Basics - Kenhub Anatomy

Describe the lumbrical muscles of the hand

Palmar view! -Flexion of MCP joints -Extension of interphalangeal joints

Describe the major differences between male and female surface anatomy

Men have more pronounced larynx (Adam's apple) Female breasts are larger, men have bigger pectoral muscles Easier to palpate male sternal line than female. Genitalia differences (mons pubis and labia majora vs penis, scrotum, etc.)

Give examples of the following: anterior(ventral) vs posterior (dorsal) distal vs proximal terminal, median medial vs lateral superior vs inferior superficial vs deep external vs internal Bonus: what is distal in the context of GI system?

anterior(ventral) vs posterior (dorsal): toes are anterior to the legs, heel is posterior to the lower calf distal vs proximal: the ankle is distal to the knee, the elbow is proximal to the wrist (BONUS: distal in the GI means "in the direction of the anus", so going down the GI tract) terminal: the terminal structures of the sciatic nerve are the tibular and common fibular nerves median: the median nerve is between ulnar and radial nerves medial vs lateral: pinky is medial to thumb, hand is lateral to shoulder superior vs inferior: head is superior to toes, knees are inferior to shoulders superficial vs deep: skin is superficial to muscle, the medullary cavity in bones is deeper than the periosteum

How does the sphenoid bone form (ossification)?

...get you a bone that can do both The body, lesser, and greater wings form through endochondral ossification. Pterygoid process forms through intramembranous ossification.

Describe the structure of the sphenoid bone

1) Body -Attaches to nasal cavity (anterior), optic canal (lateral), attaches to Sella Turcica (Hypophyseal fossa) (superior) 2) Lesser wing -forms optic canal (optic nerve + opthalmic artery) -forms part of cranial cavity (superior) -forms part of orbit (inferior) 3) Greater wing -foramina for nerve exits! a) Superior Orbital Fissure -CN3, 4, 5V1, 6 exit b) Foramen rotundum = Trigeminal V1, CN3, c) Foramen ovale = Trigeminal V2 4) Pterygoid process A) Pterygoid canal = deep petrosal nerve, major petrosal nerve, vessels of palatovaginal canal B) Palatovaginal (pharyngeal) canal = pharyngeal nerve

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints in the body?

1) Cranial sutures (skull only) 2) Gomphosis (articulate jaw with teeth) 3) Syndesmoses (membrane between bones like radius/ulna and tibia/fibula

Describe the structure and parts of the ethmoid bone (4)

1) Cribiform plate = perforated plate allowing olfactory neurons to pass through nasal cavity -->separates perpendicular plate from cristi galli 2) Cristi galli = bony lumps x2 above cribiform plate that houses olfactory bulb 3) Perpendicular plate = main part of ethmoid that extends from cribiform plate to nasal cartilage 4) Ethmoid labyrinth = structure posterior to ethmoid that takes frontal and maxillary sinuses to ethmoid cells (air cells)

Describe the regions of the abdomen in the 4 region and 9 region schemes. Make sure to describe the planes used.

4 Region Scheme -Planes: median plane and transumbilical plane (transverse) - Split into RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ 9 Regions scheme -Planes: midclavicular lines (2), subcostal plane, transtubercular plane -Split into (going down) Left and Right hypochondriac regions Epigastric region Left and Right lumbar regions Umbilical region Left and Right inguinal regions Hypogastric region

Describe the functions of the deltoid muscle (anterior, middle, posterior)

Anterior = flexion, internal rotation Middle = abduction Posterior = extension, external rotation

Describe the 4 regions of the neck and their sub triangles.

Anterior cervical region -Submandibular triangle -Submental triangle -Carotid triangle -Muscular triangle Sternocleidomastoid region Between split of clavicular and sternal attachments of scm -lesser supraclavicular fossa Lateral cervical region "Posterior Triangle of Neck" Between scm and trapezius muscles -Occipital triangle -Omoclavicular triangle Posterior cervical region Attachment area of spine and base of neurocranium -Suboccipital triangle

Describe the synovial joints in terms of body movement. Atlantooccipital joint Atlantoaxial joint Humeroradial/ulnar joints Radioulnar joints (prox, dist) Radiocarpal joint Carpometacarpal joint Metacarpophalangeal joint Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint Acetabulofemoral joint Glenohumoral joint Tibiofemoral joint Patellofemoral joint Proximal tibiofibular joint Distal tibiofibular joint Talocrural joint Tarsometatarsal joint Metatarsophalangeal joint Interphalangeal joint

Atlantooccipital joint - flexion/extension of neck Atlantoaxial joint - rotation of neck Humeroradial/ulnar joints - flexion/extension of elbow Radioulnar joints (prox, dist) - pronation/suppination Radiocarpal joint - palmar flexion/extension, deviation Carpometacarpal joint - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction Metacarpophalangeal joint - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction Interphalangeal joints - flexion/extension of fingers or toes Acetabulofemoral joint - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction Glenohumoral joint - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction Tibiofemoral joint - flexion/extension of knee Patellofemoral joint - flexion/extension of knee Proximal tibiofibular joint - **does not move without distal** Distal tibiofibular joint - plantar flexion/dorsiflexion Talocrural joint - inversion/eversion Tarsometatarsal joint - flexion/extension of foot Metatarsophalangeal joint - flexion/extension of foot

