BIO 100 FINAL

Hemophilia is an x linked recessive alle causing a blood disorder. What are the chances that a daughter of a normal man and a woman, who is heterozygous for the disease will have hemophilia?

0%

In humans, hemophilia is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait on the X chromosome. If a normal female (non-hemophilia, not a carrier) has children with a normal male, what is the probability that a female child with hemophilia will appear in the offspring? Explain your answer.

0% Neither the male or female carry the hemophilia gene, so there is no chance of passing it on to their offspring.

How many membranes surround the chloroplast?

2

Tetraploid organisms have four copies of each chromosome instead of the two copies that humans have. How many copies of each chromosome end up in a gamete produced by a tetraploid organism?

2

What molecules are made in glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

Cystic fibrosis is caused by the allele f, which is completely recessive to the normal dominant allele F. Consider a couple with the genotype Ff. What is the chance that their second child will develop cystic fibrosis? 50% 25% 100% 75% It depends on which alleles were inherited by their first child.

25%

A codon is composed of how many nucleotides

3

How many different kinds of gametes can be made by an individual with the genotype AaBb? 16 4 2 8

4

In humans, straight thumbs are caused by the dominant allele T, while individuals who are tt have thumbs that curve backward. Consider a family in which the father has straight and both the mother and their only child have curved. What is the chance that their next child will have curved?

50%

What is a nerve?

A bundle of neurons

What provides a connection between two neurons?

A synapse

What energy molecule is produced during the light reactions and help power the calvin cycle?

ATP

What molecule releases energy to power the transport work across cell membranes? NADP NADPH ATP ADP

ATP

Which molecule powers the chemical work within cells? NAD+ ATP CO2 NADPH

ATP

What is the main function of the electron transport chain?

ATP synthase

Just before entering the small intestine, what is the pH of chyme?

Acidic (low pH)

Which process provides the carbon dioxide you exhale?

Aerobic respiration

Which offspring will receive a harmful allele for a sex link trait from a man who carries the allele?

All of his daughters

Which offspring will receive a harmful allele for a sex linked trait from a man who carries the allele?

All of his daughters

___________ allows for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange

Alveoli

What is the advantage of having grape-like clusters called alveoli as part of the respiratory system? Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange. Alveoli are circular in structure, which is ideal for maximal gas exchange. The grape-like shape of alveoli allows capillaries to be in closer proximity to gases. Because alveoli have thinner walls, gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated.

Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange

What is a heterozygous organism?

An organism with two different alleles of a gene

The main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body

Aorta

Carries blood from the heart to the kidneys

Arteries

Which of the following represents the path that an action potential travels as it moves from one neuron to another? Axon of first neuron to axon of second neuron Axon of first neuron to dendrites, cell body, and axon of second neuron Axon, dendrites, and cell body of first neuron to axon of second neuron

Axon of first neuron to dendrites, cell body, and axon of second neuron

Why is DNA replication semi-constructive?

Because half of the strands in each new DNA molecule are from the original DNA molecule.

Rigid connective tissue composed of branched osteocytes

Bone

How is codominance expressed in an organism? Offspring exhibit several different phenotypic expressions of a single trait. Expression of two different alleles alternates from one generation to the next. Both of the alleles in a heterozygote are expressed phenotypically in an individual. A heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype.

Both of the alleles in a heterozygote are expressed

Consider a strand of DNA with the sequence GAATTCGGCA. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? ACGGCTTAAG AGGCCTAATG CTTAAGCCGT GAATTCGGCA

CTTAAGCCGT

When a recessive allele is associated with a genetic disease in humans, what would heterozygotes be considered?

Carriers

What type of tissues can be transplanted from one person to another to reconstruct damaged joints?

Cartilage

What is the region in the middle of a replicated chromosome that connects sister chromatids?

Centromere

Chemicals that selectively kill dividing cells

Chemotherapy

Which structures lining the tissue surface of the respiratory tract can be damaged by airborne particles?

Cilia

How is codominance expressed?

Codominance occurs when two versions, or "alleles," of the same gene are present in a living thing, and both are expressed.

Which tissue type includes fat and blood?

Connective

What is responsible for voluntary movement?

