BHAN155 - Drug use
Illicit drug use spans all age groups, genders, ethnicities, occupations, socioeconomic groups.
Who uses illicit drugs?
• Positive expectations • Genetics and family history • Substance use in high school • Social norms • Curiosity • Sorority and fraternity membership • Stress
Why do some college students use drugs?
• Parental attitudes and behaviors • Religion and spirituality • Student engagement • College athletics • Healthy social network
Why don't some college students use drugs?
Caffeine is the most popular and widely consumed drug in the United States
____ is the most popular and widely consumed drug in the United States
Hallucinogens - create auditory or visual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings. • Synesthesia: mixing of sensory messages • May "hear colors" and "smell tastes" Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (acid) • In 1970, it was placed on controlled substances list. • It is estimated that 9.5 percent of Americans aged 12 or older have used LSD at least once in their lifetime • Commonly sold as a "blotter" on paper, it is one of the most powerful drugs known to science, and minute quantities produce strong effects.
______ - create auditory or visual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings. • ______: mixing of sensory messages • May "hear _____" and "______ tastes" Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (acid) • In _____, it was placed on controlled substances list. • It is estimated that 9.5 percent of Americans aged __ or older have used ___ at least once in their lifetime • Commonly sold as a "_____" on paper, it is one of the most _____ drugs known to science, and minute quantities produce _____ effects.
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) • CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic (body-building) effects • Another "date rape" drug • Side effects include loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, hallucinations, and death.
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) • CNS depressant known to have _____, ______, and _____ (body-building) effects • Another "___ ___" drug • Side effects include loss of _____, _________, _____, ______, and death.
Psychoactive drugs: affect chemical neurotransmission, either enhancing it, suppressing it, or interfering with it
How does psychoactive drug affect the brain?
Inhalants • Users inhale chemicals causing hallucinations and euphoric effects. • Legal to purchase and not commonly recognized as drugs, though dangerous when used incorrectly • Include glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement. • Amyl nitrate and nitrous oxide are also abused. • Users experience dizziness, disorientation, impaired coordination and judgment; combined with alcohol, may be fatal.
Inhalants • Users inhale chemicals causing ____ and _____ effects. • Legal to purchase and not commonly recognized as ____, though dangerous when used _____ • Include ____, paint thinner, and _____ _____. • Amyl nitrate and nitrous oxide are also ____. • Users experience _____, _____, impaired coordination and ____; combined with ____, may be fatal.
prescription, over-the-counter (OTC), recreational, herbal preparations, illicit, and commercial.
6 categories of drugs are
A recent survey indicates 12 percent of students reported illegally using prescription drugs in the last year.
A recent survey indicates __ percent of students reported illegally using _____ drugs in the last year.
Abuse is often associated with illegal drugs, but many people abuse and misuse legal drugs.
Abuse is often associated with _______ ______, but many people _____ and ______ legal drugs.
Addiction • Continued involvement with substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences • Addictive substances must produce positive mood changes • Physiological and Psychological dependence
Addiction • Continued involvement with substance or activity despite ongoing ______ consequences • Addictive substances must produce ____ mood changes • ______ and _______ dependence
Addressing Drug Misuse and Abuse in theUnited States • Drug abuse has been part of human behavior for thousands of years and is not likely to disappear in the near future. Most agree that to combat the challenge: • Multimodal approach is best • Young people must be educated to understand how drug use, misuse, and abuse differ. Harm reduction strategies • Needle-exchange programs • Changing legal sanctions and increasing treatment services • Minimizing potential hazards with drug use rather than the use itself
Addressing Drug Misuse and Abuse in theUnited States • Drug abuse has been part of ___ behavior for thousands of years and is not likely to disappear in the near future. Most agree that to combat the challenge: • _____ approach is best • ____ people must be educated to understand how drug use, misuse, and abuse ____. Harm reduction strategies • Needle-exchange _____ • Changing legal sanctions and ______ treatment services • ______ potential hazards with drug use rather than the ____ itself
Anabolic Steroids • Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength • Produce state of euphoria, diminished fatigue, and increase bulk and power in both sexes • Adverse side effects include mood swings ("roid rage"), acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol, hypertension, and kidney disease. • In women, large doses trigger development of male attributes; in men, anabolic steroids shut down testosterone production, causing men's breasts to grow and testicles to atrophy.