Describe the location and type of synovial joints: Atlantooccipital joint Atlantoaxial joint Zygapophyseal joint Costovertebral joint Costotransverse joint Proximal radioulnar joint Distal radioulnar joint Radiocarpal joint Carpometacarpal joint Metacarpophalangeal joint Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint Acetabulofemoral joint Glenohumoral joint Tibiofemoral joint Patellofemoral joint Proximal tibiofibular joint Middle tibiofibular joint Distal tibiofibular joint Talocrural joint Tarsometatarsal joint Metatarsophalangeal joint Interphalangeal joint

Atlantooccipital joint - spine and occipital Atlantoaxial joint - C1 and C2 vertebra Zygapophyseal joint - spinus processes Costovertebral joint - Tspine to ribs Costotransverse joint - ribs to Tspine Proximal radioulnar joint - elbow Distal radioulnar joint - wrist Radiocarpal joint - wrist, inferior to distal radioulnar Carpometacarpal joint - wrist, inferior to radiocarpal Metacarpophalangeal joint - knuckles Proximal interphalangeal joint - fingers Distal interphalangeal joint - fingers Acetabulofemoral joint - hips Glenohumoral joint - shoulders Tibiofemoral joint - knee Patellofemoral joint - kneecap Proximal tibiofibular joint - upper knee Middle tibiofibular joint - shin Distal tibiofibular joint - lower leg Talocrural joint - ankle Tarsometatarsal joint - beneath ankle joint Metatarsophalangeal joint - foot knuckles Interphalangeal joint - toes

Describe the regions of the back and buttocks.

BACK Vertebral region (overlooks T and L spine) Scapular region (Inter, supra, infra) Posterior deltoid region Lateral pectoral region (wraps around under the axillary region) Superior Lumbar Triangle (superior border is 12th ribs) Inferior Lumbar Triangle (inferior border is iliac crest) Sacral region (where sacral triangle is) BUTTOCKS Gluteal region ("buttocks") = the actual muscles Intergluteal cleft ("butt crack") (from inferior sacral border to perineum) Anal region (anus and surrounding skin)

What are the muscles that flex and adduct the scapula? What muscles "shrug" the scapula?

Basic lateral movements of scapula 1. Coracobrachialis (coracoid process to humerus) 2. Serratus anterior (coats exterior of rib cage) 3. Pectoralis major 4. Pectoralis minor (coracoid process to ribs 3,4,5) Adduct the arms towards the back 1. Latissimus Dorsi (covers most of back) 2. Teres major (from lateral border of scapula twists around inside of humerus to attach to greater tubercle) Shrug the scapula 1. Rhomboid major 2. Trapezius 3. Levator scapulae (superior angle of scapula to cervical spinus processes, which are bifid)

Describe the maxillary bones

Bones that form the roof of mouth and lower cheeks. Innervated by Trigeminal maxillary nerve (CN5 V2). Structure 1) Frontal process = articulates with nasal bones (frontonasal suture) 2) Zygomatic process = articulates with zygomatic bones 3) Orbital surface = forms inferior part of orbit 4) Palatine process = articulates with palatine bones at roof of mouth, anterior to palatine bones

Describe the anterior cervical region (borders), each sub triangle, and what is contained in each.

Borders: -Anterior = median line of neck -Posterior = anterior border of sternocleidomastoid -Superior = inferior border of mandible -Roof = subcutaneous tissue of platysima muscle (overlaps lower face, deltoid, pectoral) Submandibular Triangle "digastric triangle" -Contains: submandibular gland, lymph nodes, facial artery Submental Triangle (unpaired triangle) -Contains: submandibular lymph nodes (filter lymph at floor of mouth) Carotid triangle -Contains: common carotid artery, CN12 Hypoglossal Nerve, CN10 Vagus Nerve **Carotid pulse can be palpated by pressing artery against transverse vertebrae Muscular Triangle -Contains infrahyoid muscle, pharynx, thyroid, parathyroid

Compare the Triangle of Grynfeltt-Lesshaft to Petit's Triangle

Both are small triangular regions on the mid-lower back (Superior lumbar triangle = Grynfeltt-Lesshaft, Inferior lumbar triangle = Petit's)

Describe the structure of Cervical vertebra (in general) What is the difference between C7 and the rest of the Cervical spine? What makes Atlas and Axis different?

Cervical vertebrae have the transverse foramina for subclavian artery to send blood to brain, and they are responsible for head stability. Spinus processes are bifid except C7 Vertebra Prominens Has Anterior and Posterior Tubercle C1 (Atlas) has no body or spinus process, has dental fovea (groove at anterior tubercle for vertebral artery) C2 (Axis) has odontoid process or dens to fit into Atlas

Describe what the tympanic part of the temporal bone contributes to and attaches to.

Contributes: A) Non articulating walls of glenoid fossa (zygomatic process) B) Walls of external acoustic meatus Attaches: A) Temporal sulcus (internal) B) External acoustic meatus

Describe the arm muscles anterior compartment - Functions and basic locations

Coracobrachialis: attached to coracoid process and humerus, flexion and adduction Biceps brachii: long head runs between tubercles of humerus, short head directly attaches to coracoid process -long head: abduction and internal rotation -short head: adduction, supination, flexes supinated arm Brachialis: big bulb inferior to heads of biceps, strongest flexor in arm = flexion!!! Picture key: (A = long head biceps, B = short head biceps, C = coracobrachialis, D = brachialis)

Compare the cubital fossa to popliteal fossa.