Conscious thought and striated muscle

Response to large particles in trachea

Coughing

During which process would a cell plate form?

Cytokensis in a plant cell

What protein fibers help form the framework of structural support for cells?

Cytoskeletal elements

Molecule that serves as the template for transcription is_____

DNA

Which molecule is not directly involved in the process of translation?

DNA

Which molecule remains in the nucleus during protein synthesis? tRNA DNA mRNA rRNA

DNA

Which molecule serves as the template during transcription? DNA polymerase mRNA tRNA

DNA

In which group can sex-linked traits be expressed?

Either male or female

Blood clot breaks free and becomes lodged in another vessel

Embolism

Which process brings viruses into a host cell? (viruses are too large to enter a cell by passive transport)

Endocytosis

What risk may result from mixing alcohol with energy drinks? Large amounts of alcohol are digested in the stomach. Less urine will be formed when drinking alcohol. More alcohol will be released through exhalation. Energy drinks may mask the true intoxicating effects of alcohol.

Energy drinks may mask the true intoxicating effects of alcohol.

Which tissue type lines the intestines and helps in the absorption of nutrients?

Epithelial

Tightly packed sheets of cells that cover organs and outer surfaces, as well as line hollow organs, vessels, and body cavities

Epithelial tissue

What process will follow glycolysis, if oxygen is not available?

Fermentation

If necessary, our muscles can rely upon an anaerobic (fermentative) pathway to metabolize glucose, but this can only last a short period of time. Why can't our cells survive very long under such anaerobic conditions? Anaerobic conditions creates a "carbon dioxide debt" that needs to be repaid quickly before the cells die. The ethyl alcohol that builds up in muscles as a result of fermentation is a toxin. Fermentation doesn't extract enough ATP from glucose to sustain our energy-craving cells. Lactic acid causes the cell to die when it's exposed to even lower concentrations.

Fermentation doesn't extract enough ATP from glucose to sustain our energy-craving cells.

Type of connective tissue, forms tendons and ligaments

Fibrous connective tissue

What is the order of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

A person can live a normal life without which digestive system organ?

Gall bladder

Stores and concentrates bile to be released into the small intestine

Gall bladder

What factor typically influence a trait that shows continuous variation?

Genetic and environment factors

Transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs

Hemoglobin

The ability to maintain a consistent internal environment under changing conditions

Homeostasis

What term best describes the interior of a phospholipid bilayer? Hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic

What pattern of inheritance results when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between both homozygotes?

Incomplete dominance

In which phase of the cell cycle are cells most often found?

Interphase

Why is carbon monoxide deadly? It binds to hemoglobin in white blood cells in place of carbon dioxide. It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of carbon dioxide. It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen. It binds to hemoglobin in white blood cells in place of oxygen.

It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen.

Why is carbon monoxide deadly?

It binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen

Why is the cohesion of water important for biological systems? It helps to moderate the temperature of cold-blooded animals. It prevents chemical reactions from occurring in body systems. It helps transport water from the roots to the leaves of a plant. It prevents salts from dissolving inside the plasma membrane.

It helps transport water from the roots to the leaves of a plant.

What happens to an ATP molecule after it has released a phosphate? It is secreted in urine as a waste product of cellular respiration. It becomes AMP and is recycled into proteins. It is converted into lactic acid and transported to the liver for disposal. It is dephosphorylated and becomes ADP.

It is dephosphorylated and becomes ADP.

How does ATP provide energy to the cell?

It loses a phosphate group, releasing energy into the cell

Why is fiber an important part of a healthful human diet? It is easily digested into monosaccharides, which are used for energy. It contains more energy, gram for gram, than any other nutrient. It may decrease the risk of certain types of cancers. It increases the amount of HDL and LDL cholesterol in the body.

It may decrease the risk of certain types of cancers.

What would a drug that caused sodium to leak into a neuron do?

It would trigger an action potential in the neuron

What would a drug that caused sodium to leak into a neuron do? It would cause potassium to move into the neuron as well. It would cause the outside of the neuron to become more positive. It would cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative. It would trigger an action potential in the neuron.

It would trigger an action potential in the neuron.

