Bio 100 Final Exam

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What are the broad themes of biology

Evolution, Ecology, Homeostasis, Cell theory, Genetics

Spontaneous reaction where energy is released

Exergonic

A type of glycolysis that produces little ATP without using any oxygen and produces alcohol and lactic acid

Fermentation

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population

Founder effect

What is a peptide bond

'backbone'

What is postzygotic barriers?

(after the zygote) such as developmental errors, problems after birth, low chance of surviving long enough to reproduce

What is prezygotic barriers?

(before the zygote) block fertilization from occurring

What are the four nucleic acids in DNA codes?

1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine

Biology Themes

1. All cellular functions are performed by molecular machines 2. Cellular functions require energy 3. Checks and balances exist for cells to work properly

What are the five conditions that prevent the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium from being met?

1. No mutations 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Extremely large population size 5. No gene flow

If an organism were 2n=14 how many genetically different gametes could be formed?

128

1 Glucose molecule makes how many pyruvate molecules?

2

1 NADH molecule makes how many ATP molecules

3

What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life?

A cell

What is batesian mimicry?

A harmless species mimics a harmful one

What is the structure of a protein

A protein (polypeptide) is a chain of amino acids

What is a gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein molecule

What is biological species

A species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups

A type of glycolysis that uses oxygen, produces the max amount of ATP

Aerobic respiration

What are the three types of glycolysis

Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation

Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Allopatric speciation

What functional group is -N-H-H

Amino Group

A type of glycolysis that uses molecules such as sulfur and produces less ATP

Anaerobic respiration

The conclusion that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity

Aristotles Scala naturae

What are the spatial levels of Biology study

Biosphere, Ecosystems, Community, Population, Organismal, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules, Atoms

What increases a population?

Births, Immigration

A sudden change in the environment, such as flood or fire, may drastically reduce the size of the population can cause the _______ _______. By chance alone certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent all together.

Bottleneck effect

How does a white blood cell engulf a pathogenic bacterium

By phagocytosis

What crosses a lipid bilayer most easily and quickly by simple diffusion? besides H2O

CO2

What functional group is -C=O

Carbonyl Group

What functional group is -C=O-O-H

Carboxyl Group

Who came up with binomial classification

Carolus Linnaeus

Catabolism versus anabolism

Catabolism produces ATP Anabolism uses ATP

The reaction shown below represents... C6H12O6--->Energy+6CO2+6H2O

Cellular respiration

What kind of bond shares electrons

Covalent bonds

What decreases a population?

Death, Emigration

Occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other

Directional Selection

Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Disruptive selection

When does the conversion of glucose to pyruvate occur?

During glycolysis

What is entropy?

Element of randomness

What isomer has almost identical to eachother

Enatromer

Reaction where energy is required

Enderonic

What causes carrying capacity to vary?

Environment

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

Gene flow

Chance events can also cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

Genetic drift

What isomer has some structure, double bond, mirror image

Geometric

The equation below represents.. p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The gene pool of a population that is not evolving can be described by the...

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Are the hydrocarbon tails hydrophobic or hyrophilic

Hydrophilic

What functional group is -O-H

Hydroxyl group

What is the primary pathway, involving both photostems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

Linear Electron flow

What is dehydration reations

Looses molecules when bonding

When do diploid cells become haploid

Meiosis 1

What functional group is -CH3

Methyl Group

What organelle allows you to definitely classify a single-celled organism as either eukaryote or a prokaryote?

Mitochondria

Two venomous snakes that are both banded with red rings is an example of what kind of mimicry?

Mullerian mimicry

When an atom gives up an electron it becomes....

Oxidized

What functional group is -C-O-P=O-OH

Phasphate Group

What makes up the cell membrane

Phospholipids

The reaction shown below represents... 6CO2+6H2O+Light--->C6H12O6+6O2

Photosynthesis

What is aposematic coloration

Poisonous/warning coloration

What are polymers of amino acids called

Polypeptides

A species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in extra sets of chromosomes

Polyploidy

Smallest unit of evolution

Population

When an atom gains an electron it becomes...

Reduced

What is it when the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing offspring and preventing gene flow, having high potential to form new species

Reproductive isolation

Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

Stabilizing selection

Where does the Calvin cycle occur in plants

Stroma of a chloroplast

What isomer has completely different 3 dimensional shape?

Structural

What functional group is -S-H

Sulfhydral Group

Occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area, gene flow is reduced by such factors like polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection

Sympatric speciation

What is ecology?

The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

Where do light reactions occur

Thylakoid membrane

What is mullerian mimicry?

Two unpalatable species mimic each other

Does saturated or unsaturated have a double bond

Unsaturated

What is hydrolysis

bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

What does hydrolysis do

break down macromolecules

What are the four most abundant elements in an organisms?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What is Pinocytosis

cell drinking

What is phagocytosis

cell eating

What kind of bond is it when 2 atoms share electrons

covalent bond

What is homeostasis

internal systems to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of external conditions

What kind of bond steals electrons

ionic bonds

What is a radioactive isotope

nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

Levels of ecological study

organismal, population, community, ecosystems, landscape, global

Sister chromatids are present during which stages of mitosis

prophase, prometaphase

Where does the oxygen that is produced by photosynthesis come from?

the splitting of water molecules

What is energy coupling?

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

What is a chromosome

units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

What will happen if you place a plant stem into a hypotonic solution

water will flow into the cells of the stem and they will become rigid

How is a membrane potential created?

when ions preferentially accumulate on one side of a biological membrane


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