BIO 101 Chapters 9&10

Prokaryotes are classified into _________ domain(s).

2

The oldest prokaryotic fossils have been dated:

3.5 billion years ago.

Which of the following is an example of a female mating with a male only after submitting him to a courtship ritual?

A female bower bird will mate with a male only after inspecting the small thatched structure he has built for her.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Adaptive radiation is a special case of divergent evolution.

Which of the following is NOT a topic in animal behavior?

All of the above are topics in animal behavior.

What is the ultimate explanation for modern human preference for fatty foods?

Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation.

The taxonomic rank that includes species but not families is:

genus.

The morphological species concept:

groups species based on similar phenotype.

Because it is possible for a female to mate with multiple males, any of whom could be the father, male mammals and birds will always:

have some degree of paternity uncertainty.

When a male fish defends his nest:

he increases the percentage of eggs in the nest that he will fertilize.

All mammals have hair because they inherited that trait from a common ancestor. Features that are inherited from a common ancestor are called:

homologous features.

The current mass extinction is believed to be primarily caused by:

human actions.

Which of the following best illustrates an instinctive behavior in cats?

hunting and killing

Assume that you carry an allele, R, that causes you to help individuals to whom you are not related. This help increases their fitness and decreases yours. The frequency of allele R may still increase in the population:

if individuals you help are likely to return the favor and help you at some point in the future.

Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the follow is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group?

increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism

Behaviors that do not require environmental input for their development are called:

instincts.

A phylogenetic tree:

is a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.

Most apparent acts of altruism in the animal kingdom have proved, on closer inspection, to be not truly altruistic. Instead, they have evolved as a consequence of either _____________________ or _____________________.

kin selection; reciprocal altruism

A comparison of the graphs in the figure shows that:

males maximize reproductive success by mating with as many females as possible.

An optimal strategy for an animal in procuring food would involve all of the following EXCEPT:

maximizing the size of each prey item.

Which of the following molecules was NOT present in the pre-biotic environment?

molecular oxygen (O2)

Of the approximately 10,000 species of birds, ______________________ appear to be monogamous.

more than 90%

In a polygynous mating system:

multiple females tend to mate with the same male.

In amphibians, it is generally the case that:

neither the female nor the male invest much energy in the care of offspring.

At the time life first appeared on earth, the atmosphere contained large amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and:

nitrogen.

In a random study of 1,000 wills, it was shown that ___________________ received the smallest share of a deceased's estate.

non-relatives

In the graph in the figure, the x axis represents _________________ and the y axis represents _________________.

number of mates; number of offspring

Which of the following gases was the least abundant in the earth's atmosphere 3.5 billion years ago?

oxygen

The evolutionary history of groups of organisms is known as:

phylogeny.

Applying what you know about punctuated equilibrium versus gradualism, which method of speciation is most likely to lead to punctuated equilibrium?

polyploidy

Behaviors that are learned easily and by all (or nearly all) individuals in a species are called:

prepared learning.

Mate guarding is a reproductive tactic that functions to:

reduce paternity uncertainty.

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

reproductive investment.

According to the biological species concept, species are natural populations of organisms that have the potential to interbreed and that are ____________ isolated from other such populations.

reproductively

Kin selection is defined as:

selection for a behavior that lowers an individual's own chances of survival or reproduction, but raises those of a relative.

When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called:

sexual dimorphism.

Researchers have found that mixtures of phospholipids placed in water or salt solutions tend to spontaneously form:

small spherical units that resemble living cells.

The dots along the trunk of this evolutionary tree figure represent both common ancestors and:

speciation events.

A population of organisms that breaks away and becomes different from the original population through isolation and separate evolution might eventually become a separate:

species.

When one vervet monkey grooms another, the monkey being groomed has its fitness improved because:

the groomer is removing parasites.

Biologist W.D. Hamilton stated that the more closely related two individuals are:

the more likely they are to act altruistically towards each other.

The more asymmetric the parental investment is between the sexes:

the more radical we expect the sexual dimorphism, both physically and behaviorally.

An animal will preferentially feed on:

the prey that provides the most energy relative to effort.

If two alleles exist at the same gene locus in a population, one for a selfish behavior and one for a selfless behavior, regardless of the initial frequencies, over time:

the selfish behavior allele will increase its percentage in the population to near fixation.