Cubital fossa is inside the 'hinge' of the elbows, whereas the popliteal fossa is inside the 'hinge' of the knee. Cubital fossa contains median nerve, radial nerve, brachial artery, and connecting point for biceps brachii tendon. Popliteal fossa contains popliteal artery, popliteal vein, sciatic nerve (splits superiorly into common popliteal nerve and tibial nerve)

Describe the components of the dorsal cavity and compare the location, borders, and contents.

Dorsal cavity is made of cranial cavity and vertebral canal Borders: Cranial cavity surrounded by neurocranium to hold brain, Vertebral column extends out of foramen through sacrum Contents: Brain is in cranial cavity, spine and all spinal contents (including meninges) in both cavities

Draw and label the parts of a synovial joint (you can use Kenhub's knee diagram)

Femur - thigh bone Tibia - shin bone that articulates to femur Tendon - muscle to bone Articular Capsule - overall body of joint Articular Cartilage - surrounds Articular Cavity Articular Cavity - holds synovial fluid Synovial Membrane - makes fluid Articular Disc - cushion Bursa - reduce friction Fat pad - adipose tissue for immune system

What are the 3 classifications for joints based on mobility? Give examples.

Diarthrosis = freely mobile (synovial joints) Amphiarthrosis = somewhat mobile (cartilaginous joints like symphysis) Synarthrosis = no movement (syndesmoses)

Describe the talus bone

Divided into head, neck, and body Head Anterior calcaneal facet: articulates with navicular and calcaneus bones Medial calcaneal facet: resting on plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring ligament) Neck Sulcus tali: groove under medial calcaneal facet that forms sinus tali where talus and calcaneus articulate Body Smooth curved trochlea (dorsal view): where lateral and medial malleoli connect -forms subtalar joint -Contains posterior, lateral, and medial talocalcaneal ligaments

Discuss the types of synovial joints and give examples for each type

Ellipsoid -Radiocarpal joint -Carpometacarpal joint -Metacarpophalangeal joint -Metatarsophalangeal joint -Atlantooccipital joint (Cspine) Gliding -Costovertebral joint (Tspine) -Costotransverse joint (Tspine) -Zygopophyseal joint (spine) -Subtalar joint (ankle) -Intertarsal joints (foot) -Intercarpal joints (hand) Saddle -1st Carpometacarpal joint (thumb knuckle) Pivot -Proximal Radioulnar joint (elbow) -Distal radioulnar joint (wrist) -Atlantoaxial joint (Cspine) Hinge -Humeroradial joint (elbow) -Humeroulnar joint (elbow) -Phalangeal joints (fingers, toes) -Tibiofemoral joint (knee) -Patellofemoral joint (knee) -Talocrural joint (ankle) Ball and Socket -Glenohumoral joint (shoulder) -Acetabulofemoral joint (hip)

Discuss the function and structure of the ethmoid labyrinth. What does the Hiatus Semilunaris do?

Ethmoid sinuses (little holes) allow airflow to come in -Take the frontal and maxillary sinuses to the ethmoid (air) cells. Hiatus Semilunaris = lateral protruding structure seen from POSTERIOR VIEW A) Separates Ethmoid Bulla from Uncinate Process B) Forms opening for Infundibulum (connects pituitary to hypothalamus)

What are the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Extrinsic = forearm muscles that control the hand Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor indicus propius Intrinsic = fine motor movements of hand Thenar muscles (opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis) Hypothenar muscles (flexor digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, palmaris brevis) Interossei muscles of hand (palmar, dorsal) Lumbrical muscles of hand

What are the major regions of the lower body?

Femoral Trigone: contains deep inguinal lymph node and femoral neurovascularization (n,v,a) Anterior/Posterior Thigh (Quadriceps Femoris is anterior, Hamstring is posterior) Genual Region (knee): includes femur condyles, patella, head of fibula, proximal tibia Popliteal Region (back of knee) Dorsum/Plantar foot Lateral Retromalleolar Region: Distal head of fibula and has tendons of peroneus longus and brevis Calcaneal Region: Heel bone + Achilles tendon

Describe body motions (11) in terms of joints

Flexion/Extension: elbows, knees, fingers, toes Lateral Flexion: C spine, L spine Abduction/Adduction: shoulder, hip, fingers, toes, carpel MCP Rotation: shoulder (high), hip (low), C spine (head) + T spine (trunk) Depression/Elevation: TMJ Protrusion/Retrusion: TMJ Circumduction: shoulders, hips, fingers, thumbs Deviation: wrist only Opposition/Reposition: carpometacarpal only Palmar or Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion: wrists and ankles Inversion/Eversion: ankles only

Describe the muscles responsible for supination and pronation of the forearm, including upper arm muscles.