What is the order of the urinary system?

Kidneys -> ureters -> urinary bladder -> urethra

What is the first step of photosynthesis?

Light reactions

What are genes that are located on the same chromosome and move together to the same gamete?

Linked

Produces bile to help dissolve fats

Liver

Type of connective tissue, connects epithelia to tissues, holds organs in place, and pads skin

Loose connective tissue

When do sister chromatids separate?

Meiosis II and mitosis

Molecule that serves as the template for translation is ______

Messanger RNA

Carry information away from the CNS toward effector tissues

Motor neurons

When a stream of blood squirts backward through a valve

Murmur

Highly specialized tissue capable of contracting, composed of long, thin cylindrical cells

Muscle tissue

Which process creates new alleles to affect genetic diversity in a population?

Mutation

Which molecule is a "metabolic taxicab" that shuttles electrons?

NAD+

Occurs when the product of the process inhibits the process

Negative Feedback (thermoregulation, regulation of blood glucose levels)

What process is responsible for the maintenance of blood glucose levels by the liver?

Negative feedback

Composed of neurons that conduct and transmit electrical impulses

Nervous tissue

What type of mutation produces no significant change in a functional protein?

Neutral mutation

Which monomer units combine to form nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What is the compartment in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is stored as chromatin?

Nucleus

What does homeostasis allow an organism to do? Organisms can obtain energy from food. Organisms can interact with their specific environment. Organisms can maintain a constant internal environment. Organisms can survive without water for long periods of time

Organisms can maintain a constant internal environment.

Structures composed of two or more tissue types working together for a specific function

Organs

In pea plants, the allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant to the allele for white flowers (p). In a cross between a purple-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant, all 73 of the offspring plants had purple flowers. Which cross would provide such results? PP × pp Pp × Pp pp × pp PP × PP

PP × pp

Produces secretions to neutralize stomach acids and enzymes to digest nutrients

Pancreas

What is the contraction of smooth muscles that moves a bolus of food down the esophagus called?

Peristalsis

What molecular structure is used by geneticists to insert foreign DNA into a recipient bacterial cell that will replicate the foreign DNA?

Plasmid

What is the ability of a gene to cause multiple effects on a phenotype?

Pleiotropy

Occurs when the product of the process intensifies the process

Positive Feedback (childbirth)

What activity of the liver makes it act as an accessory organ?

Production of bile

During which part of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

Prophase

What is the relationship between protoncogenes and oncogenes?

Proto-oncogenes may develop into cancer causing oncogenes as a result of mutations

What kind of traits show continuous variation?

Quantitative traits

How does RNA differ from DNA? RNA is single-stranded. RNA takes part in transcription. RNA doesn't contain a sugar. RNA is contained in the nucleus

RNA is single-stranded.

Use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells. Damages DNA of cancer cells to prevent cell division

Radiation therapy

Prevent RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter

Repressors

What side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and sends it to the lungs?

Right side

Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What region of the heart acts as the heart's pacemaker? ventricle sinoatrial (SA) node atrioventricular (AV) node semilunar valve

SA node

Half of the gametes produce by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele while half will receive the a allele. What process produces these results?

Segregation

Carry information toward the CNS

Sensory neurons

What region of the heart acts as the heart's pacemaker?

Sinotrial (SA) node

Which term describes two recently replicated DNA double helices that are joined together just before mitosis?

Sister chromatids

How do smoking and alcohol consumption affect cancer risk? Smoking results in twice the cancer risk of drinking. Smoking or drinking alcohol result in similar cancer risk. Smoking combined with alcohol consumption results in greater cancer risk. Drinking alcohol results in greater cancer risk than smoking.

Smoking combined with alcohol consumption results in greater cancer risk.

Action potential begins when which of the following occurs? Potassium ions diffuse to allow repolarization of the cell. The membrane becomes depolarized. Sodium channels open sequentially. The inside of the neuron becomes more negative relative to the outside.

Sodium channels open sequentially

The main nerve pathway transmitting messages to and from the brain

Spinal cord

What would a person born without an epiglottic not be able to do?

