BIO 100 Exam 3

Part C - If thymine (T) makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percentage of the bases is guanine (G)?

30%

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

4 haploid cells

Part H - Correct the following: RNA --> protein --> DNA

DNA --> RNA --> protein

What is the main function of the nucleus?

To hold all of the DNA

Part complete The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

metaphase

Why does transcription occur in the nucleus and not in the cytoplasm in eukaryotes?

DNA cannot leave the nucleus.

Part E - Place the following steps of DNA replication in the proper order: DNA fragments are fused together; double helix is pulled apart; new strands of DNA are synthesized.

Double helix is pulled apart, new strands of DNA are synthesized, and DNA fragments are fused together

How does a scientist get the corrected version of a gene into the cells of a gene therapy patient?

It is delivered with a modified virus.

Translation converts the information stored in _______ into _______.

RNA; a protein

Part D - If one polynucleutide strand of DNA has ACTTGACTAGCTA as its sequence of bases, what would be the sequence of bases on the opposite strand?

TGAACTGATCGAT

Where in the mother's body does a developing embryo implant?

Uterus. NOT NOT NOT the cervix like some people said

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

interphase

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their ________.

length

Meiosis is typically accomplished in _____.

three steps. All of the chromosomes are duplicated in a diploid cell, and then there are two cell divisions to produce a total of four haploid gametes.

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a ________. THIS WILL BE ON THERE BECAUSE IT IS A REVIEW FROM LAST EXAM. Know Herpes is A VIRUS.

virus

What is a gene?

All of these and more are part of the expanding definition of a gene.

Sickle-cell disease is caused by a recessive form of hemoglobin. Two parents that do NOT have the disease give birth to a child that does. What are the genotypes of the mother and father for the hemoglobin gene? THIS WILL BE ON TEST

Both parents are heterozygous (meaning they are both carriers)

Which of the following statements is correct regarding chromosomes?

Chromosomes are strands of DNA, tightly wrapped up, that are located in the nucleus.

If it were to be stretched out, the DNA in one of your cells would be taller than you. How does such a large quantity of DNA fit within the nucleus of one of your cells?

DNA is associated with proteins that compact the DNA to form a package called chromatin.

Imagine that eye color in cats is controlled by a single gene and that there are two alleles: black eyes and orange eyes. All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed cat and an orange-eyed cat have black eyes. This means that the allele for black eyes is __________ the allele for orange eyes. THIS WILL BE ON THE TEST

Dominant to

What is the role of transcription factors?

Initiate gene expression

The inheritance pattern for red-green color blindness is different for males compared to females. Red-green color blindness is much more common in males than in females. What does this suggest about the gene for red-green color blindness? WILL DEFINITELY BE ON THERE. HE HAS MENTIONED THIS AT LEAST 2 TIMES IN CLASS.

The gene for this trait is located on the X sex chromosome.

What is different between two alleles of the same gene?

The information they carry. For example, one allele might carry the information for blue eye pigment, while the other carries the information for brown eye pigment.

Fertilization joins _____ to produce a _____.

haploid gametes ... diploid zygote

If a woman with curly hair and a man with straight hair have a child with wavy hair, the gene for this characteristic of hair shows __________. I BET THIS WILL BE ON THERE

incomplete dominance

Duplication of the chromosomes to produce sister chromatids ______

occurs in both mitosis and meiosis

Which of the following mutations is LEAST likely to result in harmful changes to cellular proteins?

Silent mutations

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

The chromosomes must be duplicated.

What process enables several different proteins to be produced from one gene?

RNA splicing

What is the term for the objects inside the white dotted box?

one homologous pair of chromosomes

Part G - You are a biochemist and have been given a test tube containing a small amount of nucleic acid. You have been asked to determine whether it is DNA or RNA. Which of the following would be a characteristic that indicates RNA? [Select all that apply.]

only 2 of the items are checked off

Mitosis occurs in _____; meiosis occurs in _____.

somatic or body cells ... germ cells in the testes or ovaries

Which part of a nucleotide molecule in DNA encodes genetic information? See Section 6.1 (Page) .

the base Correct: Genetic information is encoded in the four-letter alphabet that corresponds to the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

A normal adult has 46 chromosomes per cell. During meiosis, gametes are produced with _____ chromosomes each. After fertilization, a zygote is produced with _____ chromosomes.

