Bio 100 Test 2

Which of the following mating systems would most likely be monogamous?

The male guards the female closely, and both parents are needed to raise the offspring.

The humoral immune response depends on which cells?

B cells and helper T cells

In which of these scenarios would asexual reproduction be most appropriate?

Constant and predictable habitat

What are the ideal average percent body fat ranges for males and females?

Females, 19-26 and males, 13- 18 percent body fat

After our conscious mind is distracted by some mildly stressful news, we may have lingering feelings that something is not quite right. What hypothesis might logically explain this continued feeling of unease even after the actual stressing agent itself is no longer present?

The endocrine system delivers messages like snail mail. Several seconds elapse before the bloodstream carries a hormone from an endocrine gland to its target tissue. The effects usually outlast those of a neural message.

What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia?

Both her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive hemophilia gene.

Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?

Both progesterone and estrogen are produced by the follicles.

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

Cytoplasm

What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma?

DNA->RNA->Protein

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

Descent with modification

Phenotype

Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his or her ______.

in a certain movie about a clown fish in the Great Barrier Reef off of Australia, a barracuda approaches the nest of the clown fish while the father fish is above the nest in their anemone home. The father sees what is happening! Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to display in this situation?

Distraction

Which of the following are BENEFITS to living in a social group? Choose all that apply.

Division of labor Predator avoidance Best mate choice Cooperative hunting Social interaction and development

in the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU), a single reaction is blocked in a normal metabolic pathway sequence, and the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be converted to the next chemical step. Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid, builds up in the body and high levels affect the nervous system that lead to mental retardation. What would be a logical treatment for this disorder?

Eat less foods high in phenylalanine.

Which of the following gives rise to the skin cells?

Ectoderm

What is the nature of the message that nerve cells conduct?

Electrical

Which component is responsible for initially stimulating a muscle contraction?

Electrochemical signals

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?

Embryonic

Which of the following statements is not true?

Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.

Altruistic behavior improves the fitness of the individual performing the behavior.

False

In females, new eggs are produced continuously throughout the life of the individual.

False

Sexual identity is determined by the sex chromosome make-up of an individual only. True or false?

False

The sensory-somatic nervous system controls bodily functions without conscious control.

False

The theory of evolution provides an explanation for the origin of life on earth.

False

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

Gene flow

Which hormone causes FSH and LH to be released?

GnRH

which of the following does cytosine pair with?

Guanine

Which form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces sexually?

Hermaphroditism

Why are all the eggs in humans X and never Y?

Human females only have X genes to put into their eggs.

What makes it hard to breathe when you have asthma?

Inflammation swelling inside the airways, Bronchoconstriction muscles tighten around the airways, and Excess mucus clogs the airway.

The original DNA template strand sequence is as follows: ACCTTAATAACC. A mutation in the DNA gives origin to the following sequence: ACCTTAAATAACC. What type of mutation is this?

Insertion

Which of the following are characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

It is responsible for the immediate responses when one encounters a dangerous situation. It is also called the "fight-or-flight" response. It increases the heart rate.

Since dietary fiber is indigestible by humans, why is it still important that our diet contains this type of carbohydrate?

It keeps our intestines healthy and protects us against certain types of cancer.

Which of the following is an example of innate behavior?

Jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the surface of the skin?

Low pH

A lek of male Prairie Chickens presents an interesting paradox. The noisy group of males is more likely to attract the attention of a predator than would a lonely male dancing by himself. What is a possible benefit that outweighs this major cost to participating in the lek and making a male Prairie Chicken so obvious to enemies?

Males in leks are more likely to find mates and pass on their genes.

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure?

Mouth

in which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

Mutation and gene flow

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

Natural selection

What tissue type is characterized as being excitable and capable of sending and receiving electrochemical signals that provide the body with information?

Nervous

Which of the following is an example of learned behavior?

Not talking and listening for instructions when your teacher is talking to the class.

Where does transcription take place in human cells?

Nucleus

What region of the brain controls visual information?

Occipital lobe

Positive and negative reinforcement are associated with which of the following?

Operant conditioning

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the contractions during labor?

Oxytocin

Which part of the nervous system directly controls the digestive system?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which organ has the greater surface area for absorption of nutrients?

Small intestine

Breast feeding has an additional effect in many women. The hormones important for producing milk and causing milk to be released in reaction to suckling also inhibit the pituitary gland from releasing the hormones needed for initiating ovulation in the ovaries. What might be a logical adaptive significance of this hormone feedback system?

Successful long term care of the offspring is maximized by not becoming pregnant again too soon.

Which of the following is not involved in the second line of defense?

T lymphocytes

If the sequence of a newly synthesized strand is ATGTACG, what is the sequence of the original parental strand?

TACATGC

In Pavlov's experiment the following was true:

The conditioned response was the dog salivating when he heard a bell ring.

Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is false?

The prostate gland is located in the testes.

Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a pair of alleles in which the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype?

There should be 1 green seed for every 1 yellow seed.

Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?

These genes are inherited independently of each other.

the following are costs of parental investment?

Time Energy Resources Risk Only a few offspring

Which of the following is the main reason (discussed here) that animals live in groups?

To mate.

The movement of one's face to display a given emotion is considered to be universal among most cultures.

True

Which statement about viruses is true?

Viruses require a host cell for reproduction.

Which blood cells help to defend our bodies against disease?

White blood cells

Vaccines contain ______.

a weakened or killed virus

all of the following situations will lead to natural selection?

a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner.

A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the bases _______.

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

The process of gametogenesis _______.

allows fertilization to result in a cell with the correct number of chromosomes for that species

Paleontologists are often described as searching for the "missing link." A missing link is _________ and an example is_______.

an intermediate form between a more recent species and its presumed ancestor, the Parahippus, a horse with three toes

Following a trip during Fall break you acquire tuberculosis, a bacterial disease. After seeing a doctor at the Student Health Center you will most probably be prescribed ______.

antibiotics

The pectoral girdle supports the _______.

arms

PNS nerves are part of either the somatic system or the ________.

autonomic system

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible for lowering your blood sugar after it rises above normal?

b. A homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback.

Why is the seasonal flu vaccine from a previous year not be effective the following year?

because the virus has a high mutation rate of the surface molecules.

Unlike most steroid-based hormones, protein hormones will typically _______.

bind to receptors on the surface of target cells

Human behavior, like other mammalian behavior, is determined ______.

by a mixture of genes and learning

The part of the brain that is responsible for coordination during movement is the _______.

cerebellum

A reproductive mistake is ______.

choosing a mate who will produce young that do not survive

A dog salivating when it hears the sound of a can opener is an example of _______.

classical conditioning

A molecule of hemoglobin ________.

consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme

When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will ________.

constrict blood vessels and work to maintain heat within the core of the body

Neurons contain _______, which can receive signals from other neurons.

dendrites

Organs develop from the germ layers through a process called _______.

differentiation

Nutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by _______.

diffusion through the endometrium

Prokaryotes contain a _________ chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes.

double-stranded circular; double stranded linear

Lizards don't maintain their body temperature with internal heat. Rather, they bask in the sun to get warm. This is an example of _______.

ectothermy

Females tend to be in charge of mating because _______.

females have more to lose if they choose poorly

Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. This is an example of activity from the body's _______.

first line of defense

Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal?

fragmentation

The process of gastrulation forms the _______.

germ layers

If mom's genotype is Bb, her eggs will be ______.

half B and half b

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

homologous structures

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.

homozygous

Some athletes use "blood doping," adding additional red blood cells to the blood, to achieve a competitive edge. The extra red blood cells will _______.

increase O2 delivery to muscles.

During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, air pressure ________ inside the lungs.

increases

Which of these processes occurs in the mouth?

ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion

The now discredited idea about how traits are acquired by individuals through use or disuse could be passed on to their offspring thus leading to evolutionary change in the population is called _______.

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Your chromosomes are located _______ and they are made of ___________ .

inside the nucleus, DNA, and protein

The sacrifice of the life of an individual so that the genes of relatives may be passed on is called________.

kin selection

Undirected movement in response to a stimulus is _______.

kinesis

A fossil of a terrestrial reptile is found in the same sediment layer in western Africa as eastern South America. What is the most likely cause for this observation? The species _____:

lived during a time when these continents were part of Gondwana

The right ventricle sends blood to the _________.

lungs

Homeostasis is an organism's ability to _______.

maintain a constant internal environment

Parents are naturally selected to _______ the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care ________exist when the benefits are substantially greater than the costs.

maximize, will

Our adaptive immune system is different from our innate immune system because it

mounts a highly specific response to a particular pathogen. produces antibodies. has a memory that gives long-term protection from reinfection.

The antagonistic pairs of arm and leg muscles allow ________.

muscles to produce opposing movements

The structure covering the axons that acts as an insulator for the electrical signal to travel down the axon is called _______.

myelin sheath

The order of airflow during inhalation is ________.

nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _______.

nodes of Ranvier

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

If the fossils of present day species are absent in lower layers of sediments and the fossils of ancient species are absent in the upper layers of sediment then this means _______.

older species have gone extinct and new species have evolved

A pre-menopausal woman can become pregnant _______.

only for about four or five days each month around the time of ovulation

The ability of rats to learn how to push a lever to get food is an example of _____.

operant conditioning

The overwhelming acceptance of the theory of evolution by scientists is due to _______.

overwhelming evidence

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.

phenotype

Evolution acts on _______.

populations

The function of the heart valves is to ________.

prevent backflow

The respiratory system _______.

provides body tissues with oxygen

A cell can become more or less sensitive to a particular hormone by increasing or decreasing the number of ______ it has for that hormone.

receptors

Asexual reproduction _________.

results in offspring that are clones of the parent

DNA replicates by which of the following models?

semiconservative

Sperm are produced in the _______.

seminiferous tubules

Unless evolutionary forces are acting on a population the allele frequency of the gene pool will _______.

stay the same

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

steroid hormones

A nucleotide is made of _______.