Swallow food without a high risk of choking

Which feature is found in DNA? DNA remains condensed in a short linear form both before and after cell division. The backbone of each strand is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups. Complementary strands are held together by ionic bonds. Adenine (A) forms a base pair with cytosine (C).

The backbone of each strand is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

How would the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes be described? The bilayer is always impermeable to small molecules. The bilayer is differentially permeable. The bilayer is impermeable to all atoms and molecules. The bilayer is always permeable to charged atoms and molecules.

The bilayer is differentially permeable.

What is emulsification?

The breaking up of fat molecules

Which characteristic applies to a normal individual who is a carrier for an X-linked trait such as hemophilia? The carrier is homozygous for the recessive condition. The carrier cannot have daughters who have the allele. The carrier shows the recessive phenotype. The carrier is always female.

The carrier is always female. Submit

What would result if a cell underwent mitosis but not cytokinesis?

The cell could not function with 2 nuclei

What does polarization refer to?

The difference in charge across a membrane

How does drinking larger doses of alcohol have negative physiological effects on the body? Sweating is decreased to reduce dehydration. The kidneys will reduce urine production. The blood pressure increases to remove toxins. The heart muscle relaxes to decrease the heart rate.

The heart muscle relaxes to decrease the heart rate.

In a trait that shows continuous variation, what can we infer if the variance is low?

The majority of individuals will be very close to the mean.

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

What are the largest reservoirs of carbon dioxide and heat on earth?

The oceans

If sports drinks have a higher solute concentration than blood, what condition may result when you drink them?

The solute concentration is higher than blood and may lead to dehydration Submit

Which definition describes heat?

The total amount of energy associated with the movement of molecules in a substance

What information can be inferred about genes that are located on different chromosomes?

These genes are inherited independently of each other.

Why is it important that you take care of your neurons?

They are unable to divide by mitosis

Why is it important that you take care of your neurons? They are unable to divide by mitosis. They only undergo mitosis after the brain has obtained enough sleep. They are very susceptible to mutations of their DNA. They are able to divide rapidly and can be turned into cancer cells.

They are unable to divide by mitosis.

What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation? They unzip double-stranded mRNA. They encode the instructions for protein synthesis. They carry amino acids to the ribosome. They serve as the starting point for RNA polymerase.

They carry amino acids to the ribosome.

What is the purpose of the platelets, an important cell type within human blood?

They help form a clot at the site of a wound.

How do the substances in tobacco smoke increase your risk for stroke and heart attack?

They promote the production of the clotting factor fibrinogen

What description applies to accessory organs? They assist other organs in the circulatory system. They secrete enzymes required for digestion. They don't contain connective tissue. They aren't included in organ systems.

They secrete enzymes required for digestion.

What is the function of glial cells?

They support neurons by supplying nutrients

Blood clot in blood vessel blocks blood flow

Thrombosis

Which chloroplast structure increases the amount of surface area that is available for photosynthesis?

Thylakoid

What process copies a sequence of DNA nucleotides into a complementary sequence of RNA nucleotides?

Transcription

A woman with type AB blood and a man with type O blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?

Type A or Type B

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?

Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, saturated are not

Plant is suffering a drought. Which cell component is most likely being affected and what molecule is being lost?

Vacuole, water

Ensure the one way flow of blood

Valves

Carry depleted oxygen (not always) back to the heart

Veins

In which blood vessels is blood pressure the lowest?

Veins

Which structure is directly associated with synaptic transmission?

Vesicles

_______ and ________ increase the surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption

Villi and microvilli

Which person might have a high basal metabolic rate? a 30-year-old man who is a professional athlete a 65-year-old man who walks three miles daily a 50-year-old woman who exercises twice a week a 70-year-old woman who knits for most of the day

a 30-year-old man who is a professional athlete

Which organ isn't able to be transplanted from a donor to a recipient? a liver a kidney a heart a brain

a brain

What is a nerve? a sensory synapse a chain of neurons a series of impulses a bundle of neurons

a bundle of neurons

What type of metabolic pathway requires oxygen? fermentative photosynthetic aerobic anaerobic

aerobic

Which process provides the carbon dioxide you exhale? anaerobic respiration glycolysis transpiration aerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

