Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology

an algorithm

A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as

an established way of thinking about or perceiving something

A mental set is

created in the hippocampus

Explicit memories are

believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years

For a person planning to hold a party outside, an example of the predictable-world bias would be

The arm position to throw the ball

If Jess has a type of amnesia that affects the formation of explicit memories but not implicit ones, which of the following will she be most likely to remember?

Seven

Jeanette is curious to see how many numbers she can hold in her mind at once. She asks her friend to test her on lists of random digits to see how many she can remember. Based on what is known about the average limits of short-term memory capacity, what is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember?

the availability heuristic

John went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. John's reasoning can be explained through

Logical-mathematical

Keisha performs well in her geometry course in school, and her classmates often ask her for help with understanding word problems and writing formal proofs. Her friends describe her as very rational and analytical. According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess?

within the middle 68% of people who took the test

Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score was

confirmation bias

Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn't like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick's behavior is best explained by the concept of

Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree

Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal?

She is overregularizing her use of the past tense.

Rodrigo's three-year-old sister says the phrase "We goed to the store" instead of "We went to the store." According to Noam Chomsky, what is the best explanation for her behavior?

memory that can hold only a small amount of information

Short-term memory is best described as

the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules

Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is

an association network

The fact that Lori finds herself thinking about dogs and other pets after seeing a cat is evidence that human memory is organized into

the method of loci

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using

behaviorism

Vandana, a 12-month-old infant, is listening to her father talk to her and suddenly repeats a word that he just said. Her father praises her and gives her a cookie. After she gets the cookie, she repeats the word again. Vandana's behavior can be best explained by using the theory of

The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation?

Automatic processing requires little mental effort.

Which of the following statements about automatic processing or effortful processing is true?

test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice

A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth-grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the psychological construct missing from this intelligence test is

maintenance rehearsal

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using

Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story

An example of a failure of source monitoring is

Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period

An example of divergent thinking is

Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam

An example of state-dependent memory is

Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad

An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is

Creative intelligence

Arthur is helping his friend set up her new phone. Arthur has never used this type of phone, but he uses his knowledge of setting up his own phone to help figure out how to use the new phone. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Arthur is using which type of intelligence?

long-term memories being formed from short-term memories

Consolidation can be described as the process of

Self-reference

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory?

Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water.

Which of the following describes the concept of schema?

Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests.

Which of the following examples is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence?

Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list.

Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect?

A young child's memory of a day at the beach

Which of the following is most likely to be a false memory?

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory?