Bio 100 Unit 2
Chrloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy, site of photosynthesis
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, present in every type of cell
Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. The "workbench" where proteins are assembled
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, the more complex type of cell
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Protein
A macromolecule made of various amino acids
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Amino acids
A protein is made up of a chain of
Plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
They are not found in plant cells
All of the following are true about mitochondria except
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes that digest waste within the cell
All cells
Cell membranes are found in
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates, large fluid filled sack only found in plant cells
deoxyribonucleic acid, nucleotides
DNA is a type of molecule called a ____, and its smaller parts are called _____
Sugar and phosphate
DNA's backbone is made up of
4,600,000,000 years old
Earth is estimated to be around
DNA stores the information needed to synthesize proteins.
How are DNA and proteins related?
Amino acids vary in their chemical side chains, and interactions among side chains affect the protein folding that determines protein shape and function.
How do properties of amino acids affect the function of proteins?
3-4 billion years old
How old are the oldest known fossils?
Protein
In your body, what kind of molecule acts as an enzyme, helps to transport other molecules, and gives structural support in many cells?
proteins
Most tasks in a cell are carried out by
Chitin
Organic molecule found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects and crustaceans) and cell walls of fungi, and is hydrophobic
Stoma
Pores that allows water and gases to pass into and out of the leaves
Prokaryotic DNA is contained in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic DNA is contained in the nucleus.
Prokaryotic DNA is contained in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic DNA is contained in the nucleus. How does the DNA of prokaryotic cells differ from the DNA of eukaryotic cells?
Store information
Proteins do all of the following tasks EXCEPT
All cells
Ribosomes are found in
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration, provides energy for the cell
Function of DNA
Stores chemically coded, heritable information in an organism
how eukaryotic cells might have evolved mitochondria and chloroplasts within their cells
The "endosymbiotic hypothesis" is a concept that explains
Nucleus
The defining organelle of a eukaryotic cell is the
Cambrian explosion
The first diverse animal world appeared during the
Green algae
The first multicellular eukaryotic organisms to use the oxygen on Earth were
Plants
The first organisms on land were
Oxygen
This gas began to accumulate between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago.
Interactions among the side chains of amino acids, interactions among the core structures of amino acids, and interactions between amino side chains and water
What chemical interactions determine how a protein folds? Select the THREE answers that are correct.
Both the sequence of amino acids and the 3D shape of the folded protein
What determines a protein's function?
Mitochondria
What type of organelle is unique to eukaryotes?
DNA
Where is the information for building proteins encoded?
The interactions of a gene that lie next to a protein gene
Which of these does NOT play a role in determining the three-dimensional shape of a protein?
Amino acids
building blocks of proteins, 20 different types