What are the different versions of the same gene? alleles sister chromatids diploids homologous chromosomes

alleles

What is the respiratory surface where gas exchange occurs?

alveoli

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. prophase telophase metaphase anaphase interphase

anaphase

In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

anaphase I

Allergic response resulting in muscular constriction of bronchial walls

asthma

What are the smallest units into which an element can be broken down?

atom

GBH gene's are inserted into the __________ in the second step of cloning genes

bacterial plasmid

What function does the gall bladder serve? sugar digestion bile storage and concentration nutrient absorption fat storage

bile storage and concentration

Which connective tissue has a liquid matrix? adipose tissue fibrous connective tissue blood cartilage

blood

Where do blood stem cells originate?

bone marrow

Where do blood stem cells originate? heart bone marrow liver bloodstream

bone marrow

Air enters the lungs through the __________

bronchi

Which macronutrient is the major source of energy for cell processes? fats carbohydrates water proteins

carbohydrates

What element is the basis for all macromolecules?

carbon

What gas do plants release in photorespiration?

carbon dioxide

When a recessive allele is associated with a disease in humans is heterozygous it is considered a _________

carrier

Connective tissue composed of chondrocytes that secrete substances to form matrix and connects muscles with bones, provides flexible support for ears and nose

cartilage

Which cell component is composed of microtubules and helps move chromosomes around during cell division? chromatin nucleolus centriole cytoskeletal element

centriole

The outer covering of the cerebrum. Some of its functions include controlling memory and language.

cerebral cortex

Consists of two hemispheres and is located inside the front of the skull.

cerebrum

3 main components of the cardiovascular system

circulating fluid (blood), pump (heart), vascular system (blood vessels and capillaries)

What pattern of inheritance results in Type AB blood? polygenic inheritance simple dominance codominance Sex-linked recessive inheritance

codominance

How do the concentrations of H and OH compare to each other in an acidic solution?

concentration of H Is higher

In what type of tissue would platelets be found? epithelial tissue nervous tissue muscle tissue connective tissue

connective tissue

What kind of bond is between individual atoms of a single water molecule? polar ionic covalent polar hydrogen

covalent polar

How does crossing over increase genetic diversity?

crossing over creates new combinations of genes in the gametes that are not found in either parent, contributing to genetic diversity.

In what process does the cell plate form?

cytokinesis

Where does translation take place?

cytoplasm

Cellularly, tolerance can be explained by the fact that prolonged use of a drug such as cocaine leads to ________ in the number of receptor proteins present in the postsynaptic neuron. regulation increase decrease no change

decrease

What is one consequence of long-term exposure to carbon monoxide, found in environmental tobacco smoke? diminished brain function in infants and children damage to hemoglobin higher-than-average birth weights of babies born to smoking mothers protection from bronchitis

diminished brain function in infants and children

After DNA replication is completed, _____. there are four double helicesone DNA double helix consists of two old strands and one DNA double helix consists of two new strands each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

Chronic smoking can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, permanently damaging alveoli. What condition results from this process? lung cancer bronchitis emphysema asthma

emphysema

Although viruses are extremely small, they are too large to enter a cell by passive transport. Which process brings viruses into a host cell? exocytosis endocytosis diffusion osmosis

endocytosis

Which tissue type in the human body is often exposed to air? connective nervous epithelial muscle

epithelial

Which statement about respiration is true? Inhalation is a passive process. Exhalation is an active process during intense exercise. During exhalation, the pressure in the lung decreases. During inhalation, the diaphragm relaxes.

exhalation is an active process during intense exercise

What process will follow glycolysis, if oxygen is not available? cellular respiration phosphorylation fermentation the conversion of CO2 into O2

fermentation

A person can live a normal life without which digestive system organ? liver pancreas gall bladder small intestine

gall bladder

What regulates the rate of production of cellular proteins within each cell? frameshift mutations redundancy in the genetic code ambiguity in the genetic code gene expression

gene expression

What is the monomer of polysaccharides ?

glucose

What are the members of a pair of nonsex chromosomes? alleles gametes diploids homologous chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

located below the thalamus of the brain and serves as a control center for sex drive, pleasure, and pain.