Forearm: Pronator teres = weak flexor of elbow, strong pronator of forearm (lateral epicondyle of humerus) Pronator quadratus = pronator ("wristband") Supinator = supinates forearm (wraps around radius) Bracioradialis = flex forearm while pronated (parallel to radius, starts at humerus above epicondyle) ***** Note: this muscle is paired with the extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis but it is a flexor Arm: Short head of biceps brachii = supination of forearm and flex while suppinated

Describe the bones of the tarsus (general placement like carpal bones)

From heel to toe: Calcaneus (heel bone) attaches to Talus (on top) -Talus articulates with Navicular and Calcaneus -Calcaneus also articulates with Cuboid bone ( which connects 4th and 5th metatarsals) Cuneiform bones are lateral to Cuboid, anterior to Navicular (Lateral Cuneiform bones next to Cuboid, then Intermediate and Medial) -Lateral connects 3rd metatarsal, Intermediate connects 2nd metatarsal, Medial Cuneiform connects 1st metatarsal Then Metatarsals (big toe = 1st, piggie toe = 5th) Then Phalanges of foot (remember, 1st phalanx also has 1 less joint than other toes like with hand)

Describe the sternum anatomy

Frontal bone (anterior thorax / breast bone) meant to protect chest and articulate with ribs jugular/suprasternal arch: (inside top of sternum where ciro did the finger in neck self-defense thing) 3 parts of sternum 1) manubrium (superior) = handle 2) body (intermediate) = has claviuclar notches to articulate (10/12) ribs 3) xiphoid process (inferior) --> made mostly of cartilage

Describe the calcaneus bone anatomy, functions, articulations, and muscle attachements

Functions: -Weight baring and stability -Short lever for triceps surae Gross Anatomy: -Kager's Fat Pad = supraposterior arch of calcaneus -Calcaneal Sulcus = between posterior surface and middle articulating surface of bone -Peroneal Tubercle = medial to middle surface (tendons of fibularis brevis and fibularis longus attach) Articulations: - Talus x 3 = posterior, anterior, medial surfaces - Cuboidal x 1 = cuboidal articular surface Muscle Attachment: 1. Triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) 2. Extensor hallucis brevis 3. Flexor digitorum brevis 4. Abductor hallucis 5. Adductor digiti minimi 6. Quadratus plantae

What are the major regions of the upper extremities?

Infraclavicular fossa: between upper pectoral, deltoid, clavicle Clavipectoral triangle: above infraclavicular fossa, still under clavicle Anterior/Posterior Deltoid region: shoulder muscles Axillary region: armpits Scapular region (also considered part of back) Anterior/Posterior arm Anterior/Posterior cubital region (anterior has more contents, posterior aka "olecranon region") Anterior/Posterior forearm Anterior/Posterior carpal region (wrist bones, anterior has carpal tunnel) Palm/Dorsum of hand (Dorsum contains anatomical snuff box = radial fossa)

Describe the differences between the inner surface and outer surface of the parietal bone

Internal Surface - grooves for middle menegeal artery (continued from squamous part of temporal) - grooves for sigmoid sinus near mastoid angle - grooves for superior sagittal sinus External Surface - superior and inferior temporal lines -Parietal foramen

Describe the regions in the scapular region and what they contain.

Interscapular region (between medial borders of scapula) 1. Rhomboid major 2. Rhomboid minor Suprascalpular region (above spine of scapula) 1. Trapezius only Infrascapular region (below the scapula curving beneath the axilla) 1. Latissimus dorsi only

Describe the borders of a vertebre (lateral and posterior)

Lateral: pedicles and transverse process Posterior: lamina

Describe the location, border, contents, and functions of the thoracic cavity.

Location: -contained by vertebral body, ribs, sternum -includes pleural and pericardial cavities, superior and inferior mediastinum Borders: -Superior: "Superior thoracic aperture" = T1 vertebra, first ribs, manubrium of sternum -Inferior: diaphragm -Lateral/posterior: vertebral bodies, ribs, intercostal muscles -Anterior: sternum Contents: -trachea -lungs and heart -great vessels -esophagus Functions: -Dynamic movement and protection (bones for protecting, cartilage for flexibility, muscles for movement)

Describe the location, function, and landmarks of the clavicle.

Location: medial line of sternum to acromion of scapula Function: -Protects neurovascular structures behind it -Attaches arms to trunk -Converts force from arms to axial skeleton (force transfer important!) Landmarks: -Coronoid tubercle (superior bump near acromial end) -Trapezoid line (between coronoid tubercle and acromial end) -Impression for costoclavicular ligament (where coranoid tubercle is) -Costal tuberoscity (inferior bump near sternal end)

List the bones in the viscerocranium and neurocranium and give an overview of their parts.

Neurocranium Frontal bone 1) Squamous 2) Orbital 3) Nasal Temporal bone 1) Squamous part 2) Tympanic part 3) Styloid process 4) Petrous part Parietal bone Occipital bone (inferior/superior nuchal line) 1) Basiliar part 2+3) Condylar part 4) Squamous part Ethmoid 1) cribiform plate 2) perpendicular plate 3) crista galli 4) ethmoid labyrinth Sphenoid 1) Body 2) Lesser wings 3) Greater wings 4) Pterygoid process Viscerocranium Ethmoid Vomer Mandible Maxillary x2 1) Frontal process 2) Zygomatic process 3) Orbital surface 4) Palatine process Lacrimal x2 1) Lacrimal groove 2) Lacrimal sac 3) Nasolacrimal duct Zygomatic x2 1) Frontal process 2) Temporal process 3) Maxillary process Palatine x 2 1) Horizontal plate 2) Vertical plate 3) Pyramidal process Inferior Nasal Concha x2 Nasal bones x2

Describe the pieces of the pelvis and the pieces of the hip bones. What are the inominate bones?

