BIO 101 Chapter 14

What mechanisms cause new species to form?

Allopatric Speciation. Sympatric Speciation

What is Sympatric Speciation common in ?

Common in plants.

What is the drawback of Phylogeny?

Convergent Evolution

What is Behavioral Isolation?

Courtship or Mating Behaviors

What is Temporal Isolation?

Different Breeding Times/Seasons

When was the most recent Mass Extinction?

During the cretaceous period many organisms became extinct, including all dinosaurs.

How is Geologic Time Scale estimated?

Estimated by C14, dating a radioactive isotope of C12.

Macroevolution

Evolution on a grand scale

Ideas on Mass extinctions?

Extinctions could be a combination of many factors. During geologic time, there were 6 periods of mass extinctions

What is Gametic Isolation?

Gametes (Egg and Sperm) are incompatible

What is biogeography?

Geographic Distribution of animals and fossils.

How long ago was Pangea?

250 million years ago

How long is half of C14?

5600 years

What is Allopatric Speciation?

Geological Barrier that divides a population, leaving each group to follow its own evolutionary path.

180 million years ago, what was the Southern land mass called?

Gondwana

What is Phylogeny?

Grouping organisms based on Evolutionary History.

What is classification?

Grouping species into broader taxonomic catergories

What are Biological Species?

Groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Molecular Biology's effect on Classifcation

Has changed the science of classification.

Example of Binomial Nomenclature

Homo sapiens

What is Hybrid inviability?

Hybrid Offspring die before reaching sexual maturity.

How does Continental Drift occur?

Occurs because land (crust) sits on a liquid layer of magma (mantle) Circulation of the mantle causes the plates to move These plates movements change world geography.

What is Mechanical Isolation?

Sex Organs are mechanically incompatible

How did 25% of plant species possibly form ?

Sympatric Speciation

Evidence of Continental Drift?

The San Andreas Fault separates the Pacific Plate from the North American plate.

What is Taxonomy?

The identification, naming, and classification of species.

What is Continental Drift?

The movement of land masses.

What does Macroevolution cover?

The origins of new taxonomic groups, mass extinctions, adaptive radiation, and evolutionary trends evident in the fossil record

When does Allopatric Speciation occur?

Will occur if environmental conditions are different, and populations are separated for long periods.

How to properly use Binomial Nomenclature?

first name = Genus second name = Species

What is Post-Zygotic Isolation Mechanisms?

If mating occurs these barriers keep species separate.

What is Sympatric Speciation?

Isolation is due to accidents during cell division, resulting in polyploid offspring.

In Mass Extinctions, what is the Meteor Theory

Large Meteor Impacted the Earth

180 million years ago, what was the Northern land mass called?

Laurasia

In Mass Extinctions, what is the Volcano theory?

Massive Volcanic Activity caused changes in global climate

How are Organisms grouped in Phylogeny?

Organisms are grouped together based on similar characteristics or homologous structures

What is Convergent Evolution?

Organisms evolving under similar environments will evolve similar characeristics

What is Habitat Isolation?

Populations live in different habitats and do not meet

What are the two types of isolating mechanisms?

Pre-Zygotic Isolating Mechanisms. Post-Zygotic Isolation Mechanisms.

What is Paleontology?

The study of ancient life forms usually from fossilized remains.

What is Systematics?

The study of past and present biological diversity

What is Pangea?

The world as a single land mass?

If Hybrids live, what is their problem?

They are sterile, they cannot mate successfully.

What is the Geologic Time Scale based on?

Transitions of the fossil reord

What is Molecular Biology?

Using new genetic techniques that can help determine how closely related organisms are by similar DNA, regardless of their appearance.

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

Using two names to identify a particular orgnaism