BIO 101: Exam 3

41. Which of the following best describes the green-house effect?

D. Less heat is radiated from the atmosphere

15. Should the two forms of moths be considered seperate species?

D. No

3. When nonrandom mating occurs in a population so that individuals prefer to mate with similar individuals, allele frequencies should

A. Remain the same, but the homozygotes will be overrepresented in the population

36. A polymorphic beetle comes back, brown and yellow morphs. Birds prey on them. Due to differences in survivorship, the fitness of different color morphs differs (as below)

A. 0.7/0.95

21. Which process led to the formation of the species pairs of Pacific and Caribbean snapping shrimp divided by the Isthmus of Panama?

A. Allopatric speciation by vicariance

25. Which of the following statements explain why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy?

A. Animals self-fertilize less often than plants, so diploid gametes are less likely to fuse

19. A newly discovered plant in the rain forest has no xylem, no phloem, no seeds, and no flowers.

A. Bryophyte

29. How is deforestation, worldwide, linked to climate change?

A. Burning the forests release carbon dioxide and transpiration by trees is diminished.

27. Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of?

A. Convergent evolution

40. What combination of characteristics do all animals share?

A. Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic

38. With regard to understanding the evolution of cooperation, the principal prediction that can be made from the expression Br > C is that

A. Natural selection will favor cooperation among close relatives

22. Which of the following could be vicariance event?

A. The level of water in a lake recedes, creating two lakes where there used to be one

12. Two frog populations belonging to the same species live in two neighboring lakes and sing slightly different courtship songs.Increased irrigation makes the land between the two lakes wetter, allowing frogs to expand their ranges to the area between the lakes (migration is possible now). Females in both populations prefer loud frogs to quieter frogs but do not distinguish between the two slightly different songs. Assuming that courtship song differences have a genetic basis, predict what will likely happen to the songs of the two frog population?

A. The song will become similar to each other.

24. Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of _____

A. polyploidy

6. The 6th Mass extinction (in Holocene Period) started

B. 50 thousand years ago when many mega mammals roam different continents.

37. The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by

B. Evolution

10. In all 3 species of phalarope, a taxon of wading shorebirds, the majority of parental care is provided by the male, not the female. Based on the logic of sexual selection, what would you expect to see in phalaropes?

B. Females are more brightly colored than the males

23. Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation?

B. Gene flow

42. Passenger Pigeon got extinct largely because of

B. Habitat destruction

11. In a small population of alpine foxes, you observe increased ear length over a 10-year period. Can you conclude that increase in ear-length is advantageous in this population?

B. No

35. Sexual reproduction

B. can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of population in a changing enviornment

31. Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?

C. 3.5 billion years

20. Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

C. Behavioral isolation

39. The current extinction rate of vertebrates is 100-1000 times the historical background. This is primarily due to

C. Habitat destruction

34. Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammales shared a common ancestor that was a terrestrial vertebrate. Today, penguins and seals have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describe the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals?

C. Homology; homoplasy

32. How do mass extinctions differ from background extinctions?

C. Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions.

28. Ichthyosaurs, now extinct, were aquatic reptiles with dorsal fins, and tails, similar to those of fish. Their most recent ancestors were terrestrial reptiles that neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are ____

C. adaptations to a common environment and examples of convergent evolution

4. Small iguanas can sprint faster than large iguanas. If predators, for example cats preferentially catch and eat slower iguanas are introduced to the island, iguana body size is likely to _________ (in the absence of other factors): the iguanas would then be under ______ selection

C. decrease: directional

7. Three- spined stickleback fish show substantial heritable variation in gill raker length related to differences in their diets. Longer gill rakers appear to function better for capturing open-water prey, while shorter gill rakers function better for capturing shallow-water prey. Which of the following types of selection is most likely to be found in a large lake with a high density of these fish?

C. disruptive selection

17. Rocky Mountain juniper and one -seeded juniper have overlapping ranges. Pollen grains from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes to bring sperm nuclei to the female ovules of the other species. These two juniper species are kept separate by

C. gametic isolation

26. Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be ____

D. 28

2. Evolution in a population of island iguanas can be caused by the following agents

D. All of the above

13. Natural Selection...

D. Can favor beneficial mutations.

8. Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution by natural selection as it is viewed today?

D. Evolution by natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes.

14. Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations in not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance in intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees.

D. Habitat isolation

16. Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

D. Habitat isolation

33. A 2004 study in the journal Nature concluded:"Many plant and animal species are unlikely to survive climate change. New analysis suggest that 15-37% of a sample of 1,103 land plants and animals would eventually become extinct as a result of climate change expected by 2050. For some of these species there will no longer be anywhere suitable to live". What is the best explanation for this conclusion?

D. Temperatures will change faster than plants can adapt

30. Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?

D. a common squirrel

18. Which of the following are negative biological consequences of climate change? I. changes in geographic ranges II. changes in phenology III. Extinctions

E. I, II, and III

1. An organelle that probs evolved from an independent organism that moved inside and began to live within a eukaryotic cell is a

a. Mitochondrion

9. Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?

c. stabilizing selection