Anabolic Steroids • Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone that promote ____ ____and ____ • Produce state of ____, diminished fatigue, and increase ___ and ____ in both ____ • Adverse side effects include mood swings ("____ rage"), ____, ____ ____, elevated _____, hypertension, and _____ disease. • In women, large doses trigger development of ____ attributes; in men, anabolic steroids shut down ______ production, causing men's breasts to grow and testicles to _____.
Approximately 27 million people report being current users of illicit drugs.
Approximately ___ million people report being current users of _____ drugs.
Bath salts • Sold legally, but contains substances that were made illegal in 2012 • Contain various amphetamine or cocaine-like substances • Effects include intense stimulation, alertness, euphoria, elevated mood, and pleasurable rush Symptoms of use include: • Tremor, shortness of breath, and loss of appetite, changes in body temperature regulation accompanied by hot flashes and sweating, with bleeding from the nose and throat from ulcerations when snorted • In addition, bath salts may affect the cardio vascular system
Bath salts • Sold legally, but contains substances that were made illegal in ____ • Contain various ________ or ______ -like substances • Effects include intense _______, _____, euphoria, _________, and pleasurable rush What are the symptoms for using bath salts? What can bath salts affect?
Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers): • The most common sedative-hypnotic drugs • Valium, Ativan, and Xanax Barbiturates: • Sedative-hypnotic drugs • Amytal and Seconal • Less safe than benzodiazepines • Synergistic effect, when combined with alcohol, can lead to respiratory failure and death. • Can produce physical and psychological dependence in several weeks. • Cross-tolerance is a complication specific to sedatives
Benzodiazepines (______): • The most common _______-______ drugs • Valium, _____, and ______ Barbiturates: • _______-_______ drugs • _______ and ______ (examples of barbiturates) • Less safe than ___________ • ______ effect, when combined with alcohol, can lead to ______ _____ and _____. • Can produce ______ and _________ dependence in several weeks. • _______-________ is a complication specific to sedatives
Caffeine pills and energy drinks. • Caffeine in large doses can result in tremors/shaking, restlessness and edginess, insomnia, dehydration, panic attacks, heart irregularities, and other symptoms.
Caffeine pills and energy drinks. What happens if a person use high doses of caffeine?
Close to 50 percent of college-aged students nationwide have tried an illicit drug, most commonly marijuana.
Close to ___ percent of college-aged students nationwide have tried an illicit drug, most commonly ______.
Coffee gourmet - 330+ mg Coffee Generic - 163 mg yerba mate - 150 mg Energy Drink - 80+ mg Espresso restaurant - 77 mg Tea black - 42 mg Soda - 45 mg
Coffee gourmet - ____ mg Coffee Generic - ___ mg yerba mate - ___ mg Energy Drink - ___ mg Espresso restaurant - ___ mg Tea black - ___ mg Soda - ___ mg
Cold medicines • Robitussin, Vicks, Coricidin, and NyQuil • Dextromethorphan (DXM) can cause hallucinations, loss of motor control, and "out-ofbody" sensations.
Cold Medicine Examples of cold medicine? How does Dextromethorphan caused people?
Commonly used painkillers (Vicodin, OxyContin, or Percocet) are used to relax or get high.
Commonly used _____ (Vicodin, OxyContin, or Percocet) are used to ____ or ____ _____.
Dangers of Marijuana use • The drug substantially reduces a driver's ability to react and make quick decisions • Altered perception may linger for hours after use and the "high" has subsided. • Chronic users are affected by the same toxins and carcinogens as tobacco users.
Dangers of Marijuana use • The drug substantially reduces a driver's ability to _____ and make quick _______ • Altered perception may linger for _____ after use and the "high" has ______. • Chronic users are affected by the same ______ and ______ as ______ users.
Diet pills • Contain stimulants such as caffeine or Hoodia gordoni • Marketed as dietary supplements, rather than drugs, manufacturers may make unsubstantiated claims of effectiveness or can use untested or unsafe ingredients.
Diet pills • Contain stimulants such as ______ or ____ _____ • Marketed as _____ _____, rather than drugs, manufacturers may make unsubstantiated claims of _______ or can use untested or unsafe _______.
