Behavioral Neuroscience Final

Damage to the right hemisphere

impairs recognition of emotions expressed by others.

Brain plasticity can involve the following structural changes

increased dendritic branching; increased dendritic spines; new synapses

Neurogenesis may be related to:

increased rates of neuron proliferation; Increased rates of neuron survival; Increased functional connections between neurons

CT and MRI brain scans indicate that schizophrenic patients are likely to have:

lateral ventricles that are twice the size of controls

Wolffian ducts are precursors to the

male internal sex organs

Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally

more widespread in the body

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to the

orbitofrontal cortex

The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of

overconsolidation of memories, or a failure of extinction.

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.

pontine

Which of the following is a symptom associated with having an affective disorder?

reduced energy; anhedonia- loss of pleasure; sleep disturbances

What is true in the relationship between serotonin and aggression?

serotonin agonists are used to inhibit aggression, aggression is increased following damage to forebrain 5-HT neurons, in monkeys, low serotonin levels predict risk-taking behaviors

Courting, mating, parenting and aggression are types of ____________ behaviors.

sexually dimorphic

The eight-arm radial maze is used primarily for tests of

spatial learning and memory

Theoretically, Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as

speech production is to language comprehension

Soldiers training for parachute jumps have shown

spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump.

All of the following occur during a stress response

the adrenal gland releases steroid hormones.; norepinephrine is released as a neurotransmitter in the brain.; glucose is made available for energy, due to the effects of epinephrine

The "hard problem of consciousness" refers to the difficulty of understanding

the brain processes that result in a person's unique subjective experience

One's enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is referred to as

the cocktail party effect

The phenomenon of "pop out" refers to

the distinguishing feature of a sought-after item that makes it sufficiently different from all distracters.

A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in affective disorders, such as PTSD, proposes that the disease emerges from

the interaction of stress, genetics, and anatomical abnormalities of the brain.

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of

the left posterior temporal region.

All of the following occur during a stress response EXCEPT

the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is active

Split-brain patients can easily read and verbally communicate words projected to

the right visual field.

Introduction of the atypical antipsychotics has been particularly beneficial because

they do not produce Parkinsonian side effects

Early work on ovarian hormones showed that ovarian extracts from hogs injected into mice and caused:

uterine growth, growth of the mammary glands, mating behavior

Lesions of the _______ in female rats result in loss of lordosis.

ventromedial hypothalamus (or VMH)

Declarative memory is said to deal with _______ questions.

"what"

Long-term potentiation results in increased synaptic strength and requires:

Action of glutamate at NMDA receptors; Calcium entry into the cell; Nitric oxide feedback onto presynaptic cell

_____________ increases neurogenesis; whereas _____________ decreases neurogenesis.

Anti-depressants; drugs of abuse

Alzheimer's Disease is associated with deficits in _________________ memory; whereas Parkinson's Disease is associated with deficits in _____________________ memory.

Autobiographical; Skill learning

Which of the following is not considered a major anxiety disorder?

Bipolar disorder

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Which of the following supports the "dopamine hypothesis" of schizophrenia?

Chlorpromazine is an effective antipsychotic drug and blocks dopamine receptors; Reserpine depletes brain dopamine and has antipsychotic properties; Chronic administration of amphetamine can induce psychotic symptoms

Which of the following kinds of brain damage has not been associated with an inability to form declarative memories?

Damage to the occipital lobe associated with growth of a brain tumor

Which of the following has been used to treat depression?

Electroconvulsive shock therapy; Stimulation of the vagus nerve; Cognitive behavioral therapy

Female-typical hormones are ___________ and male-typical hormones are _____________.

Estrogen and progesterone; androgens

Hemorrhagic stroke is associated with selective degradation of myelin.

False

In a typical night, people spend the majority of their time in REM sleep.

False

Long-term potentiation only occurs in the hippocampus.

False

New neurons are only made in the subventricular zone in adulthood.

False

Only damage to Broca's and Wernicke's regions in the cortex produce language deficits.

False

Reproductive events unique to women (e.g. pregnancy, menstrual cycle, menopause) may decrease the vulnerability to depression and/or anxiety.

False

Steroid hormones cause reproductive behavior

False

Unlike male rodents, female rodents do not engage in courtship behavior.

False

Which is the correct order?

Genetic sex -> gonadal sex -> hormonal sex -> morphological sex -> behavioral sex

What neurotransmitter is critical for long-term potentiation?

Glutamate

Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response (according to LeDoux) to a bear appearing at your picnic?

Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise

All of the statements about maternal behavior are true EXCEPT which of the following?

Hormones are not essential for activation of maternal behavior

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Indirectly, laughing causes you to feel happy.