hypothalamus

Where do the reactions of cellular respiration occur? in the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane in the nucleolus of the nucleus in the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the matrix of the mitochondria

in the matrix of the mitochondria

An individual has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a disease that leads to deterioration of the myelin sheath that covers some neurons. What is a likely physical symptom of this disease? feeling of euphoria progressive memory loss inability to concentrate in chaotic situations inability to control muscle movements

inability to control muscle movements

Located between sensory and motor neurons

interneurons

What chemical bond holds dry substances together?

ionic

During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases how is the air pressure inside the lungs affected?

it increases

What side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and sends it to the body?

left side

When relaxed, the chest cavity loses or gains volume?

loses

Which organelle in a scavenging white blood cell would break down bacteria that had entered the body?

lysosome

Which molecules serves as a template during translation?

mRNA

What are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities? minerals micronutrients vitamins macronutrients

macronutrients

Which term describes a cancerous tumor? malignant benign oncogenic carcinogenic

malignant

The RNA molecule that carries the sequence of nucleotides needed to determine the order of amino acids in a protein is _______

messenger RNA

During which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell? prophase telophase metaphase anaphase interphase

metaphase

What process is responsible for the maintenance of blood glucose levels by the liver?

negative feedback

What are looped tubules within that kidney that serve as a source of waste processing? They filtrate, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete

nephrons

What are the basic functional units of the nervous system? neurons fibroblasts muscle fibers heart cells

neurons

What cells transmit signals to and from the brain? muscle fibers osteocytes hepatocytes neurons

neurons

What type of mutation produces no significant change in a functional protein? substitution mutation frameshift mutation normal mutation neutral mutation

neutral mutation

Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom? protons and electrons electrons and neutrons neutrons, electrons, and protons neutrons and protons

neutrons and protons

If a double-stranded DNA molecule is like a twisted rope ladder with handrails and steps, what would the steps in the ladder represent? DNA polymerase nitrogenous bases phosphate groups sugar (deoxyribose) molecules

nitrogenous bases

In which eukaryotic cell structure are ribosomes made? lysosome Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum nucleolus

nucleolus

Where does transcription take place?

nucleus

How many alcoholic drinks can generally be metabolized in one hour? one two three four

one

What would result if a cell underwent mitosis but did not complete cytokinesis? two daughter cells with no nucleus two daughter cells with too few chromosomes one cell with one nucleus containing twice the normal number of chromosomes one cell with two nuclei

one cell with two nuclei

The metabolic cycle that produces the most net ATP per glucose molecule

oxidative phosphorylation

During the process of cellular respiration, what is the final acceptor for electrons at the end of the electron transport chain? carbon hydrogen oxygen carbon dioxide

oxygen

Which organ secretes a buffer that neutralizes the acidity of stomach acid? liver pharynx gall bladder pancreas

pancreas

What is a family tree that is used to follow human matings that have already occurred? karyotype pedigree sex-linked record test cross

pedigree

Which cellular component of blood helps in clotting? plasma platelets red blood cells white blood cells

platelets

Which chemical condition describes the electrons in a water molecule being shared unequally between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms? ionic noncovalent polar hydrophobic

polar

Which chemical condition describes the electrons in a water molecules being shared unequally between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms?

polar

What term describes a trait that is controlled by many genes? dihybrid polygenic dominant heritable

polygenic

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____. prometaphase telophase metaphase anaphase interphase

prometaphase

To what does RNA polymerase bind to begin the process of transcription? codon anticodon structural gene promoter

promoter

Chromosomes become visible during _____. prophase telophase metaphase anaphase interphase

prophase

During which meiotic phase does crossing over occur? prophase II of meiosis II prophase I of meiosis I anaphase II of meiosis II anaphase I of meiosis I

prophase I of meiosis I

What is the correct order of events in mitosis? anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase metaphase, prophase, telophase, anaphase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What molecule does a sequence of DNA typically code for? monosaccharide lipid protein nucleotide

protein

What type of molecules, embedded in phospholipid bilayers, transport hydrophilic molecules into or out of the cell? carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids lipids

proteins

What structures form the subunits of ribosomes? tRNA and mRNA mRNA and DNA DNA and proteins rRNA and proteins

rRNA and proteins

Which process creates new alleles to affect genetic diversity in a population? mutation random fertilization independent assortment Segregation

random fertilization

A gene that has been removed from its original genome and combined with another

recombinant

What type of blood carries oxygen from the lungs to body?