Pelvis consists of sacrum, coccyx, and hip bones. Hip bones further broken down into: -acetabulum (joint socket) -ilium (big wing) -ischium (small loop wing) -pubis (articulate to form pubic symphosis) Inominate bones = Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis

Describe the hypothenar muscles

Pinky muscles 1. Abductor digiti minimi (attached to pisiform to 5th proximal phlanx) = abduction of pinky 2. Flexor digiti minimi (like biceps of pinky, attached to palmar 5th metacarpal) = flex the pinky 3. Opponens digiti minimi (not attached to pisiform, from 5th CMC to 5th MCP) = flexion, adduction, lateral rotation 4. Palmaris brevis (wrapped around abductor digiti minimi) = tense skin around palm

Describe the Lateral cervical region (borders), each sub triangle, and what is contained in each.

Posterior triangle of the neck, sub triangles separated by Omohyoid muscle Boundaries: -Anterior = posterior border of scm -Posterior = trapezius -Inferior = middle 1/3 of clavicle Occipital triangle occipital artery is at apex (see circle) Contains: CN11 Accessory Nerve Omoclavicular triangle Contains: distal portion of subclavian artery, inferior portion of external jugular (they are separated by investing layer of deep cervical fascia)

Describe what the petrous part of the temporal bone protects and what the inferior and posterior parts contain.

Protects: A) Anterior auditory apparatus B) Vestibular apparatus Inferior surface contains Carotid canal and Jugular foramen Posterior part contains the Mastoid process (attach to sternocleidomastoid muscle)

Describe the anterior compartment of the forearm muscles by superficial and deep

Remember: flexors tend to be superficial, extensors are deeper Superficial 1. Pronator teres 2. Palmaris longus (absent in 15% of population) 3. Flexor carpi radialis 4. Flexor digitorum superficialis Deep 1. Pronator quadratus 2. Flexor pollicis longus 3. Flexor digitorum profundus

Describe the lower body surface landmarks by soft and bony (for both male and female)

SOFT Quadriceps femoris - easy to palpate contour of anterior and lateral thigh Semimembranous muscle - inner back thigh (one of 3 muscles that makes hamstring: biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles) Triceps surae muscle - calves (made of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, extend to calcaneal tendon) Calcaneal tendon - Achilles tendon BONY Anterior superior iliac spine - frontal hip spikes iliac crest (posterior) - back hip spikes Sacral triangle - where tramp stamps are (some people have dimples of venus) Patella - kneecap (largest sesamoid bone in body) Tibial tuberoscity - superior tibia more easily palpated in men Popliteal fossa - contains popliteal artery, popliteal vein, and sciatic nerve (splits into tibial nerve and common popliteal nerve) Dorsum of foot - where pulse of dorsalis pedis palpated Calcaneus - heel (where calcaneal tendon attaches)

Describe the upper body surface landmarks by soft and bony (for both male and female)

SOFT Sternocliedomastoid muscles - v shape attached to mastoid process behind ears (neck movements) Trapezius muscle - shoulder girdle flat triangular muscle to stabilize shoulder blade Deltoid muscle - fleshy bulge on shoulder that can be palpated Breasts (mammary glands in females, areola lactiferous glands female, nipples) BONY Clavicle - sits on sternum and upper part of ribcage and acromion of scapula Scapula - has interscapula region (medial borders called "vertebral scapula"), spine of scapula (separates supraspinus and infraspinus fossa) Suprasternal notch - "jugular notch" on manubrium Sternal line - palpatable line between breasts Vertebra prominens - C7 spine vertebra Costal arch - upside-down V shape from ribs 7-10 easily palpated Cubital fossa - area inside elbow hinge (contains median nerve, radial nerve, brachial artery, tendons for biceps brachii) Olecranon of ulna - posterior ulna (big part of elbow)

Describe the scapula bone in terms of its major processes (2), fossas, angles, and explain the significance of the glenoid cavity.

Scapula has Acromial Process (acromion, turns into spine of scapula) and Coracoid Process Spine of scapula separates supraspinus and infraspinus fossae. Subscapular fossa is indent covering both fossa areas for holding suprascapularis muscle Angles: superior angle at triangle point not where acromion is, inferior angle at bottom triangle point Glenoid cavity is where shoulder joint attaches. It has a supraglenoid tubercle for bicep attachment, infraglenoid tubercle for tricep attachment

Describe the structure of the body of sphenoid bone (sella turcica) Where are the sphenoid sinuses located

Sella turcica = most superior part of sphenoid body -most inner portion called Hypophyseal fossa Dorsum sellae = also superior part of sphenoid, articulates with basilar part of occipital to form Clivus **Sphenoid sinuses located at body of sphenoid behind nasal cavity

Distinguish sternal line, parasternal line, midclavicular line, linea alba, anterior median line.

Sternal line is middle line on sternum. Parasternal line is the lateral borders of sternum. Midclavicular line runs from mid clavicle to midline of inguinal ligament. Linea alba is median line runs from xiphoid process to pubic symphosis. Anterior median line is hypothetical line that divides the anterior body in half.

