Steps include:
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
HR
_________ must drive organizational performance; it's the competitive edge
Product Change
a change in the organization's product or service outputs
Technology Change
a change in the organization's production process
Skunkworks
are informal, autonomous, secretive groups that focus on breakthrough ideas
is vested in organizational positions, not people; flows down the vertical hierarchy, accepted by subordinates
authority
Restraining forces
barriers to change
Ethnocentrism
belief that your group or subculture is inherently superior to other groups and cultures
Matrix approach
combines functional and divisional approaches
Open innovation (part of external coordination)
commercialization of ideas beyond the organization
When departments are grouped together on the basis of organizational outputs, the organization is using a
divisional structure
The functional _____ and ______ are traditional approaches that rely on the chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships along the hierarchy
divisional, matrix
Managers must stay ahead of legal regulations and must ensure equal opportunities. Human Resource Managers must make sure not to discriminate against individuals on criteria that is not relevant to the job. They must deal with affirmative action, which attempts to help guarantee equal employment opportunities for people of protected groups. They also have to deal with sexual harassment issues, they must be combatted and avoided since it is unethical, immoral, illegal, and not conductive to a productive work environment.
federal legislation and societal trends that influence human resource management
has a wide span and fewer levels
flat structure
New-venture teams
gives free rein to creativity
The _______ delineates the chain of command and indicates departmental tasks and how they fit together, and provides order and logic for the organization
organizational chart
Organizational development can help managers address problems such as mergers/acquisitions, conflict management, and ______
organizational decline/revitalization
Organizational development (OD)--- is an organizations ability to improve and cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase problem-solving capabilities. It improves working relationships among employees. The large-group intervention approach brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change. The idea is to include everyone who has a stake in the change, gather perspectives from all parts of the system, and enable people to create a future.
organizational development and large-group interventions
Horizontal linkage model (part of internal coordination)
simultaneously contribute to new products and technologies
One of the newest ways of gauging whether a candidate is right for the company is by checking
social networking site
The matrix structure violates which chain of command
unity of command
Line authority means
that managers have formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates
Recognize the factors that affect women's opportunities, including the glass ceiling, the opt-out trend, and the female advantage.
-Women have "the female advantage" because they are collaborative, less hierarchical, and relationship oriented. -Companies with 3 or more women in top management are perceived to be more capable, stronger leadership, and inspire higher employee motivation, coordination and control, innovation, direction, work environment and values. -Both the glass ceiling and the decision to "opt out" of a high pressure career have an impact on women's advancement opportunities and pay.
Advantages of the matrix structure
-increases employee participation -makes efficient use of human resources -works well in a changing environment -develops both general and specific management skills
Org B with 3 hierarchical levels
Which of the following organizations have a flat structure: Org. A with 11 hierarchical levels Org. B with 3 hierarchical levels Org. C with 8 hierarchical levels Org. D with 6 hierarchical levels Org. E with 7 hierarchical levels
Female advantage
Women are favored in leadership roles for demonstrating behaviors and attitudes that collaborative, less hierarchical, relationship-oriented
What refers to the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs
Work specialization
Discuss why changes in people and culture are critical to any change process.
Changes in culture and people pertain to how employees think. These are changes in mindset rather than technology, structure, or products and services. People change pertains to just a few employees, such as sending a handful of managers to a training course to improve their management skills. Culture change pertains to the organization as a whole , such as shifting the basic mind-set from an organizational focus on rules and policies to an organizational focus on doing whatever is necessary to satisfy customers
Illustrate how organization structure can be designed to fit environmental uncertainty
Environmental uncertainty means that decision makers have difficulty acquiring good information and predicting external changes. An uncertain environment causes the increased differences occur among departments. The organization needs increased coordination to keep departments working together. The organization must adapt to change. In rapidly changing environments, the organization tends to be much looser, free-flowing, and adaptive, using an organic system. The structure is more horizontal and decision-making authority is decentralized.
Vertical functional approach
Grouping of positions into departments based on skills, expertise, work activities, and resource use
Compensation refers to all monetary payments and all goods or commodities used instead of money to reward employees. An organization's compensation structure includes wages and/or salaries and benefits such as health insurance, paid vacations, or employee fitness centers. The wage and salary structure is important in maintaining a productive workforce. Equally important are the benefits offered by the organization. Benefits comprise more than one-third of labor costs and in some industries nearly two-thirds. Terminations are valuable in maintaining an effective workforce. Employees who are poor performers can be dismissed. The exit interview is excellent for learning about dissatisfaction within the organization and, hence, reduce future turnover.
