Behavioral 4
Explain these phenomenon of how other people can affect us: -Deinviduation -Social control -social facilitation
-Deinviduation= when surrounded by a group you dont feel as though you are accountable for your actions (lose identity) -Social control= people's relationships, values, commitments all promote conformity (not breaking the law) -Social facilitation= effect of an audience, people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in a group setting
What are some major characteristics (4) of groupthink?
-invulnerability (ignores the dangers. invincible) -morality (they believe they are all acting morally) -stereotypes of out-group (see them in a bad light) -unanimity (that all views of the group are held by every member and that those views are right)
What fMRI-measured brain activity would be expected in a subject witnessing 1) something appealing to the senses as opposed to 2) a well reasoned argument? A. 1)High temporal lobe activity 2) High frontal lobe activity B. 1)High frontal lobe activity 2)High temporal lobe activity
A. Frontal lobe is logic and thinking Temporal lobe is hearing and emotions
A student has never been very good at math and is struggling in his algebra course; additionally, this student is pressured by his parents to work more hours at a job rather than do homework. What issues does the student experience? A. Role strain about getting good grades and role conflict about working more hours B. Role conflict about getting good grades and role strain about working more hours C. Role exit about getting good grades and role conflict about working more hours D. Role conflict about getting good grades and role exit about working more hours
A. -Role strain involves a problem arising with the same occupational role Ex) A student has 10 different classes and assignments to finish to be successful in her student role -Role conflict involves two roles coming into conflict Ex) A student also has a job and is a student, so it is becoming difficult to be successful at both roles
Shopper A, rudely screams at a staff member and then receives a discount. Shopper B witnesses the event. When it is her turn to check out, she behaves rudely and screams at the staff member too. Which theory best describes how she learned this behavior? Why? A. Social cognitive theory B. Classical conditioning theory C. Operant conditioning theory D. Cognitive dissonance theory
A. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory is related to observational learning and reciprocal determinism and states that our behavior is somewhat learned from people and our environment
Organizing focus groups and asking them to talk about their experiences online and with Internet vigilantism is what kind of research? (and define each) A. Qualitative research B. Quantitative research C. Case studies D. Naturalistic observational research
A. Qualitative research is used to gather in-depth information, and often involves the use of focus groups or other small samples to better understand phenomena. Case studies- typically extensive interviews or reports about the experience of one specific person, like someone who was accused by Internet vigilantes but later proven innocent Naturalistic observational research- involves observing participants in their everyday lives
Which subtype of schizophrenia often involves normal cognitive functioning? A. The paranoid type B. The catatonic type C. The undifferentiated type D. The disorganized type
A. Paranoid subtype is the presence of auditory hallucinations & delusional thoughts about persecution or conspiracy. However, people with this subtype are often more functional in cognition Catatonic- disturbances in movement. Affected people exhibit a dramatic reduction or increase in activity. Undifferentiated- people have symptoms of schizophrenia that are not sufficiently formed or specific enough to permit classification of the illness into one of the other subtypes
Describe these theories to explain crime prevalence Anomie Theory Relative Deprivation Theory Strain Theory Differential Association Theory
Anomie theory states that fragmentation and heterogeneity of a society results in breakdown of social bonds and values -> members are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society Relative deprivation theory says that individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources. Strain theory: society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American dream), though they lack the means so they resort to crime Differential association hold that through interaction (association) with others, individuals learn values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior
1) Explain these conflicts. 2) How many choices/goals, 3) stable or unstable equilibrium for it Approach-Approach Avoidance-Avoidance Approach-Avoidance
Approach-Approach -choosing between 2 good options (vaca to europe or caribbean) -unstable equil (ie easier to choose), closer you step towards one causes you to choose it Avoidance-Avoidance -choosing between 2 bad options (do my hw or get punished) -stable equil (harder to choose), closer you get towards one, it pushes you back towards the other and vice versa Approach-Avoidance -choosing 1 option that has both good and bad outcomes to it (should I eat this piece of cake) -stable equil
Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. Sensory neurons and interneurons are both afferent neurons, while motor neurons are efferent neurons. B. Motor neurons are efferent neurons, sensory neurons are afferent neurons, and interneurons are neither. C. Motor neurons and interneurons are both efferent neurons, while sensory neurons are afferent. D. Motor neurons are afferent neurons, sensory neurons are efferent neurons, and interneurons are neither.
