ap bio topic questions unit 2

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to large molecules?

ATP production will decrease because of an increase in the occurrence of uncontrolled chemical reactions.

Two different models of a living cell are represented in the figure. The figure presents three-dimensional models of cell A and cell B. Cell A is a rectangular solid with height 25 micrometers, width 6 micrometers, and length 4 micrometers. Cell B is a cylinder with height 25 micrometers and radius 3 micrometers. Of the two cells represented in the figure, which would likely be more efficient at exchanging substances with the surrounding environment?

Cell A, because it has the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio.

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins

Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?

Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.

Changing the shape or morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?

Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

Some organelles contain their own DNA DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA DNA found in the cell's nucleus.

A spherical bacterial cell has a radius of 3μm. The human egg cell has a radius of 100μm. Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.

Muscle cells have high ATP demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?

The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more ATP ATP to be synthesized.

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

They have highly folded membranes.

Researchers claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows a model of one cell engulfing a smaller cell in 3 stages. Stage 1 shows a small cell next to a large cell. Stage 2 shows the large cell beginning to wrap around and engulf the small cell. Stage 3 shows the small cell inside the large cell. Figure 1. A model showing a cell engulfing a smaller cell Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim?

The organelle has a double membrane.

Researchers propose a model to explain variation in phytoplankton cell sizes in a marine environment. They base their model on the idea that smaller cells absorb nutrients more efficiently. The researchers predict that the mean diameter of phytoplankton cells will change by 50 micrometers for every 5-kilometer increase in distance from the shore because of a gradual decrease in nutrient availability. To test their model, the researchers determine that the phytoplankton cells found closest to shore have a mean diameter of 900 micrometers. Based on the model, what will be the mean diameter of the phytoplankton cells that are found 25 kilometers from shore?

650

The endosymbiont theory proposes a model for the evolution of mitochondria. According to the model, an ancestral eukaryote engulfed a small, free-living prokaryotic organism. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model?

Mitochondria and some prokaryotes share similar metabolic reactions that produce ATP ATP .

The figure shows a process by which a cell might absorb food from its surrounding environment and break it down for use as a source of energy and matter. The process involves lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. Activation of the hydrolytic enzymes requires an acidic pH, and lysosomes maintain an internal acidic pH by using ion pumps. The figure shows a cell with arrows pointing between labeled organelles and vesicles to indicate a process of food absorption and digestion. In one part of the figure, arrows indicate a transport vesicle moving from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, and further arrows indicate lysosomes that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus. In another part of the figure, a food particle is shown in an invagination of the plasma membrane, a process that is labeled phagocytosis. An arrow indicates that the food particle is now moving through the cytosol in a food vacuole. The food vacuole is shown fusing with a lysosome in a process labeled digestion. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of ion pump function in the cell's lysosomes?

The internal pH pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food.