Which drug has some efficacy in treating early symptoms of Parkison's Disease?

L-DOPA

The _______ model of depression involves a repetitive stressful stimulus, such as electric shock, from which there is no escape.

Learned helplessness

Which memory store holds the largest number of items?

Long-term memory

The arching of the back exhibited by a female mammal during copulation is termed

Lordosis

Male sexual behavior in a rat disappears after damage to the:

Medial preoptic area

Which of the following brain areas is involved in hormonal modulation of male rodent reproductive behavior?

Medial preoptic area of hypothalamus

Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms, such as deficits in movement, are not specific to schizophrenia and can occur in other neurological disorders

All of the statements about maternal behavior are true:

Nest building is facilitated by progesterone; Estradiol has an activational effect on construction of a brood nest.; Cutting the vomeronasal nerve facilitates maternal behavior.

A common view of the cause of negative symptoms of schizophrenia involves

Neurodegeneration or neurodevelopmental effects

Which of the following statements indicates that bipolar disorder has much in common with schizophrenia?

New antipsychotic drugs appear to suppress manic behavior; Bipolar patients show enlarged ventricles in the brain; Families with a history of bipolar disorder are more likely that other families to contain individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia

Early studies of brain plasticity and learning showed that enriched environments:

Produced thicker cortex of rats

What is a similarity between Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease?

Progressive neurodegeneration

Dreaming typically occurs during:

REM Sleep

We discussed the role of androgens for aggressive responding. Which of the following transmitters has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?

Serotonin

Delta waves occur in

Stage 4 sleep

Loss of language, aphasia, can occur following

Stroke, Head trauma from an accident, Infection with neurodegeneration

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Schacter and Singer experiment?

Subjects exposed to an angry confederate were more likely to report feeling elated.

Sister Bernadette can be considered an example of:

Successful cognitive aging, despite Alzheimer's like deposition of plaques and tangles

Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized as delayed anxiety symptoms following an acute, intense stressor. Symptoms typically do NOT include:

Tardive dyskinesia

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which of the following occur?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

Which of the following is true of the facial expression of emotion?

The facial expression of emotion involves the right hemisphere more than the left hemisphere; Facial expressions of emotion are the same in blind children as in sighted children; These appear to involve unlearned behavior patterns, as suggested by Darwin.

The timing of when anti-depressants become active suggest that for symptoms to be treated:

There are other mechanisms beyond altering neurotransmitter levels; There may be effects to increase other measures of plasticity in the brain

What is true about sleep deprivation?

There can be mild personality changes with sleep deprivation; Total sleep deprivation can be fatal; Sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function

Studies by LeDoux investigating the conditioned emotional response support the idea that the amygdala is involved in processing of emotional stimuli.

True

Studies with sleep deprivation suggest that one reason why we sleep and dream is to consolidate memories.

True

The long-held belief was that you were born with all the neurons you would ever have.

True

The medial preoptic area is involved in parental behavior

True

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia

Wernicke's

An imaging study of the brains of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed

a reduction in the volume of the right hippocampus.

Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's patients are

abnormal tangles of neurofilaments

Patients with Alzheimer's disease gradually lose many of the basal forebrain neurons that produce the transmitter

acetylcholine.

In adult male rodents, castration reduces aggressiveness and injections of testosterone reinstate aggression. These effects represent a(n):

activational effect

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels

As we fall asleep,

alpha activity ceases.

H.M.'s operation involved removal of the hippocampus and the

amygdala.

The hormones, LH and FSH, are released from the

anterior pituitary.

The most striking impairment suffered by H.M. was

anterograde amnesia

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

are parallel processes, have no direct causal relation, are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli.

Evidence indicates that memory for one's own motor responses is related especially to the functioning of the

basal ganglia

In the absence of the Sry protein, the indifferent gonad

becomes an ovary

According to the lecture, all of the following are components of an emotional response

behavior, autonomic activity, hormonal secretions

One common pharmacological effect of many antischizophrenic drugs is that they

block dopamine receptors

The unconscious shifts in attention that come about in response to important changes in our environment are considered _______ processes.

bottom-up

The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes.

decreased; frontal

Hormones influence sexual behavior by

directing the development of many of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as male or female; activating the reproduction-related brain areas and behavior of sexually mature adults.

Reflexive attention is also called

exogenous attention

If the developing brain of a rodent is NOT exposed to androgens during a critical period of development, as an adult the animal will show

female sexual behaviors

Long-term stress increases the secretion of _____________ which may be responsible for _____________.

glucocorticoids; the harmful effects of stress

Compared to slow wave sleep, brain activity is ____________ during REM sleep.

greater

Adult mice living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in the

hippocampus