B
Which of the following would likely decrease an individual's self-efficacy in regard to a particular task? A. Seeing a task performed successfully B. Feeling that past failures were due to other individuals C. Being offered positive encouragement by others D. Learning stress-reduction techniques in regard to the task
B. Self-efficacy: belief in one's ability to complete a task, or control thier behavior, motivation, destiny, and social environment. If control is felt to be elsewhere then there would be a reduction in self efficacy
What is reciprocal determinism, related to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory?
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory emphasized observational learning and the 3 reciprocal components of social learning. Behavior, Cognition, and Environment are all related and influence each other. Our cognition can be influenced by our environment, OR our interests and behaviors can influence who we hang with (soccer players- environment) which can change our perception on soccer. Another Ex) A person attends multiple conferences to tell her that the earth is flat, and then she starts to agree with it. Her behavior led to her being in a pro-flat environment which changed her cognition on the topic
What property of tactile perception would be involved in the participants mistaking the letter B for D in the second study? A. Proprioception B. Afferent perception C. Surround suppression D. Neuron potentiation
C. Surround suppression involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it. This would explain the difficulty in perceiving the inner horizontal bar in the "B."
Many elderly individuals struggle with the concept of death and dying. The Kübler-Ross model provides a series of stages that most people experience when facing the end of their life. Which of the following is the correct sequence of emotional stages from this model? A. Anger, denial, depression, acceptance, bargaining B. Denial, depression, bargaining, anger, acceptance C. Bargaining, anger, depression, denial, acceptance D. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
D. "Death Always Brings Definite Acceptance" mnemonic
Which of the following is NOT an example of a strategy people use in impression management? A. Complimenting coworkers on their clothing B. Bragging about one's financial success while on a date C. Matching the behavior of a boss D. Revealing a friend's personal information while on a date
D. Impression management involves the control of information about ONESELF and is characterized by flattery, boasting, and ingratiation. In contrast, in choice D, an individual is attempting to control information about someone else.
List the 2 categories of long term memory. Then characterize these three subtypes: -semantic memory -procedural memory -episodic memory
Explicit (Declarative) -episodic memory: stuff about events -semantic memory: facts and concepts Implicit -procedural memory: skills
A lesion in the hippocampus would impair what type of memory (explicit/implicit)?
Explicit (Declarative) memory
How are ecological validity and external validity different?
External validity is the extent to which are able to apply the study results to other settings and people Ecological validity is how able the study can be compared to the "normal" settings and situations your study would occur in real life
How are bureaucracies characterized?
Hierarchical structure Specialized labor (tasks given to those best at them) Major decisions by appointed, not elected, persons Corporations are run in this fashion
Which of the following principles are needed to successfully establish a meritocracy? I. Outcome equality II. Skill equality III. Opportunity equality
III Society of people whose progress within the society is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth. This requires that everyone be afforded the same opportunities to advance
What did Max Weber theorize about bureaucracies and the "iron cage"?
Ideal Bureaucracy-some level of hierarchy and order but not too much -"Iron Cage" when institutions and bureaucracies entrap individuals into rationalizing everything instead of living based on emotion and tradition
When there is some sort of event/stimulus, The James-Lange Theory of Emotion posits that... Cannon-Bard theory posits that... Schachter Singer theory posits that...
James-Lange: "Lang = angry, emotion" The *physiological arousal* is interpreted as the emotion. Your emotion depends on your perception of the physiological signs. "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble". Ex) Timothy's dog runs into the street and his heart rate increases. His body's cues and behavior lead him to understand that he is in a scary situation, and he feels afraid. Cannon-Bard: "cannon both"- cannon shooting at both targets simultaneously. There is *simultaneous* physiological response and the appraisal which leads to emotion (which are separate things). They cut vagus nerves and showed that emotions still happened without physiological response. Ex) Girl is petting her dog. As she does this, her brain releases hormones associated with reward at the same time that she interprets the situation as happy and calm. She then smiles. Schachter-Singer: (shocked), physiological arousal, then a cognitive label of situation (*labeling*- singer always wanted a label with girls), then emotion. Ex) As Julia pets her cat, her blood pressure lowers. She notices this and cognitively thinks wow this feels nice, and experiences happiness as a result.