Most commonly reported side effects are sleeping difficulties, irritability, and reduced appetite.
Drug Abuse Most commonly reported side effects are ______, ______, and ________.
Ecstasy (methylene-dioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) • Most common club drug causes feelings of extreme euphoria, openness, and warmth. • Risks include inappropriate emotional bonding, jaw clenching, tongue, and cheek chewing, short-term memory loss or confusion. • Chronic use can damage the brain. • Combined with alcohol, Ecstasy can be fatal.
Ecstasy (methylene-dioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) • Most common club drug causes feelings of extreme ____, ____, and _____. • Risks include inappropriate ____ bonding, ___ clenching, _____ and _____ chewing, short-term memory loss or _____. • Chronic use can damage the _____. • Combined with ______, Ecstasy can be _____.
Habit • Repeated, potentially unconscious behavior • Can be broken without too much disturbance Personality and moos are not affected Discomfort is not a result of breaking the habit
Habit • _______, potentially unconscious behavior • Can be broken without too much ______ - Personality and moos are not _____ - ______ is not a result of breaking the ____-
Heroin addiction • In 2015, 591,000 Americans reported using heroin • Deaths from heroin overdoses in recent years, rose from just over 1,800 deaths in 2000 to nearly 12,990 in 2015 • Heroin is a white powder derived from morphine. • Black tar heroin is a sticky, dark brown, foul-smelling form of heroin that is relatively pure and inexpensive. • Heroin withdrawal is distinct, including an intense desire for the drug, sleep disturbances, dilated pupils, and muscle tremors.
Heroin addiction • In 2015, 591,000 Americans reported using _____ • Deaths from heroin overdoses in recent years, rose from just over 1,800 deaths in _____ to nearly 12,990 in _____ • Heroin is a white powder derived from _____. • ____ ___ heroin is a sticky, dark brown, foul-smelling form of heroin that is relatively ____ and ______. • Heroin withdrawal is distinct, including an intense desire for the ____, _____ disturbances, _____ ____, and muscle ______.
How drugs affect the brain? - The brain is wired to repeat pleasurable experiences. • Life-sustaining activities activate a "pleasure circuit" of nerve cells. One nerve cell set uses dopamine, a neurotransmitter, and sits at the top of the brain stem in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). • This "pleasure circuit" is known as the mesolimbic dopamine system. • All addictive drugs activate the brain's pleasure circuit, and addiction alters the way the pleasure center and other parts of the brain function.
How drugs affect the brain? - The brain is wired to repeat _____ ______ • Life-sustaining activities activate a "pleasure circuit" of nerve cells. One nerve cell set uses ________, a ___________, and sits at the top of the brain stem in the __________ (VTA). • This "pleasure circuit" is known as the ___________ ______ system. • All addictive drugs activate the brain's pleasure circuit, and addiction alters the way the ______ _____ and other parts of the ______ ______.
K2 or spice: • sold legally as herbal blend incense. • used by nearly one in seven college students, • 11.3 percent, of high school seniors are using this drug. • health effects such as hallucinations, severe agitation, extremely elevated heart rate and blood pressure, coma, suicide attempts, and drug dependence are common.
K2 or spice: • sold legally as _____ _____ _____. • used by nearly one in seven _____ students, • ___ percent, of high school seniors are using this drug. • health effects such as _____, severe _______, extremely _______ heart rate and _____ _______, ____, __________, and drug dependence are common.
Marijuana and other Cannabinoids • Derived from either the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica (hemp) plant. • Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive substance in marijuana; average concentration is 15 percent, but some forms can contain up to 27 percent. • Has many medical purposes as it controls nausea and vomiting, improves appetite, forestalls loss of lean muscle mass associated with AIDS wasting syndrome, and reduces muscle pain and spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. • Frequent and/or long-term use may increase risk for testicular cancer, serious mental health problems, suppressed immune system, and impaired memory.
Marijuana and other Cannabinoids • Derived from either the ____ _____ or ____ ____ (hemp) plant. • Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the _______ substance in ______; average concentration is __ percent, but some forms can contain up to ___ percent. • Has many medical purposes as it controls _____ and vomiting, improves ______, forestalls loss of ____ muscle mass associated with AIDS wasting syndrome, and reduces muscle pain and _____ caused by multiple _____. • Frequent and/or long-term use may increase risk for _____ cancer, serious _____ _____ problems, suppressed _____ _____, and ______ memory.
Methamphetamine • Affects brain and CNS • Euphoria lasts 6 to 8 hours. • Methods of use: snorted, injected, smoked, and ingested • Short-term effects include increased physical activity, alertness, rapid breathing, increased body temperature, insomnia, tremors, anxiety, confusion, and decreased appetite.
Methamphetamine • Affects brain and ____ • Euphoria lasts __ to __ hours. • Methods of use: _____, ______, _____, and _____ • Short-term effects include increased _____ ____, alertness, _____ _____, increased body temperature, ______, tremors, _____, ______, and ______ ______.
Misuse and abuse may cause serious harm
Misuse and abuse may cause ______ ______
Opioids • Cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce euphoria • Called narcotics • Derived from opium • Include morphine, codeine, heroin, and black tar heroin • Depress CNS and lower heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure • Decrease sex drive
Opioids • Cause drowsiness, _____ ______, and induce _____ • Called ____ • Derived from ____ • Include ______, codeine, ____, and ______ ____heroin • Depress ___ and lower ____ _____, _____, and ____ ___ • Decrease ____ _____
Over-the-counter drugs • High doses can cause hallucinations, bizarre sleep patterns, mood changes, and sometimes death. • Those most vulnerable to abusing OTC drugs are teenagers, young adults, and people over the age of 65.
Over-the-counter drugs • High doses can cause _____, ______ ____, ____ _____, and _________. • Those most vulnerable to abusing OTC drugs are _____, _______, and ______. (hint: who usually use the OTC drugs the most?)
Prescription drug abuse: • About 6.4 million Americans aged 12 and older used prescription drugs for non-medical reasons in the past month. • It is particularly common among teens and young adults. • Risks vary from irregular heart rate to death. Injecting prescription drugs may result in exposure to HIV, hepatitis B and C and other blood borne viruses.
Prescription drug abuse: • About ___ million Americans aged ___ and older used prescription drugs for ______ reasons in the past month. • It is particularly common among _____ and _____ _____. • Risks vary from irregular ____ ____ to ____. Injecting prescription drugs may result in exposure to _____, hepatitis __ and __ and other _____ _____ viruses.
Rohypnol • A tranquilizer and "date rape" drug • Produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and slowed psychomotor responses. • Has gained notoriety as a growing problem on college campuses as it has been added to punch and other drinks at parties in hopes of incapacitating a woman so she is unable to resist sexual assault.
Rohypnol • A tranquilizer and "_____ _____" drug • Produces a sedative effect, ______, ______ relaxation, and slowed _________ responses. • Has gained notoriety as a growing problem on ______ ______ as it has been added to _____ and other drinks at _______ in hopes of incapacitating a ______ so she is unable to resist ______ _______.
Sleep aids • Excedrin PM, Sominex, Unisom, and Tylenol PM • Can cause problems with the sleep cycle, weaken areas of the body, or induce narcolepsy.
Sleep aids What pills do people usually use to help them sleep? What are the causes if people use sleep aids?
Student say they abuse Adderall and Ritalin (intended to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) for academic gain.
Student say they abuse _____ and ______ (intended to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) for _____ ______.
THC - Resin • Smoking THC-rich resin extracts, called dabbing, is becoming much more common among marijuana users. • Extracts contain high levels of THC • Dangers include visits to the emergency room and fires resulting from the extraction process.
THC - Resin • Smoking THC-rich resin extracts, called _____, is becoming much more common among ______ users. • Extracts contain high levels of ______ • Dangers include visits to the _____ _____ and fires resulting from the ______ process.
Treating and Reducing Drug Abuse Detoxification is an early abstinence period when the addict physically and cognitively adjusts to being free from the addiction's influence.
Treating and Reducing Drug Abuse ______ is an early abstinence period when the addict _____ and _____ adjusts to being free from the ______ influence.
