Bio 100 Final Exam
What are the broad themes of biology
Evolution, Ecology, Homeostasis, Cell theory, Genetics
Spontaneous reaction where energy is released
Exergonic
A type of glycolysis that produces little ATP without using any oxygen and produces alcohol and lactic acid
Fermentation
When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population
Founder effect
What is a peptide bond
'backbone'
What is postzygotic barriers?
(after the zygote) such as developmental errors, problems after birth, low chance of surviving long enough to reproduce
What is prezygotic barriers?
(before the zygote) block fertilization from occurring
What are the four nucleic acids in DNA codes?
1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine
Biology Themes
1. All cellular functions are performed by molecular machines 2. Cellular functions require energy 3. Checks and balances exist for cells to work properly
What are the five conditions that prevent the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium from being met?
1. No mutations 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Extremely large population size 5. No gene flow
If an organism were 2n=14 how many genetically different gametes could be formed?
128
1 Glucose molecule makes how many pyruvate molecules?
2
1 NADH molecule makes how many ATP molecules
3
What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life?
A cell
What is batesian mimicry?
A harmless species mimics a harmful one
What is the structure of a protein
A protein (polypeptide) is a chain of amino acids
What is a gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein molecule
What is biological species
A species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups
A type of glycolysis that uses oxygen, produces the max amount of ATP
Aerobic respiration
What are the three types of glycolysis
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
Allopatric speciation
What functional group is -N-H-H
Amino Group
A type of glycolysis that uses molecules such as sulfur and produces less ATP
Anaerobic respiration
The conclusion that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity
Aristotles Scala naturae
What are the spatial levels of Biology study
Biosphere, Ecosystems, Community, Population, Organismal, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules, Atoms
What increases a population?
Births, Immigration
A sudden change in the environment, such as flood or fire, may drastically reduce the size of the population can cause the _______ _______. By chance alone certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent all together.
Bottleneck effect
How does a white blood cell engulf a pathogenic bacterium
By phagocytosis
What crosses a lipid bilayer most easily and quickly by simple diffusion? besides H2O
CO2
What functional group is -C=O
Carbonyl Group
What functional group is -C=O-O-H
Carboxyl Group
Who came up with binomial classification
Carolus Linnaeus
Catabolism versus anabolism
Catabolism produces ATP Anabolism uses ATP
The reaction shown below represents... C6H12O6--->Energy+6CO2+6H2O
Cellular respiration
What kind of bond shares electrons
Covalent bonds
What decreases a population?
Death, Emigration
Occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other
Directional Selection
Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
Disruptive selection
When does the conversion of glucose to pyruvate occur?
During glycolysis
What is entropy?
Element of randomness
What isomer has almost identical to eachother
Enatromer
Reaction where energy is required
Enderonic
What causes carrying capacity to vary?
Environment
The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
Gene flow
Chance events can also cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
Genetic drift
What isomer has some structure, double bond, mirror image
Geometric
The equation below represents.. p^2+2pq+q^2=1
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The gene pool of a population that is not evolving can be described by the...
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Are the hydrocarbon tails hydrophobic or hyrophilic
Hydrophilic
What functional group is -O-H
Hydroxyl group
What is the primary pathway, involving both photostems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
Linear Electron flow
What is dehydration reations
Looses molecules when bonding
When do diploid cells become haploid
Meiosis 1
What functional group is -CH3
Methyl Group
What organelle allows you to definitely classify a single-celled organism as either eukaryote or a prokaryote?
Mitochondria
Two venomous snakes that are both banded with red rings is an example of what kind of mimicry?
Mullerian mimicry
When an atom gives up an electron it becomes....
Oxidized
What functional group is -C-O-P=O-OH
Phasphate Group
What makes up the cell membrane
Phospholipids
The reaction shown below represents... 6CO2+6H2O+Light--->C6H12O6+6O2
Photosynthesis
What is aposematic coloration
Poisonous/warning coloration
What are polymers of amino acids called
Polypeptides
A species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in extra sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy
Smallest unit of evolution
Population
When an atom gains an electron it becomes...
Reduced
What is it when the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing offspring and preventing gene flow, having high potential to form new species
Reproductive isolation
Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants
Stabilizing selection
Where does the Calvin cycle occur in plants
Stroma of a chloroplast
What isomer has completely different 3 dimensional shape?
Structural
What functional group is -S-H
Sulfhydral Group
Occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area, gene flow is reduced by such factors like polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection
Sympatric speciation
What is ecology?
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
Where do light reactions occur
Thylakoid membrane
What is mullerian mimicry?
Two unpalatable species mimic each other
Does saturated or unsaturated have a double bond
Unsaturated
What is hydrolysis
bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule
What does hydrolysis do
break down macromolecules
What are the four most abundant elements in an organisms?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What is Pinocytosis
cell drinking
What is phagocytosis
cell eating
What kind of bond is it when 2 atoms share electrons
covalent bond
What is homeostasis
internal systems to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of external conditions
What kind of bond steals electrons
ionic bonds
What is a radioactive isotope
nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy
Levels of ecological study
organismal, population, community, ecosystems, landscape, global
Sister chromatids are present during which stages of mitosis
prophase, prometaphase
Where does the oxygen that is produced by photosynthesis come from?
the splitting of water molecules
What is energy coupling?
the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.
What is a chromosome
units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
What will happen if you place a plant stem into a hypotonic solution
water will flow into the cells of the stem and they will become rigid
How is a membrane potential created?
when ions preferentially accumulate on one side of a biological membrane