Scientists disagree about how many species are currently on earth for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

there is controversy over whether natural selection is the only mode of speciation.

In polygynous mating systems:

there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females.

When individuals of any species find themselves in an environment that differs from the environment to which they are evolutionarily adapted, we observe that:

they engage in behaviors better fit to the environment the species evolved in than the environment the individual organisms find themselves in.

The arrow in the figure represents:

time.

Sequencing DNA from different organisms has been a breakthrough for phylogenetics because:

we now have a method to determine the relatedness of organisms that leave no fossils.

Before exposure to the fear of snakes, a captive monkey:

will reach over a plastic snake for food.

Vampire bats:

will sometimes regurgitate blood into the mouth of an unrelated individual that is close to starving.

______________________ is an action or signal on the part of one organism that alters the behavior of another organism.

Communication

Which of the following is NOT a prezygotic barrier to interbreeding between different species?

Hybrids between the two species are infertile.

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from female?

Males produce motile gametes.

Which of the following has/have had strong effects on the evolution of mating systems in animals?

Only a) and b) have had strong effects on the evolution of mating systems in animals.

Why is this goose in the figure rolling a beer can back to her nest?

She's exhibiting a fixed action pattern that directs her to retrieve any item that even vaguely resembles an egg.

_________________ produces new species and _________________ takes them away.

Speciation; extinction

When scientists displace an adult female Belding's ground squirrel to a new group for an experiment, she still risks her life alarm-calling although she is not saving any of her kin. Why does this behavior still persist now that it is harmful to her fitness?

The ground squirrel is acting on instinct and still calls because she possesses no instincts suited to this evolutionarily novel situation.

Usually the female is more discriminating than the male when it comes to mating. However, in bush crickets, the opposite is the case. Why is this?

The male contributes a massive amount of energy to the female during mating—his ejaculate makes up about one-fourth of his body weight.

When a goose spots an egg outside of its nest, the goose gets out of the nest and rolls the egg back. Once started, a goose continues the egg-retrieval movement all the way back to the nest, even if the egg is taken away during the process. This is called:

a fixed action pattern.

Which of the following pairs of structures most likely represents homology?

a lion's paw and a chimp's hand

Horses and donkeys can breed and produce sterile offspring known as mules. Horses and donkeys remain separate species because of this hybrid sterility, which is:

a postzygotic barrier to reproduction.

From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can be viewed best as:

a trait that can satisfy the three conditions required for evolution by natural selection.

Archaea and bacteria diverged:

about 3 billion years ago.

The method of speciation that has led to the production of wheat, bananas, potatoes, and coffee is called:

allopolyploidy.

The Belding's ground squirrel giving off an alarm signal in the figure would most commonly be:

an older female in the colony in which she was born.

Which of the following groups would be placed nearest the fungi in a phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences?

animals

Among Natterjack toads in northern Europe, males produce booming calls to attract females. Females desire large males and the size of the male determines the volume of the call. Why is the Natterjack's call considered an "honest signal"?

because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male

In black widow spider mating, the male ___________________________ and the female ___________________________.

breaks off his sexual organ inside the female; kills and eats the male

Interacting systems of molecules enclosed in compartments called __________ evolved 3.8 billion years ago in living organisms.

cells

Homo sapiens is the name of a species. Homo is the name of a genus. Hominidae is the name of a family. Primate is the name of an order. Mammal is the name of a:

class.

Gestational diabetes is thought to be the consequence of:

conflict between the mother and the fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given.

The biological species concept:

defines a species as any group of actually or potentially interbreeding species that produce viable offspring.

The adaptive radiation of the insects was most probably triggered by:

evolutionary innovations.

In birds, after fertilization but prior to emergence of the chicks, the development of the fertilized egg is:

external.

Altruistic behavior in animals may be a result of kin selection, a theory maintaining that:

genes are more likely to persist within a population when they cause behaviors that assist other animals who share those genes.

Female Belding's ground squirrels have evolved to follow a simple rule that translates into:

"if I am an older female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me."

The idea of "punctuated equilibrium" suggests that species will show little to no evolutionary change throughout their history. When evolution does occur, according to this idea, it happens sporadically and relatively quickly compared to the species' full duration on earth. This idea of evolution in spurts challenges which of the components of Darwin's theory of evolution?

Both a) and b) are correct.

In Belding's ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about fixed action patterns?

Fixed action patterns are an example of prepared learning.