What is the general adaptation syndrome (to stress) model?
Predicts how a body reacts to stress. 1) Alarm: fight or flight symptoms 2) Resistance: Attempt to cope with the stress and restore homeostasis, still slightly elevated BP, blood glucose etc from hormonal effects of 1st stage 3) Exhaustion: the attempt to repair depleted energy and thus exhaustion results
After making a particular decision, what does the free choice paradigm describe?
Preference modulation after the mere act of making a choice. Once choice has been made, a person will augment the value of the chosen action and denounce the choices not chosen
Primary vs Secondary Aging
Primary= refers to biological and molecular changes in our bodies Secondary= Aging related to effects of environment, disease, behavioral factors (diet and exercise)
In operant conditioning, what does thinning refer to?
Reducing the frequency of awards (such as from continuous to variable
Order the following memory types from shortest retention -> longest. And describe each briefly -short-term -long-term -iconic -working
Remember... these first 3 are NOT long term. So a question asking which is related to recalling last night's events would NOT be a long term type of memory
The Rorschach inkblot test is a___. The Meyers Briggs is a ___. What is a projective personality assessment? I. subjective personality assessment. II. objective personality assessment. III. projective personality assessment.
Rorschach inkblot: I & III Projective personality assessments have people interpret the participant's responses for meaning (subjective) while objective personality assessments are scored with some universal standard. Meyers Briggs: II
Explain what the Optimal Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson) states?
That performance is increased with optimal arousal (ie like a bell curve and too little or too much arousal can hinder performance). You want that happy medium on test day
Descrbe Freuds id, ego, superego. Which one only operates in the unconscious?
The id is only unconscious Id= instincts, instant gratification (unconscious) Superego= moral oversight and societal standards (conscious, preconscious) Ego= what tries to balance them, our REALISTIC actions and judgements (conscious, preconscious)
Proactive interference vs retroactive interference for memory
The phrase tells you where the interference is happening (ie proactive interference- there is interference in future memories) Proactive interference- when old information gets in the way of creating new memories (can't remember new telephone number bec old number is interfering) Retroactive interference- when new information gets in the way of you recalling old info
What does it mean for someone to have agency?
They feel that they are in control of their life, in control of their thoughts and behavior, and able to handle a wide range of life problems successfully
Explain the following conformity influences and actions -Informational influence -Normative influence -Compliance -Ingratiation
Top two are influences and bottom two are actions -Informational influence- conforming because you lack sufficient info and believe the others are doing the correct thing (you want to be right) -Normative influence- wanting to conform to others in order to be accepted by them and gain social approval -Compliance-public change in behavior in response to group pressure or normative influence -Ingratiation- getting someone to like you or trying to appear in good light (ex- via flattery or pretending to be similar) in order to get them to comply with your requests (you're just seeking rewards), like telling an interviewer they are super accomplished. Part of impression management
What is the house money effect?
When you win money and thus increase your risk-taking disposition because you don't consider that money won to be yours
Which of the following strategies would likely reduce the occurrence of criminal behavior from a differential association theoretical perspective? A strain theory perspective? A. A child in a high-crime area being adopted by an affluent family B. Repeated messages in school that students are expected to uphold prosocial values C. Deemphasizing the importance of values, such as material wealth, that would lead individuals to commit crimes D. Increasing penalties for crime to a degree that individuals are dissuaded from committing it
differential association= A, Through interaction (association) with others, individuals learn values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior strain= C, Society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American dream, financial security etc) though they lack the means, this leads to strain which may lead the individuals to commit crimes
Describe referent power vs legitimate power vs coercive power
referent power- cultivating motivation and admiration in followers, you're a "reference" for others, leading by example legitimate power- exert power through their role (like the president) coercive power- ability to exert power via coercive or threatening
