Bio 100 Unit 2

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Chrloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy, site of photosynthesis

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis, present in every type of cell

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. The "workbench" where proteins are assembled

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, the more complex type of cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Protein

A macromolecule made of various amino acids

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Amino acids

A protein is made up of a chain of

Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

They are not found in plant cells

All of the following are true about mitochondria except

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes that digest waste within the cell

All cells

Cell membranes are found in

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates, large fluid filled sack only found in plant cells

deoxyribonucleic acid, nucleotides

DNA is a type of molecule called a ____, and its smaller parts are called _____

Sugar and phosphate

DNA's backbone is made up of

4,600,000,000 years old

Earth is estimated to be around

DNA stores the information needed to synthesize proteins.

How are DNA and proteins related?

Amino acids vary in their chemical side chains, and interactions among side chains affect the protein folding that determines protein shape and function.

How do properties of amino acids affect the function of proteins?

3-4 billion years old

How old are the oldest known fossils?

Protein

In your body, what kind of molecule acts as an enzyme, helps to transport other molecules, and gives structural support in many cells?

proteins

Most tasks in a cell are carried out by

Chitin

Organic molecule found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects and crustaceans) and cell walls of fungi, and is hydrophobic

Stoma

Pores that allows water and gases to pass into and out of the leaves

Prokaryotic DNA is contained in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic DNA is contained in the nucleus.

Prokaryotic DNA is contained in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic DNA is contained in the nucleus. How does the DNA of prokaryotic cells differ from the DNA of eukaryotic cells?

Store information

Proteins do all of the following tasks EXCEPT

All cells

Ribosomes are found in

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration, provides energy for the cell

Function of DNA

Stores chemically coded, heritable information in an organism

how eukaryotic cells might have evolved mitochondria and chloroplasts within their cells

The "endosymbiotic hypothesis" is a concept that explains

Nucleus

The defining organelle of a eukaryotic cell is the

Cambrian explosion

The first diverse animal world appeared during the

Green algae

The first multicellular eukaryotic organisms to use the oxygen on Earth were

Plants

The first organisms on land were

Oxygen

This gas began to accumulate between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago.

Interactions among the side chains of amino acids, interactions among the core structures of amino acids, and interactions between amino side chains and water

What chemical interactions determine how a protein folds? Select the THREE answers that are correct.

Both the sequence of amino acids and the 3D shape of the folded protein

What determines a protein's function?

Mitochondria

What type of organelle is unique to eukaryotes?

DNA

Where is the information for building proteins encoded?

The interactions of a gene that lie next to a protein gene

Which of these does NOT play a role in determining the three-dimensional shape of a protein?

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins, 20 different types


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