Bio 100 Exam 3 (quizzes 3&4)

must be obtained from diet, such as meat, eggs, milk, or variety of plant proteins

essential amino acids

needed to make membrane phospholipids

essential fatty acids

Which plant group is the largest with the most number of living species?

flowering plants

What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated?

from inward folding of plasma membrane

How does a plant get the carbon it needs to make glucose?

from the air

your diet provides ___ for ATP production, ___ as raw materials to build your own molecules, & essential nutrients-substances you require but cannot make yourself

fuel; organic molecules

Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission. This process generates

genetically identical bacteria

tissue system that makes up bulk of plant, containing tissues that do not belong to the 2 other tissue systems

ground tissue system

control openings in gas-exchanging pores in dermal tissue system

guard cells

The process of ___ involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus.

transduction

The process of ___ occurs when a bacterium internalized bits of DNA from its environment

transformation

Endosymbiosis is the internalization of one species by a host species. According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis, internalized prokaryotes eventually evolved into eukaryotic organelles. (list steps)

1) Ancestral cell with nucleus and endomembrane system. 2) Oxygen metabolizing bacterium begins to be engulfed by ancestral cell. 3) Oxygen metabolizing bacterium is fully engulfed in the cell. 4) Photosynthetic prokaryote begins to be engulfed by ancestral cell. 5) Photosynthetic prokaryote is fully engulfed, resulting in a eukaryotic cell with organelles. (Ancestral prokaryotic cells evolved into the first eukaryotic cells through an inward folding of the plasma membrane and the engulfment and incorporation of other free-living prokaryotic cells. Those engulfed cells functioned as organelles that metabolize oxygen and photosynthesize.)

. Most bacteria (and many other single celled organisms) reproduce via ___ , the process of dividing a cell in half, yielding two genetically identical offspring cells.

binary fission

By what means do prokaryotes typically divide?

binary fission

Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?

B cells

If a fungicide was applied near a plant, how might it kill the plant?

By killing the fungus associated with the plant's roots

How is diabetes linked with homeostasis?

Diabetes results from the body not responding with a negative feedback to the level of glucose in the blood.

All protists are unicellular organisms (T/F)

F

The vascular tissue of a plant is where gas exchange occurs (T/F)

F (Gas exchange occurs across the surface of the plant; the surface is covered by dermal tissue. The primary function of vascular tissue is transport of water and nutrients.)

Fungicides are used to treat fungal diseases of plants. However, experts have warned gardeners that application of a fungicide can sometimes kill the plant as well as the fungal disease. Propose an explanation for how this might happen.

Fungicides might kill fungi that are part of the plant's mycorrhizae (Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships between a plant's roots and fungi. Plants depend on mycorrhizae to help provide water and nutrients.)

How does a plant's cuticle allow it to live on land?

by preventing water loss

What is a major role that fungi play in ecosystems?

Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain

All plant organs (such as leaves, roots, and stems) contain tissues from all three tissue systems. (T/F)

T

Which of the following infects only plants? a) virus b) capsid c) viroid d) prion

c) viroid

The protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus is called a

capsid

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells?

Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell

Which statement regarding fungal reproduction is true? a) Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually. b) Fungi can only reproduce sexually c) Fungi alternate between sexual and asexual reproductive generations d) Fungi do not produce spores

a) Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

Which statement is true regarding bacteria? a) Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans. b) All bacteria are helpful to humans. c) All bacteria are pathogens, but some harm humans more than others. d) All bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans.

a) Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans

What do the following groups of organisms have in common: methanogens (methaneproducing organisms), halophiles (saltloving organisms), and thermophiles (heatloving organisms)?

all archaea (These are all examples of archaea that can thrive in habitats where no other types of organisms can survive.)

Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2 gas) into ammonium (NH4). Why is this conversion important for life on Earth?

ammonium is a very important plant nutrient

Halophiles are a type of

archaea

A ___ is a virus that specifically infects bacteria

bacteriophage

What is the primary component of fungal cell walls?

chitin (Chitin is a strong, flexible polysaccharide that is used as the structural material for fungal cell walls. Chitin also makes up the hard exoskeleton of insects.)

The process of ____ involves the building of a physical bridge between two bacteria. DNA then moves across this bridge from a donor cell to a recipient cell.

conjugation

What type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?

connective tissue (Connective tissue includes blood, bone, cartilage, adipose, and loose connective tissue.)