Polydrug use - taking several substances simultaneously Synergism (Potentianism) - Effects of both drugs are multiplied beyond the effects of each on its own. Inhibition - Effects of one drug are reduced or eliminated by the presence of another at the same receptor site Antagonism - Drugs work at same receptor site so that one drug blocks the action of another. Intolerance - When drugs combine to produce extremely uncomfortable reactions Cross-tolerance - Tolerance for one drug creates a similar reaction to another drug
What are the 6 drug interactions? explain each one of them
Compulsion, loss of control, negative consequence, denial, inability to abstain
What are the characteristics of drug users?
internal frustration -> fantasizing about substance or behavior -> Obsessing about substance or behavior -> Substance use or compulsive behavior -> loss of control -> depression, shame, guilt over behavior -> Cessation of use -> Passage of time (then repeat)
What are the cycle of psychological addiction?
Stimulants: increase activity of the central nervous system.
What is stimulants?
Commonly known as: K2 (or spice), fake marijuana, Yucatan Fire, Skunk, and Moon Rocks.
What is synthetic marijuana commonly known as?
Dependence on mood altering process or behavior Such as: gambling, shopping, exercise, technology
What are the process of addiction? (give examples)
Products contain dried, shredded plant material and one or more synthetic cannabinoids.
What are the products contained in synthetic marijuana?
oral ingestion - through mouth inhalation - through the nose or mouth injection - intravenous - into bloodstream; intramuscular - into muscle; subcutaneous - just under the skin transdermal - through the skin suppositories - through the vagina or anus
What are the routes to use drugs? How do people get it through for each one?
White crystalline powder
What is a cocaine?
found in commercially sold products such as household cleaners, pesticides, etc.
What is a commercial drug?
substances other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the mind or body through chemical action.
What is a drug?
obtained only with a prescription from a licensed physician
What is a prescription drug?
most are legal substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and so on
What is a recreational drug?
all are psychoactive
What is an illicit (illegal) drug?
no prescription needed and more than 100,000 available
What is an over the counter (OTC) drug?
Designer synthetic drug (labeled "not for human consumption")
What is bath salts?
a condition in which a person is controlled by an addict's addictive behavior • Defined by lack of ability to set boundaries
What is codependence in addiction of drug use? • Defined by lack of ____ to set ____
excessive use
What is drug abuse?
use for purpose not intended
What is drug misuse?
people who knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the consequences of their behavior
What is enablers in drug use?
products of plant origin
What is herbal preparations drug?
intravenous injection of powdered heroin mixed in a solution; the most common route of administration
What is mainlining?
Tolerance: Increased amounts needed to experience the effect
What is tolerance?
Withdrawal: Series of temporary physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a substances tops
What is withdrawal?
determination of addiction
Withdrawal and tolerance are the important criteria for ______
• Caffeine is derived from the chemical family called xanthines, which are found in plant products such as coffee, tea, and chocolate. • Enhances mental alertness and reduces feelings of fatigue. • Side effects include wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild delirium, and heartburn. • Caffeine meets the requirements for addiction: tolerance, psychological dependence, and withdrawal symptoms.
• Caffeine is derived from the chemical family called _______, which are found in plant products such as ______, _____, and ______. • Enhances mental alertness and reduces ______ of ______. • Side effects include ______, _______, ______ ______, ______, ______, indigestion, mild delirium, and _______. • Caffeine meets the requirements for addiction:_______, _____ ______, and ______ ______.
Cocaine: • Derived from the leaves of the SouthAmerican coca shrub • Cocaine rapidly enters bloodstream. • Exposed fetus is likely to suffer damage. • Methods of use vary • Freebase cocaine • Crack • Treatment for cocaine addiction involves mainly psychiatric counseling and 12-step programs.
• Derived from the leaves of the ____ ____ ___ ___ • Cocaine rapidly enters ______. • Exposed fetus is likely to _____ ____. • Methods of use _____ • Freebase _____ • Crack • Treatment for cocaine addiction involves mainly _____ _____ and ___ ____ programs.
Amphetamines • Synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system (CNS) • Some are used for medicinal purposes. • Ritalin and Adderall are used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). • High potential for abuse
• Synthetic agents that stimulate the ____ ____ _____ (CNS) • Some are used for _______ purposes. • Ritalin and Adderall are used for ______. • High potential for _____