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

A person without an epiglottis would not be able to _______

swallow food without the possibility of choking

Knees, elbows, and shoulders are examples of

synovial joints

Cells that respond to a particular hormone are referred to as ____________ cells.

target

During replication the DNA helix is maintained, but ________________ .

the individual base pairs are "unzipped" by a specific enzyme

RNA

the polymer of nucleotides

An explanatory statement based on scientific facts, confirmed hypotheses, and natural laws is call a(n)

theory

Among other bones, the axial skeleton includes the _______.

thoracic cage and vertebral column

The endocrine system functions by ________.

transporting messages in the circulatory system that are eventually received by target cells

The wings of a penguin are examples of _______.

vestigial structures

In mammals, the layer covering the egg is called the _______.

zona pellucida

Which female organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby?

Uterus

Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father.

Why do your chromosomes come in pairs?

Males have which of the following sex chromosomes?

XY

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is _______?

an organism with an artificially altered genome

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.

axon

The honey bee waggle dance is an example of...

b. Altruistic behavior c. Signaling

An animal that is viviparous reproduced by _______.

giving birth to free-living young

An animal that is oviparous reproduces by _________.

producing internally fertilized eggs that develop externally

Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______.

segregation

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

skeletal muscle only

The peripheral nervous system is________.

the connection between the central nervous system and the rest of the body

There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA.

Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are double-ringed purines, and cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are smaller, single-ringed pyrimidines.

Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false?

Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated.

What type of tissue is adipose tissue?

Connective

What is DNA proofreading?

Correction of DNA mutations.

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels

Which of the following techniques allows for DNA fragments to be separated by size?

Gel electrophoresis

How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize?

He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand.

Which is NOT a property of the trophoblast?

It will go on to form the embryo.

Which blood cells help the blood to clot?

Platelets

Which of the following is a type of innate behavior?

Taxis

Which of the following describes natural selection in a population of mammals?

The species varies in the length of their legs; water levels rise and the habitat becomes swampy; the individuals with shorter legs are better able to swim to food; the population evolves to become shorter-legged

A small area of the temporal lobe of our cerebral cortex is dedicated to learning faces and recognizing small changes in facial muscles that enable humans to "read" how other humans are feeling. What might be the most logical evolutionary argument for this adaptation?

This adaptation is essential to accommodate the increasingly interdependent and often subtle social interactions of humans.

What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?

a plasmid

Antibiotics work well when used to treat a ______ infection.

bacterial

All the cellular components of blood are produced by stem cells in the ______.

bone marrow

During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is _______.

contracting

When people from varying cultural backgrounds display different cultural rules of emotion, this is an example of _______.

cultural display rule

One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of _______.

genetic drift and founder effect

Which of the following situations would be beneficial for living alone? Choose all that apply.

-You are a large predatory cat that lives in the branches of small trees, space is cramped -You are a small reptile prone to getting parasites that are highly contagious

What is the probability of having four girls in a row?

1/16

What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring (assuming independent assortment)? AABb x AaBb->AAbb

1/8

Compared to human cells, there are about _______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.

10-100 times as many

When a population has a gene with two alleles circulating, how many possible genotypes are there?

3

How long would the peptide be that is translated from this mRNA sequence: 5'-AUGGGCUACCGA-3'?

4 amino acids

Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non template strand): 5'-ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3'

5'-AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA-3'

you have flipped a standard quarter 10 times and had four head and six tails come up. With that experience, what will be the chances of you getting a heads on the next flip?

50%

Hemophilia has an X-linked recessive pattern. It is carried on the "X" chromosome. It is only expressed phenotypically as homozygous recessive in women but men that inherit the affected chromosome will suffer from the disorder. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia, and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected with hemophilia?

50% of the boy children

What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

AB, Ab, aB, ab

A strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of TAGCTAC will have a complementary strand with the sequence __________.

ATCGATG

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot.

In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All male offspring have white eyes.

In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All offspring have red eyes.

alleles

Alternate forms of a gene are called _______.

What is the advantage of having grape-like clusters called alveoli as part of the respiratory system?

Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange.

External fertilization occurs in which type of environment?

Aquatic

Which of the following characteristics is typical of individuals with Types 1 Diabetes?

Are unable to produce insulin.

How do arteries differ from veins?

Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart.