BIO 101 Chapter 14
What mechanisms cause new species to form?
Allopatric Speciation. Sympatric Speciation
What is Sympatric Speciation common in ?
Common in plants.
What is the drawback of Phylogeny?
Convergent Evolution
What is Behavioral Isolation?
Courtship or Mating Behaviors
What is Temporal Isolation?
Different Breeding Times/Seasons
When was the most recent Mass Extinction?
During the cretaceous period many organisms became extinct, including all dinosaurs.
How is Geologic Time Scale estimated?
Estimated by C14, dating a radioactive isotope of C12.
Macroevolution
Evolution on a grand scale
Ideas on Mass extinctions?
Extinctions could be a combination of many factors. During geologic time, there were 6 periods of mass extinctions
What is Gametic Isolation?
Gametes (Egg and Sperm) are incompatible
What is biogeography?
Geographic Distribution of animals and fossils.
How long ago was Pangea?
250 million years ago
How long is half of C14?
5600 years
What is Allopatric Speciation?
Geological Barrier that divides a population, leaving each group to follow its own evolutionary path.
180 million years ago, what was the Southern land mass called?
Gondwana
What is Phylogeny?
Grouping organisms based on Evolutionary History.
What is classification?
Grouping species into broader taxonomic catergories
What are Biological Species?
Groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
Molecular Biology's effect on Classifcation
Has changed the science of classification.
Example of Binomial Nomenclature
Homo sapiens
What is Hybrid inviability?
Hybrid Offspring die before reaching sexual maturity.
How does Continental Drift occur?
Occurs because land (crust) sits on a liquid layer of magma (mantle) Circulation of the mantle causes the plates to move These plates movements change world geography.
What is Mechanical Isolation?
Sex Organs are mechanically incompatible
How did 25% of plant species possibly form ?
Sympatric Speciation
Evidence of Continental Drift?
The San Andreas Fault separates the Pacific Plate from the North American plate.
What is Taxonomy?
The identification, naming, and classification of species.
What is Continental Drift?
The movement of land masses.
What does Macroevolution cover?
The origins of new taxonomic groups, mass extinctions, adaptive radiation, and evolutionary trends evident in the fossil record
When does Allopatric Speciation occur?
Will occur if environmental conditions are different, and populations are separated for long periods.
How to properly use Binomial Nomenclature?
first name = Genus second name = Species
What is Post-Zygotic Isolation Mechanisms?
If mating occurs these barriers keep species separate.
What is Sympatric Speciation?
Isolation is due to accidents during cell division, resulting in polyploid offspring.
In Mass Extinctions, what is the Meteor Theory
Large Meteor Impacted the Earth
180 million years ago, what was the Northern land mass called?
Laurasia
In Mass Extinctions, what is the Volcano theory?
Massive Volcanic Activity caused changes in global climate
How are Organisms grouped in Phylogeny?
Organisms are grouped together based on similar characteristics or homologous structures
What is Convergent Evolution?
Organisms evolving under similar environments will evolve similar characeristics
What is Habitat Isolation?
Populations live in different habitats and do not meet
What are the two types of isolating mechanisms?
Pre-Zygotic Isolating Mechanisms. Post-Zygotic Isolation Mechanisms.
What is Paleontology?
The study of ancient life forms usually from fossilized remains.
What is Systematics?
The study of past and present biological diversity
What is Pangea?
The world as a single land mass?
If Hybrids live, what is their problem?
They are sterile, they cannot mate successfully.
What is the Geologic Time Scale based on?
Transitions of the fossil reord
What is Molecular Biology?
Using new genetic techniques that can help determine how closely related organisms are by similar DNA, regardless of their appearance.
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
Using two names to identify a particular orgnaism