Describe the structure of the lacrimal bone. What is the relation to the maxillae and the nasal cavity? **What part of the lacrimal bones contribute to the middle nasal meatus?

Structure -Lacrimal groove -Lacrimal sac -Nasolacrimal duct (posteriorly limited by posterior lacrimal crest) Relation to maxilla = sutures does not mean weakened attachment, strongly attached to maxillae Relation to nasal cavity = articulates with anterior part of inferior nasal concha **The medial surface contributes to middle nasal meatus and is in contact with ethmoid cells

Describe the structure and features (5) of the temporal bone

Structure 1) Squamous part (main flat part on skull) -middle menegeal artery indent -zygomatic process 2) Petrous part (inferior to squamous, holds mastoid process) A) Anterior Auditory Apparatus B) Vestibular Apparatus C) inferior surface has Carotid canal and Jugular Foramen D) posterior part = Mastoid process 3) Styloid process (spike protruding inferior aspect) 4) Tympanic part (external acoustic meatus) a) contributes to Non-articulating part of Glenoid fossa (in zygomatic process) and walls of Acoustic meatus b) attached to temporal sulcus (internal), external acoustic meatus (external) ------------------------ Features 1) Zygomatic process (contains glenoid fossa) 2) Mastoid rocess 3) Styloid process 4) External acoustic meatus 5) Middle menegeal artery indent***

Describe the components of the sacrum ***How does the sacrum form (ossification centers)? How long does it take to fuse?

Superior articular processes ("butterfly antennas") Base of Sacrum (where spinal vertebrae terminates) Wings/Ala of sacrum (side pieces) Pelvic Surface (entire outer shell of sacrum) Apex (articulates with coccyx) Base is on top, apex on bottom for sacrum *** Sacrum has 35 ossification centers, each segment formed by 5 ossification centers (1 center, 4 surrounding). It has intervertebral discs until 2 years old!

Describe the sutures of the nasal bone. What are the areas (3) of attachment for cartilage or surrounding bones?

Sutures: Internal suture (medial) Nasomaxillary sutures (lateral) Frontonasal sutures (superior) Attachment areas -perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone -septal cartilage (also attached to ethmoid) -lateral cartilage of nose

Differentiate Syndesmoses, Synchondroses, and Symphysis

Syndesmoses = fibrous joint that describes membrane between bones like radius/ulna and tibia/fibula Synchondroses = cartilaginous joint describing the temporary formation of epiphyseal plates in youth bones (metaphysis) Symphysis = cartilaginous joint describing fused bones like pubic symphysis

Discuss the differences in the 3 joint types based on mobility, structure, and range of motion. Explain how stability and mobility are opposing factors.

Synovial = most mobility, least stable. Highest range of motion and requires 1) articulate capsule, 2) Articular surfaces, 3) Articular discs, 4) Bursae Fibrous = no mobility, most stable. Lowest range of motion Cartilaginous = little mobility, more stable than synovial but less than fibrous.

Describe the blood supply and innervation of the talus bone.

Talus bone has low blood supply overall, so injuries involving it can take a long time to heal. Blood supply: 1. Posterior tibial artery 2. Fibular artery 3. Dorsalis pedis artery Innervation: 1. Deep fibular nerve 2. Saphenous nerve 3. Sural nerve 4. Posterior tibial nerve

Describe the organization of hand muscles briefly

Thenar muscles = thumb muscles (thenar eminence = bulb of muscle under thumb on palm) Hypothenar muscles = pinky muscles (hypothenar eminence = bulb of muscle under pinky on palm) Interossei muscles = movement between metacarpals (dorsal and palmar sides) Lumbrical muscles = movements of digits 2-5, not thumb

Describe the general components of the ventral cavity.

Thoracic cavity (includes pleural and pericardial cavities, superior/inferior mediastinum) for protection and dynamic movement Abdominal cavity holds the GI tract and many organs, as well as adrenal glands and blood/nerves/lymph drainage Pelvic cavity has different contents for male and female, but always contains digestive system and reproductive

Describe the features of the thoracic spine and its structural differences between individual vertebrae. What makes T11 and T12 different than the rest?

Thoracic spine is meant to articulate with ribs, so each vertebra is larger than the one above to support weight Structure: -Transverse processes to attach to rib (NOT ON T11 and T12 !) -Superior costal facet articulates with head of rib -Interior costal facet articulates with tubercle of rib Characteristics: -Transverse processes are more angled -Spinus processes angled downwards

Describe the thenar muscles and their functions

Thumb muscles 1. Opponens Pollicis (right under flexor pollicis brevis, smaller) = opposition of thumb 2. Flexor Pollicis Brevis (bulb like attached to trapezium to 1st MCP) = flexion and opposition of thumb 3. Abductor Pollicis Brevis (bulb like and attached to scaphoid) = abduct thumb (spread out thumb) **4. Adductor Pollicis (web like connection to capitate and hamate) = adduct thumb (squeeze inward) -Oblique part = superior -Transcerse part = inferior **not always considered part of thenar muscles, can be considered unique along with palmaris brevis in hypothenar

Describe the arm muscles posterior compartment - Functions and basic locations

Triceps brachii: long head attached to scapula, lateral head near lesser tubercle of humerus, medial head tucked between. -extension of elbow joint -extension of shoulder joint Anconeus muscle: tiny muscle attached to lateral epicondyle of humerus, stabilizes ulna

Describe the synovial joints by ROM

Uniaxial = Pivot joints, hinge joints Biaxial = Ellipsoid (condylar) joints, Saddle joint Multiaxial = Ball and Socket joints Non-axial = Gliding (plane) joints

Describe the regions of the viscerocranium and compare to neurocranium region. Where is the auricular region part of?