Explain how organizations maintain a workforce through the administration of wages and salaries, benefits, and terminations
True
Sexual harassment is a violation of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
Explain the strategic role of human resource management
HR needs to drive the organization's performance and maintain its competitive edge. It does this by integrating strategies and building a leadership culture. They also make sure to bring in the right people to improve global competition, quality, and innovation. i. Find Right People ii. Manage Talent iii. Maintain Effective Workforce
Explain how organizations determine their future staffing needs through human resource planning.
Human resource planning is the forecasting of human resource needs and the projected matching of individuals with expected vacancies. By anticipating future HRM needs, the organization can prepare itself to meet competitive challenges more effectively than organizations that react to problems only as they arise.
Coercion approach
a crisis exists initiators clearly have power other implementation techniques have failed
Explain what the changing social contract between organizations and employees means for workers and human resource managers.
In the new image, each person must take care of herself or himself. Particularly in learning organizations, everyone is expected to be a self-motivated worker who has excellent interpersonal relationships and is continuously acquiring new skills. Employees take more responsibility and control in their jobs, becoming partners in business improvement rather than working as a machine. HRM departments can help organizations develop a mix of training, career development opportunities, compensation packages, and rewards and incentives. They can provide career information and assessment, combined with career coaching to help employees determine new career directions.
Barney and betty work at Mountain Park Inc. Although they both work on the assembly line, they have the authority to make many decisions about their job. Mountain Park can be said to have:
a high degree of decentralization
_____ is a clear and concise summary of the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities for a particular job
a job description
_______perform tasks that reflect the organization's primary goal and mission. In a software company, line departments make and sell the product
Line departments
Organizational Development addresses:
Mergers and acquisitions Organizational decline and revitalization Conflict management
Define organizational change and explain the forces driving innovation and change in today's organizations.
Organizational Change is defined as the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization. Today's organizations need to continuously adapt to new situations if they are to survive and prosper. Successful change requires that organizations be capable of both creating and implementing ideas, which means the organization must learn to be ambidextrous, means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovation. A Product Change is a change in the organization's product or service outputs. A Technology Change is a change in the organization's production process - how the organization does its work.
What refers to the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals
Organizing
Stereotyping
Placing an employee into a class or category based on a few characteristics
Organizational Development
Planned, systematic process of change using behavioral science
Line departments perform tasks that reflect the organizations primary goal and mission
True
Two possible tactics for overcoming resistance to change are coercion and negotation
True
Today's diversity is broadly defined by:
Race Gender Age Lifestyle Disability
Reengineering
Radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale
Rating technique that relates an employee's performance to specific job-related incidents
True
Recruiters are now viewing the profiles and pictures of candidates on social networking sites such as Facebook
Describe the tools managers use to recruit and select employees.
Recruiting is defined as the practices that define the characteristics of applicants to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied. Many organizations use internal recruiting, or promote-from-within, policies to fill their higher-level positions. Internal recruiting has several advantages because it is less costly, generates higher employee commitment, development, and satisfaction and offers opportunities for career advancement to employees rather than outsiders. External recruiting is recruiting newcomers from outside the organization. A variety of outside sources provide applicants, including newspaper advertising, state employment services. Referrals are one of the cheapest and most reliable methods of external recruiting.
Affirmative action
Requires employers to take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people of protected groups
True
Skunkworks are a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business
False
True or False The functional structure is appropriate when the primary goal is innovation and flexibility
which of the following is an OD intervention technique in which questionaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results reported back to them by a change agent
Survey feedback activities
Jacob a customer service rep for AB Retailers, has seven levels of management between himself and the company's CEO. In comparison to his friend Rhonda, who only has four levels of management between herself and the CEO. His company has what type of organizational company
Tall
False Human Capital
The economic value of the knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees refers to personal capital
Explain the matrix approach to structure and its application to both domestic and international organizations.
The matrix structure uses functional and divisional chains of command simultaneously in the same part of the organization. The matrix structure has dual lines of authority. The matrix approach to structure provides a formal chain of command for both the functional and divisional relationships. The matrix structure is typically used when the organization experiences environmental pressure for both a strong functional departmentalization and a divisional departmentalization. Global corporations often use the matrix structure. The problem for global companies is to achieve simultaneous coordination of various products within each country or region and for each product line. The two lines of authority in the matrix provides excellent simultaneous coordination.