23;46

Early analysis by the Innocence project found that around _______ of wrongly convicted individuals were wrongly convicted by hair analysis.

25%

Where does the bond form that binds one strand of DNA to its other strand? Know this will be on test.

Between the bases

Post-Lecture 9 How does cytokinesis occur in a dividing animal cell?

By the formation of a cleavage furrow

Fur color in rabbits is controlled by multiple alleles. What does this mean? I BET THIS WILL BE ON THERE

Fur color in rabbits is controlled by multiple alleles. What does this mean?

Why is DNA analysis more sensitive than microscope hair analysis?

DNA provides more targets that can be distinguished between two individuals.

Which of the following is TRUE concerning benign tumors?

Do not spread to other parts of the body

According to the American Cancer Society, what is the single best lifestyle choice that you can make to reduce your risk of cancer?

Don't smoke tobacco products

Because bacterial chromosomes are circular, human proteins cannot be produced in bacterial cells. See Section 6.13 (Page) .

False

Imagine that a deaf male has a child with a hearing female. You know that the male must have the genotype dd, but the female could be either Dd or DD. If the couple's first child has hearing, can you determine the mother's genotype? (Hint: Draw Punnett squares for the two possible crosses.)

Her genotype cannot be determined.

The human pedigree shown here is for an inherited form of deafness caused by a recessive allele (d). Drag the labels to the pedigree to identify the genotypes of individual family members. If you can't tell with certainty whether an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for the trait, place the label "DD or Dd" in that box.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THIS STUFF IT WILL BE ON TEST

According to the base pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand? DON'T GET DNA AND RNA CONFUSED. Remember RNA does not have the T, it has U.

TCCGAAT

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

Telophase

What is crossing over? KNOW THIS ONE. I HAD TO FOR THE ANSWER

The exchange of pieces of homologous chromosomes

A drug that inhibits DNA ligase but not DNA polymerase is added to a cell. Explain how DNA replication would be affected as a result of the drug.

The new DNA fragments would not be fused together and the backbone of the DNA would be incomplete

PCR is used to copy just a relatively small region of DNA, not the entire genome. How do researchers specifically target the region of interest? See Section 6.16 (Page) .

They use two primers, each about 15 to 20 nucleotides long, that flank the region of interest.

Part J - A series of three nucletodies that specifices an amino acid is a(n) __________.

a codon

Puberty is caused by the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. These hormones are delivered to the ovary in girls and initiate the monthly release of mature egg cells. This is an example of what mechanism of regulation of gene expression? See Section 6.9 (Page) .

a typical signal transduction pathway

Meiosis starts with _____ cells and produces _____ gametes.

diploid...haploid

After DNA replication, __________.

each of the two daughter DNA molecules contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one newly synthesized strand

The _____ separate in meiosis I; the _____ separate in meiosis II.

homologous chromosomes ... sister chromatids

During prophase I of meiosis,

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

Translation begins when a __________ molecule binds to a __________.

mRNA; small ribosomal subunit

Consider the following family pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a recessive disorder. What is the probability of the individuals in the third generation (III) expressing the disorder?

0%

Use the Punnett square from the introduction and the ones you drew for Part A to select the three statements that are true about the inheritance of this form of deafness.

1. If a deaf child is born to hearing parents, both parents must be Dd; and 2. If a deaf man and a hearing woman have a deaf child, the mother's genotype must be Dd; and 3. The child of a deaf man and a DD hearing woman will definitely have hearing.

If the base sequence of template strand reads GCCATTAC, what is the base sequence of the mRNA? So this will have a U in it because it is has RNA in it.

CGGUAAUG

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.

Cytokinesis

Guar are increasingly rare wild oxen found in Asia. How would you clone this animal?

Fusing a guar cell nucleus with an egg cell from a domestic cow that has had its nucleus removed

DNA profiling replaced an older technology for use in identifying suspects in crimes. What technology was commonly used by the FBI's Forensics Labs to identify unique characteristics of individuals prior to DNA profiling?

Microscopic Hair Analysis

Part B - Overall, a molecule of DNA has a negative charge. Which component of DNA gives it this charge?

The phosphate group

When are the chromosomes of a cell duplicated?

before a cell divides Chromosomes replicate before cell division. This ensures that genetic material is appropriately distributed to the daughter cells.

What part of a chromosome goes through transcription and translation?

only genes go through transcription and translation

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

prophase

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

prophase I

As mitosis begins, __________ are linked together at the centromere.

sister chromatids

Cells spend most of their lives in ________.