Viscerocranium = face (8 regions) Zygomatic region: cheekbones Infraorbital region: right under eyes Orbital region: includes eyes, orbit, extraocular muscles Bucchal region: includes Buccinator muscles for chewing (cheeks) Parotid region: under ears, contains parotid gland (saliva) Oral region: oral cavity, teeth, tongue, palate Nasal region Mental region: chin + associated nerves Neurocranium includes auricular region which contains external ear and external acoustic meatus (only region not based n bone)

Compare abduction/adduction to inversion/eversion

abduction and adduction are for arms (shoulders), legs (hips), and digits to move away/toward midline remember: adduction means add to the midline, abduct think deduct (take away from midline). Inversion/eversion apply to ankles only, inversion is ankle rolling inward, eversion is outward.

What is a saddle joint? Why does it allow opposition/reposition? Define it and discuss its function.

carpometacarpal joint in thumb is shaped like a saddle and lets us use opposition (press thumb to fingers for grip) and reposition (put thumb back in resting position). Very important for dexterity and gripping things

Describe the body motions along the 3 anatomic planes

sagittal flexion/extension - (decrease/increase joint angle) (palmar) plantar flexion/dorsiflexion - press palmar or plantar aspect down or flex upward (move toward back or dorsal) circumduction (also coronal) - conical circle motion with arms (shoulders), legs (hips), fingers, or thumbs coronal lateral flexion - spine goes from 180 to 100 (must designate side!) abduction/adduction - movement away/toward midline depression / elevation - movement superiorly/inferiorly deviation/radial flexion - reduce angle between hand and ulna, reduce angle between thumb and radius inversion/eversion - ankle goes inward for inversion, outward for eversion transverse rotation (limbs) - external rotation is lateral, internal rotation is medial rotation (core) - must designate movement, part, direction i.e. "rotation of the head to the left" protraction/retraction - protrusion/retrusion with lateral movement (think TMJ and stability vs. ROM) suppination/pronation - move forearm so hand changes position to supine (anatomic, palms forward 'holding soup') or to prone (back of hand is anterior)

What are prefixes for superior and inferior?

superior: supra "supraclavicular lymph nodes" inferior: infra "infraorbital artery" hypo "hypoglossal nerve" sub "submandibular lymph nodes"

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? What types of cartilage are involved?

1) Synchondroses (epiphyseal plates - youth only bc temporary) 2) Symphyses (fused joints that can move like pubic symphysis) Hyaline (Articular) and Fibrous cartilage both connect

Describe the abdominal and genital surfaces (including back) of male and female (surface body anatomy).

BOTH Navel = same for both genders Linea alba = divides abdominal wall down the middle Linea semilunaris = curved lines border abdominal muscles Tendinous intersections = horizontal separations between abdominal muscles Intergluteal cleft = buttcrack Gluteal sulcus = inferior folds near inferior border of gluteal muscles (but not exactly, formed at the skin folds.) M Penis (corpus spongiosum = head, glans penis, prepuce) Scrotum (has superficial fascia of abdominal wall internally, superficial skin externally) F Mons pubis = mass fat around pubic symphosis (segments inferiority into labia majora) both mons pubis (and labium majus and penis are innervated by ilioinguinal nerve!

Describe the parts of the humerus.

Head of humerus = articulates with glenoid cavity Anatomic neck = connects head with tubercles Greater (medial to anterior) and Lesser (posterior) tubercles = bony projections at proximal end Surgical neck = connects tubercles to shaft (connected to Axillary Nerve and Posterior humeral circumflex artery, so many injuries happen here!) Shaft = main body formed from endochondral ossification Lateral and medial epicondyles = projections on posterior distal end (Lateral connects to extensor, medial connects to flexor attachment) Capitulum = projection on anterior distal end that attaches to Radius Trochlea = projection on anterior distal end that attaches to Ulna

Describe the mediastinum in terms of location, border, and contents.

Location: Mediastinum is part of thoracic cavity between lungs. Superior mediastinum is on chest, inferior is posterior to pericardial cavity. Border: superior: superior thoracic aperture (manubrium, first ribs, T1) inferior: imaginary T4 lines lateral: parietal pleura posterior: vertebral bodies (first 4) anterior: manubrium of sternum Contents: -esophagus -trachea -arch of aorta (3 branches) -superior vena cava -brachiocephalic veins -arch of azygos vein -phrenic nerve -vagus nerve -Thymus (remnants of)

Describe the abdominal cavity in terms of location, border, and contents.