red blood cells

What does "hydrophobic" mean?

repelled by water

Act like highly specific molecular scissors to cut DNA during cloning of a gene

restriction enzymes

Which chamber of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the systemic system first?

right atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the systemic system first? right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle

right atrium

Of the general categories of neurons, which carry information to the CNS? interneurons sensory neurons inhibitory neurons motor neurons

sensory neurons

In humans, what ordinarily determines the sex of the offspring? sex chromosome carried by the sperm cell autosomes carried by the egg cell sex chromosome carried by the egg cell autosomes carried by the sperm cell

sex chromosome carried by the sperm cell

3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal (voluntary + striated), cardiac (involuntary + striated), smooth (involuntary + not striated)

What part of the digestive system has the most surface area for the absorption of nutrients? esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

small intestine

What would a person born without an epiglottis not be able to do? digest proteins swallow food without a high risk of choking absorb the products of digestion digest fats

swallow food without a high risk of choking

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____. prometaphase telophase metaphase anaphase interphase

telophase

Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the disintegration of mitotic spindles and the formation of two new nuclear membranes? prophase telophase metaphase anaphase interphase

telophase

What is emulsification? the involuntary movement of a bolus through the alimentary canal the digestion of food inside vacuoles the secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach the breaking up of fat molecules

the breaking up of fat molecules

What is the network of nerves that radiates out from the brain and the spinal cord part of? neurotransmitters the peripheral nervous system the central nervous system interneurons

the central nervous system

Any material that has not been absorbed in the small intestine moves into _________

the large intestine

What is diffusion? the movement of water across a cell membrane one type of active transport the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration the movement of molecules across a membrane, assisted by proteins embedded in the membrane

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

River water piped through dams rushes past turbines in hydroelectric plants to create electricity. Which metabolic process relates to this analogy? the transport of electrons by NADH the passage of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase to make ADP into ATP the release of carbon dioxide during the citric acid cycle the splitting of glucose during glycolysis

the passage of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase to make ADP into ATP

Imagine that a mutation in a DNA molecule results in the codon CCU being changed to CCC. Both of these codons code for proline. What characteristic accounts for the fact that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid?

the redundancy of the genetic code

What is proprioception? the sense of smell the sense of pressure on the body the sense of the position of the body the sense of the body's temperature

the sense of the position of the body

What is the liquid interior of chloroplast?

the stroma

Why are people who have suffered a fatal cardiac arrest more likely to be tissue donors?

their organs may deteriorate due to the lack of oxygen

What is the purpose of the platelets, an important cell type within human blood? They provide glucose to tissues. They help form a clot at the site of a wound. They carry oxygen to body cells. They carry antibodies against infections.

they help form a clot at the cite of a wound

Where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis?

thylakoid membranes

Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in a DNA molecule? guanine thymine uracil cytosine

thymine

What are similar cells that are grouped together and perform a common function called? accessory organs tissues organs organ systems

tissues

What is a function of loose connective tissue? to hold organs in place to store energy-rich reserves of fat to move substances throughout the body to contract when signaled by nerve cells

to hold organs in place

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. two... identical to the other four ... diploid four ... haploid two... diploid two ... haploid

two ... haploid

During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____. four chromosomes and two chromatids two chromosomes and two chromatids two chromosomes and four chromatids one chromosome and two chromatids one chromosome and four chromatids

two chromosomes and four chromatids

Which of the following is a micronutrient? carbohydrate water protein vitamin C

vitamin C

In general, when would the net movement of small, uncharged atoms and molecules through the plasma membrane end? when all of those atoms or molecules are on the same side of the membrane when the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of the membrane when the cell shrinks to the point that it can't function properly when the cell grows so large that it can't hold any more material

when the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of the membrane

What type of blood cell attacks invaders and removes toxins, wastes, and damaged cells?

white blood cells