Interphase

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases that codes for a single protein. Approximately how many nucleotide bases would be required to code for a protein chain that is 100 amino acids long?

300

The c-src gene in animals is turned on during periods of cell growth and division. The Rous sarcoma virus genome contains a mutated form of this gene, v-src, which produces a protein that is always activated. Infections of chickens with this virus cause cancers to develop. What type of gene is c-src?

A proto-oncogene

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding DNA and RNA?

All of these are correct: DNA is double stranded, and RNA is a single strand. One of the bases is different. They each contain a slightly different sugar molecule. They are found in different locations in the cell. All of the above are correct.

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Anaphase

Patterns of trait expression can help you determine the genotypes of individuals in a pedigree. In the following pedigree, the recessive trait of left handedness is being followed. Anyone who is left handed is colored in. What are the genotypes of all the individuals on the pedigree? R = right-handed allele; r = left-handed allele Drag the labels to the diagram. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Correct Many pedigrees are first drawn when the phenotype of family members is known, but before their genotypes are identified. Patterns in the inheritance of a particular trait will often help figure out the genotypes. For example, if someone expresses a recessive trait, you know they have two copies of the recessive allele. Having multiple generations helps too. If a parent shows the dominant version but their child has the homozygous recessive version, you know the parent carried one recessive allele—that is, the parent is a heterozygote. Similarly, if a parent shows the recessive trait, you know they would pass on at least one recessive allele to each of their children.

How is DNA linked to the production of proteins?

DNA holds the instructions for the cells on how to make proteins.

(T/F) Cells that are genetically identical will express the same level of each gene within its genome.

False

All mutagens cause cancer. See Section 6.10 (Page) .

False

Imagine that five hypothetical genes are arranged on a chromosome in the following order: G--H--I--J--K. Which two genes are most likely to have a crossover occur between them? THIS WILL BE ON THERE!

G and K because they are the FARTHEST APART.

Random orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis I results in alternative arrangements that contribute to genetic variation in offspring. This is called __________.

Independent Assortment

In a human, which of the following could be identified by the use of a karyotype?

Klinefelter syndrome, where a male has two X and one Y chromosomes

What is gene regulation?

Mechanisms that turn on and off specific genes to change which proteins are made

Part A Part complete Cells are able to undergo cell division by going through a process known as the cell cycle. The (1) ______ phase is when cells actually split into two different cells, whereas the (2)_____ is where cells grow in size, accumulate materials, and duplicate DNA.

Mitotic phase, then interphase

In the video, the narrator states "hair examined under a microscope at the FBI was often sent for a DNA test." Does the DNA actually come from the hair?

No, the DNA comes from cells attached to the root of the hair sample.

A researcher has identified a mutation in a gene for a protein that is usually 636 amino acids long. The protein product of the mutated gene is only 20 amino acids long. This mutation is probably a __________.

Nonsense mutation

Part A - Which of the following is used to construct a molecule of DNA?

Nucleotides

During transcription of a specific gene, which of the following serves as a template for the formation of RNA?

One strand of DNA

Pre-lecture 8 Drag the organelle labels of Group 1 to the appropriate targets. Then identify the function of each organelle on the target below it.

See Diagram

What process involving cell division results in daughter cells that are NOT identical to the parent cell?

Sexual reproduction Because you get half from mother egg and half from father's sperm. So cannot be identical.

Which of the following mutations is LEAST likely to result in harmful changes to cellular proteins?

Silent mutation

Which of the following mutations is LEAST likely to result in harmful changes to cellular proteins? See Section 6.10 (Page) .

Silent mutation

Like mitosis, meiosis involves duplication of the chromosomes before division starts. However, there are __________ rounds of cell division during meiosis and __________ during mitosis. DON'T CONFUSE MITOSIS WITH MEIOSIS.

Two; one Correct After cell division, mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells. After two rounds of cell division, meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells.

Is a clone genetically identical to its parent(s)?

Yes, a clone is genetically identical to its single parent (the donor of the nucleus).

If it weren't for _____, chromosome number would double with every generation of sexual reproduction.

meiosis

The correct order of events during meiosis is

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

The function(s) of meiosis is/are _____.

reproduction (production of gametes) ONLY

What do you call an organism that has been genetically engineered to contain a gene from a different species?

transgenic