Location: directly below diaphragm Borders: -Superior: diaphragm -Anterior/Lateral: muscles of abdominal wall -Posterior: vertebral body and back muscles -Inferior: pelvic inlet (anything superior is still in abdominal cavity, so area above pelvic inlet called "false pelvis") Contents: see image

Describe the pelvic cavity in terms of location, border, and contents (male vs female)

Location: inferior to abdominal cavity (subset of abdominal technically) Borders: -Superior: pelvic inlet = pubic symphysis, arcuate lines, ala of sacrum -Lateral: body of ischium and promonary of sacrum -Inferior: pelvic floor (levator ani = inferior, coccygeus = superior) Contents (m): -sigmoid colon (distal end) -rectum -bladder (larger than female) -seminal vesicles -prostate Contents (f): -sigmoid colon -rectum -ureter -blood vessels -bladder -vagina -uterus -proximal fallopian tubes -ovaries -broad ligaments (attach to ovaries)

Compare and contrast the pleural and pericardial cavities in terms of location, border, contents, function A) For the pleural cavity, what is the significance of intrapleural pressure? B) What is cardiac tamponade?

Location: pleural cavity (lungs) is supralateral to pericardial cavity (heart) Borders: Both have fibrous outer layer = parietal pleura/pericardium) and an inner layer that makes fluid (serous layer) = visceral pleura/pericardium -visceral pericardium = "epicardium" Contents: both are "potential space" so they hold pleura/pericardium as their contents between parietal and visceral layers Function: 1. protect the lungs (pleural) and heart (pericardial) 2. reduce friction from breathing and heart beat A) Intrapleural pressure is always less than pulmonary pressure to keep the lungs from collapsing (lower external pressure allows contract without staying collapsed) B) Cardiac tamponade is when blood is between visceral and parietal pericardium and it prevents heart from filling chambers with blood

Describe the Carpal Bones

Looking at a pronated hand going thumb to pinky: First layer = 1. Scaphoid bone (largest) 2. Lunate 3. Triquetrum Bottom layer = 4. Trapezezoid 5. Capitate (central) 6. Hamate Thumb = 7. Trapezium Looking at suppinated hand 8. Pisiform (smallest) - closely articulated with Triquetrum (cannot be seen from pronated hand)

Describe the Posterior cervical region (borders), each sub triangle, and what is contained in each.

Mainly the trapezius muscle, floor is the posterior arch of atlas and posterior antaltoocipital membrane Suboccipital triangle Boundaries: 1. Rectus captitis major 2. Obliques capitis superior 3. Obliques capitis inferior Contains: vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve, suboccipital venous plexus

Describe the meninges and explain how they are structured near the sacrum and coccyx. Explain how epidural space is important for interacting with meninges in the spine.

Meninges are protective layers of tissue for spine/brain Spinal cord becomes Cauda Esquina at L1/L2 (a bundle of spinal nerves and rootlets that exit vertebral canal) -surrounded by Dura and Arachoid mater -Pia mater follows through coccyx 3 layers from shallow to deep: 1. Dura mater -double layer adhered to bone, has venous/dural sinuses 2. Arachnoid mater -joins Dura mater at Spinal rootlets (tight junction) -budding structure stores cerebrospinal fluid to distribute along surface of spine/brain 3. Pia mater -thin layer too tight to remove in autopsy Epidural space: contains extradural fat outside Dura mater for cushioning spine

Describe the location and function of nasal concha. Why is inferior separated?

Nasal concha are rolling bones that change air temperature in the body when breathing. Superior and middle nasal concha are attached to ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha not attached and separate bone (CAN BE SEEN IN NASAL CAVITY ANTERIOR VIEW)

Describe the interossei muscles of the hand

Palmar Interossei Muscles: does not include middle finger because it is for gripping = adduction of fingers Dorsal Interossei Muscles: webbing between all metacarpals including thumb = abduction of fingers

Describe the posterior compartment of the forearm muscles by superficial and deep

Remember: flexors tend to be superficial, extensors are deeper Superifical 1. Brachioradialis (*** weak flexor even though paired with extensors, helps flex pronated forearm) 2. Anconeus (tiny muscle stabilizes ulna) 3. Extensor digitorum 4. Extensor digiti minimi 5. Extensor carpi ulnaris 6. Extensor carpi radialis longus 7. Extensor carpi radialis brevis Deep 1. Supinator 2. Extensor pollicis longus (attached to ulna) 3. Extensor pollicis brevis (attached to fibrous joint near ulna) 4. Abductor pollicis longus 5. Extensor indicus propius (index finger)

Describe the anatomy and organization of ribs (true vs false, atypical vs typical) Explain why atypical ribs are labelled that way.

True vs False = True connects to sternum, False does not directly True ribs (1-7): has head for articulating with spine, tubercle for supporting head, and cradle (where it bends) for intercostal neurovasculature. Cartilage attaches to sternal rib end. (Costal Attachment) False Ribs (8-12): has costal attachment to thoracic vertebra but not sternum (Costal Attachment to Costal Cartilage Superior) Typical vs Atypical = has abnormalities or not Typical Ribs (3-9): Have wedge shaped head and 2 articulating facets Atypical Ribs (1, 2, 10, 11, 12): 1st rib: shorter and thicker, 2 costal grooves 1 articulating facet ---Anterior and Middle scalene muscles attach here! Second rib: longer than first rib but smaller than typical, has tuberosity on its superior surface for the attachment of the serratus anterior muscle ---Posterior scalene muscles attach here Tenth rib: has only 1 articular facet Floating Ribs (11 + 12): Attached to vertebra but no anterior attachment