Span of Management
The number of employees reporting to a supervisor
Identify how structure can be used to achieve an organization's strategic goals
The pure functional structure is appropriate for achieving internal efficiency goals; the vertical functional structure uses task specialization and a chain of command, not flexible or innovative. Horizontal teams are appropriate when the primary goal is innovation and flexibility; the firm can differentiate itself and respond quickly to change. The cross-functional teams structure and project teams provides greater coordination and flexibility. The divisional structure promotes differentiation because each division can focus on specific products and customers.
False unfreezing, changing, refreezing
The three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change with organizational development are planning changing and stabilizing
Identify the three innovation strategies managers implement for changing products and technologies.
The three innovation strategies are exploration, cooperation, and entrepreneurship
desegrigates major functions to separate companies that are brokered by a small headquarters
The virtual network structure
Three distinct steps of OD
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
when the firm subcontracts most of its major functions to separate companies it uses what structure
Virtual network structure
Idea incubator
a safe harbor where employees can develop ideas without interference from company bureaucracy or politics
Task force
a temporary team or committee formed to solve a specific short-term problem involving several departments
Continuous process production
a type of technology involving the materials that are being processed continuously in motion
Discrimination
acting on prejudicial attitudes
Recruiting methods that are used to promote the hiring, development, and retention of "protected genders" are examples of
affirmative action
Exit interviews
can be used to learn about dissatisfaction and reason for departure
Communication/education approach
change is technical users need accurate information and analysis to understand the change
Internal coordination
coordination between employees and managers
The role of a ____ is to prevent people in other roles from adopting a bad idea
critic
Centralization
decision authority is located near the top of the organization
Decentralization
decision authority is pushed downward to all levels
Prejudice
different is less qualified, bad
An _____ is a company that is higly attractive to potential employees because of human resources practices that focus on tangible and intangible benefits, and that embrace a long-term view to solving immediate problems
employer of choice
Training and development represent a planned effort by an organization to facilitate employees' learning of job-related behaviors. Performance appraisal comprises the steps of observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee. Managers use performance appraisal to describe and evaluate the employees' performance.
explain how organizations develop an effective workforce through training and performance appraisal
Three innovation strategies
exploration, cooperation, and entrepreneurship
Negotiation approach
group has power over implementation group will lose out in the change
Tall structure
has more levels and narrow span
Staff departments:
include all those who provide specialized skills in support of line departments.
An example of ____ is when current employees are given preference when a position in their organization opens
internal recruiting
Team approach
is a very widespread trend Allows managers to delegate authority Flexible, responsive
Large batch and mass production
is distinguished by standardized production runs
Staff auhtority
is narrower than line authority and includes the right to advise, recommend, and counsel in the staff specialists' area of expertise
Human Capital
is the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees
What is an advantage of team structure
less response time, quicker decisions
Line authority
means that people in management positions have formal authority to direct and control immediate subordinates
Staff authority
narrower and includes the right to advise, recommend, counsel in the staff specialists' area of expertise
Creativity
novel ideas that meet perceived needs or offer opportunities
Line departments
perform primary business tasks, i.e sales and production
Project manager
person responsible for coordinating activities of several departments for the completion of a specific project
Idea champion
person who sees the need for and fights for productive change in an organization
critic
prevent people in other roles from adopting a bad idea
Driving forces
problems or opportunities that provide motivation for change
Small-batch and unit production firms
produce goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification.
New-venture funds
provide resources for new ideas
Stereotypes
rigid, exaggerated, and irrational beliefs
Staff departments
support line departments, i.e Marketing Labor relations Research Accounting Human Resources
Work Specialization
the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs; also called division of labor
when several departments (such as marketing, research, and manufacturing) work closely together to develop new products
the horizontal linkage model and how it contributes to successful product and service innovations
The matrix structure violates which of the following principles of management
unity of command
Participation approach
users need to feel involved design requires information from others users have power to resist
Walt works for a large company. Recently, his organization began to contract out such functions as training and computer service. This approach is consistent with a _____ structure
virtual network
Opt-out trend
women are voluntarily leaving the workforce for various reasons
Explain the OD stages of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.
•Unfreezing- employees throughout the organization become aware of problems/ need to change and creates motivation to change their attitudes/behaviors •Changing- new plan can be put into place, which include employee training; could also be where individuals know the need to change and experiment with different behaviors/ skills testing •Refreezing- when new attitudes/behaviors become more concrete and employees are evaluated and rewarded/ reinforced for making the change