MICROBIOLOGY- Final

Which factors contribute to HAIs?

None of these answers is correct

The cells of plasmodial slime molds can grow to several centimeters in diameter becasue

They distribute nutrients by cytoplasmic streaming

What substance is commonly used in surgical scrubs (before surgery)

Chlorhexidine

What is a negative result for washing with antibacterial agents?

Increased susceptibility to disease

In the malaria parasite life cycle, humans are the ________ host, while mosquitoes are the ________ host as well as the vector.

Intermediate; definitive

Which of the following statements regarding lichens if FALSE?

Lichens are a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a protozoan

Which of the following is the best mode of controlling the spread of West Nile infections?

Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus

Autoclaving is the most effective method of moist heat sterilization.

TRUE

Microbiology - Nosocomial Infections: Overview

- Bacteremia - Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment - These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient - Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

Helminthic diseases are usually transmitted to humans by

gastrointestinal route

During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus?

- An arbovirus is an arthropod-vorne virus - An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission

Microbiology- Nosocomial Infections: Prevention

- Should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker - They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary - They should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker - Single- use - Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction

If mosquitoes are the mode of transmission for West Nile virus, why did the students in Bill's virology class focus on finding the virus in the dead birds rather than collecting mosquitoes to examine?

- The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more liekly that the virus can be isolated from these animals

What features of West Nile virus make it an emerging disease of special concern?

- West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes - West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infections many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America - West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods.

Which concentration of ethanol is the most effective bacteriocidal compound?

70%

Explain the presence of algae can indicate either polution or productivity of a body or water.

Algae are valuable indicators of ecosystem conditions because they respond quickly both in species composition and densities to a wide range of water conditions due to changes in water chemistry.

Which of the following statements about helminths is FALSE?

All are parasites

Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE?

All are unicellular

What are transient bacteria in our microbiota/ microflorae?

Are present for a relatively short time

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Fungal spores are highly resistant to heat and chemical agents.

"Intracellular parasites"

Bacteria NOT ONLY viral structures

You observe a mass of amoeba-like cells that swarm together, form a stalk, and produce spores. This is a(n)

Cellular slime mold

The most conclusive evicence that viruses cause cancers was provided by

Chickens following injection of cell-free filtrates

In mid-December, a woman with insulin-dependent diabetes who had been on prednisone fell and received an abrasion on the dorsal side of her right hand. She was placed on penicillin. By the end of January, the ulcer had not healed, and she was referred to a plastic surgeon. On January 30, a swab of the wound was cultured at 35°C on blood agar. On the same day, a smear was made for Gram staining. The Gram stain showed large (10 µm) cells. Brownish, waxy colonies grew on the blood agar. Slide cultures set up on February 1 and incubated at 25°C showed septate hyphae and single conidia. The most likely cause of the infection is a

Dimorphic fungus

Do you know the difference between "adult" members of a species that function as an intermediate host verses a definitive host?

Direct life cycle is one where a parasite is transmitted directly from one host to the next without an intermediate host or vector of another species. Indirect life cycle is one where a parasite requires one or more intermediate hosts before the definitive host species is reinfected

Why can't a dog get measles?

Dogs do not get measles because their cells lack the correct receptor sites for that virus

What two characteristics lead to how viral species are "grouped"?

Has the same genetic information and ecological niche

Contrast the economic benefits and the harmful effects of fungi.

Helpful fungi may produce products we can use Yeast make our bread rise Fermentation creates beers, wines Fungi are harmful as they cause disease - Rusts, smuts on farm crops and orchards - Athletes foot - Oral thrush

Which methods were effective in destroying prions (strands of protein that can potentially cause disease)?

EXCEPT boiling

What methods can be used to disinfect a source of water?

EXCEPT peracetic acid

The brain tissue of the birds indicated the possibility of encephalitis. What is encephalitis, and why should this type of infection cause concern among health care professionals?

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures

Binomial nomenclature is used to name viruses

FALSE

In helminth life cycles the organism that harbors the adult sexually reproductive phase of the parasite is called the intermediate host

FALSE

Most cases of hookworm infection are acquired by ingestion of adult forms in contaminated food or water.

FALSE

The insect vectors have six legs and include spiders, ticks, mosquitoes, and lice.

FALSE

Do humans serve as an intermediate or definitive host in the organism responsible for Malaria?

Humans are the definitive host and crayfish are the intermediate host

Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?

It cannot be used with heat-liable materials

What type of infections do Focal infections normally develop from?

Local infections

What method of action does autoclaving employ?

Moist Heat Sterlization

Which of the folloing statements regarding fungi is FALSE?

Most fungi are pathogenic for humans

Can we use culture media to grow viral structures?

NO

Do viruses have their own metabolic enzymes?

NO

Which flying arthropod vectors suck human blood in transmitting disease?

NOT houseflies

Which of the following statements regarding protozoa is FALSE?

Nearly all protozoa cause disease

What is symbiotic relationship?

One member benefits

An infectious protein is a

Prioin

Arhtropod vectors are blood- sucking animals such as ticks, lice, and fleas that transmit microbial pathogens

TRUE

All of the following are characteristics of lichens EXCEPT

They are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a protozoan

All of the following are characteristic of algae EXCEPT which one of the following?

They are currently classified as plants

What type of energy from the sun causes irreversible breaks in our DNA?

Ultraviolet Light (UV)

Why has there been a rise in the development of Herd immunity?

Vaccinations

What argument suggests the most significant support fo the idea that viruses are nonliving?

Viruses require a host and can't do any catabolic reactions on their own withou tth ehost

Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease?

West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937

Define Disinfection

any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

Seventeen patients in ten hospitals had cutaneous infections caused by Rhizopus. In all seventeen patients, Elastoplast bandages were placed over sterile gauze pads to cover wounds. Fourteen of the patients had surgical wounds, two had venous line insertion sites, and one had a bite wound. Lesions present when the bandages were removed ranged from vesiculopustular eruptions to ulcerations and skin necrosis requiring debridement. Fungi are more likely than bacteria to contaminate bandages because they

can tolerate low-moisture conditions

Define Antisepsis

chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes

Define Dessication

loss of water from a substance or living organism. This often leads to formation of endospores in several bacterial species, meaning they can be revitalized once water returns.

"Heat labile"

means material susceptible to heat destruction

Lypholization (freeze drying)

means the water in a product is frozen and removed and then placed in an airless container

If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you use to sterilize the nutrient agar?

pressure cooker at 121 degree C for 15 minutes

Define Sterlization

removal of all microorganisms

Define Degerming

removal of microorganism in an area