Which of the following is a fungus? a) yeast to make bread b) mushrooms c) truffles d) all are fungi

d) all are fungi

Which of the following do not get infected by viruses? a) animals b) bacteria c) plants d) all can

d) all can be infected my viruses

tissue system that forms a layer of outer protection for plant (analogous to human skin)

dermal tissue system

What are the three tissue systems of plants contained in each plant organ, such as leaves?

dermal, ground, & vascular tissue systems

Organs are made up of a collection of ________ to perform a specific function.

different types of tissues

These eukaryotic structures are thought to have been the result of extensive inward folding of the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryotic cell.

endoplasmic reticulum (Prokaryotes do not have an extensive internal membrane system. Scientists believe that the interconnected internal membrane system of eukaryotes including the endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear envelope, and the Golgi apparatus arose through the infolding of the plasma membrane of an ancestral cell.)

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions?

endospore

Which specific cells are infected by the HIV virus?

helper T cells

Where would you find the double stranded HIV DNA in an infected cell?

incorporated directly into host cell's chromosome

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?

inflammatory response (These symptoms are characteristic of the inflammatory response. You can remember the symptoms by thinking of the word "sharp": swelling, heat, redness, and pain. Inflammation does not always involve all of these symptoms.)

What are the four stages of food processing, ordered from beginning to end?

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

If you looked at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells?

lack nucleus

The ___ is a viral life cycle in which the virus inserts its genome into the genome of its host, where it may remain dormant for long periods.

lysogenic cycle

The ___ is a viral life cycle that results in bursting of the host cell.

lytic cycle

Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell?

lytic cycle

ground tissue of leaf, which is primary site of photosynthesis

mesophyll

inorganic molecules called ___ function in various roles, such as an ingredient of hemoglobin

minerals

structure of mushroom

mushroom: above ground structures mycelium: roots hyphae: branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus chitin: fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

Response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called ________ feedback

negative

Viruses that infect bacteria are called

phages

cells that conduct sugars & other nutrients for a tissue called

phloem

________ refers to how a body system functions, and ________ refers to the structure of a body part.

physiology; anatomy

Not all plants have seeds. What advantage do seeds provide a plant?

plants with seeds are not dependent on water for reproduction

A ___ is a small circular molecule of DNA that reproduces independently of the larger bacterial chromosome

plasmid

The misshapen version of a protein that causes properly folded proteins to misfold is the

prion

Identify the primary role of the lymphatic system.

produce & store large numbers of WBC

A ___ is a viral genome that has inserted itself into the genome of its host.

prophage

Food poisoning is often caused by a bacterium called

salmonella

Tissues are made up of ________ that work together to perform a function

similar cells

Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?

small intestine (Food nutrients are primarily absorbed by cells that line the extensive folds in the small intestine.)

small pores in dermal tissue that allow for gas exchange

stomata

Water exits a plant through pores called ___. Surrounding each pore is a pair of cells called___ that regulate the opening of the pore.

stomata; guard cells

Within phloem tissue, glucose and other sugars are always transported from a(n) ___ ,a part of the plant where sugar is stored or produced, to a(n) ___ , a part of the plant where sugar is used.

sugar source; sugar sink

What is a tuber?

sugar storage structure of plant

Why are roots essential for terrestrial plants?

they absorb water & minerals needed for growth

. Xylem sap is moved through a plant's body by the process of ___ , which relies on the evaporation from the leaves to pull water up the body of a plant.

transpiration

How does a transformed bacterial cell obtain new DNA?

uptake of naked DNA from surrounding environment

The ___ system is a series of tubes within the body of plant through which water, minerals, and sugars are transported.

vascular tissue

tissue system that provides long-distance transportation system for plant (analogous to human circulatory system)

vascular tissue system

Although generally not considered to be alive, a ___ is studied alongside other microbes such as bacteria.

virus

organic molecules called ___ are required in very small amounts. ex: ___ is required for production of connective tissue

vitamins; vitamin C

water-conducting cells form a tissue called

xylem

There are two types of vascular tissue within plants. Water and minerals are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant in ___, while sugars are transported from one part of the plant to another in ___.

xylem; phloem