Bio 102 Exam 3

Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is accurate? The pine tree is a gametophyte. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

How are bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves. The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. Plants in both groups have vascular tissue.

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

What is an accurate statement about the genus Sphagnum? It is an economically important liverwort. It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas. It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel. It represents a large repository of CO2 that is likely to be released with global warming.

It represents a large repository of CO2 that is likely to be released with global warming.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about plant reproduction? Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia. Embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental stage. Eggs and sperm of most land plants swim toward one another. Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous? Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis. Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants. It has multiple sporangia. It has vascular tissue.

Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____. Mesozoic Precambrian Cenozoic Carboniferous Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? Plantae Charophycea Pterophyta Bryophyta

Plantae

Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate? Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important. Zygotes in plants are more likely to germinate quickly after release from the parent plant than are zygotes released from algal organisms. Zygotes in plants are more independent of parental tissue than are algal zygotes. Protection of the zygote from competitors for light was more important in air than in water.

Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important.

Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? They have exposed ovules. They are pollinated by animals. They have flagellated sperm. They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals.

They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals.

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____. allows it to be nourished by the parent plant evolved concurrently with pollen protects the zygote from herbivores helps in dispersal of the zygote

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? pollen integuments ovules dependent gametophytes alternation of generations

alternation of generations

Which of the following environmental factors probably helped early plants to successfully colonize land? relatively few competitors for light a decreased availability of CO2 an increased availability of symbiotic partners air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support

an increased availability of symbiotic partners

Human survival literally depends on the produce of gnetophytes gymnosperms cycads ginkgoes angiosperms

angiosperms

All seed plants _____. exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation are heterosporous produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte are nonvascular produce flowers

are heterosporous

Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) ________. can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants are more similar to ancestral red algae than are vascular plants

are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants

Spores and seeds have basically the same function dispersal but are vastly different because spores ________. have a protective outer covering; seeds do not have stored nutrition; seeds do not have an embryo; seeds do not are unicellular; seeds are not

are unicellular; seeds are not

Seedless plants include _____. bryophytes and gymnosperms mosses and angiosperms only nonvascular plants bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails only lycophytes and pterophytes

bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. embryo sac, ovary, carpel, ovule, egg carpel, embryo sac, ovule, ovary, egg carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg embryo sac, carpel, egg, ovary, ovule

carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____. psilophytes charophytes rhodophytes bacillariophytes chrysophytes

charophytes

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? roots and shoots pollen chloroplasts embryo development within gametangia vascular tissue

chloroplasts

The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________. using wind as a dispersal agent relying on animals for pollination providing nutrition for animals containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? ovules that are not contained within ovaries free-living gametophytes carpels that contain microsporangia double internal fertilization

double internal fertilization

Which of the following problems will likely increase if the human population continues to increase? decrease in global temperature reduction in plant and animal diversity increase in disease-causing organisms reduction in available medicines

eduction in plant and animal diversity

In pine, the embryo develops within the __________ female gametophyte microsporophyll male gametophyte macrogametophyte pollen cone

female gametophyte (from the cone->megaspores (gametophyte)->embryo)

In gymnosperms, megaspores develop into __________. ovulate cones pollen grains female sporophytes female gametophytes male gametophytes

female gametophytes

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules? male sporophyte female gametophyte male gametophyte female sporophyte

female sporophyte

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____. moss sporophyte fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia fern sporophyte moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia

fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs? ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes lycophytes and bryophytes charophytes (stoneworts), bryophytes, and gymnosperms horsetails and bryophytes

ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. a vascular system seeds a life cycle that involves alternation of generations a sporophyte phase flowers

flowers

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are _____. ferns, horsetails, lycophytes, and club mosses gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos hornworts, liverworts, and mosses elms, maples, and aspens

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines green algae liverworts and mosses

green algae

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ________. looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees had non-vascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock been covered with tall forests in swamps that would become today's coal been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained cyanobacteria and protists

had non-vascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? haploid gametes haploid spores haploid sporophytes diploid spores diploid gametes

haploid spores

Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits. Select the exception. reduced gametophytes homospory pollen seeds

homospory

The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following to occur? decreased height, improved competition for water, and decreased spore dispersal distances decreased height, improved competition for light, and decreased spore dispersal distances increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances increased height, improved competition for water, and increased spore dispersal distances

increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____. inhibit herbivory favor pollination foster seed dispersal decrease competition

inhibit herbivory

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose does not contain vascular tissue is surrounded by a cuticle contains chloroplasts

is surrounded by a cuticle

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. lack true leaves and roots produce spores do not produce flowers have flagellated sperm have cones but no seeds

lack true leaves and roots

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? lignified vascular tissue the waxy cuticle leaves rhizoids sporophylls

lignified vascular tissue

Microphylls are found in which plant group? liverworts ferns lycophytes hornworts mosses

lycophytes

Archegonia _____. may contain sporophyte embryos make asexual reproductive structures are the sites where male gametes are produced have the same function as sporangia

may contain sporophyte embryos

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following developmental sequences is correct, assuming fertilization occurs? megaspore, sporophyte embryo, female gametophyte, egg cell megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo sporophyte embryo, megaspore, egg cell, female gametophyte sporophyte embryo, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell

megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo

With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? microspore-n sperm-n egg-n megaspore-2n zygote-2n

megaspore-2n (should be n)

Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____. capable of photosynthesis found on flowers female reproductive parts modified leaves

modified leaves

Apical meristems ________. occur only in shoots of plants allow plants to move from one place to another occur in both roots and shoots of plants occur only in roots of plants

occur in both roots and shoots of plants\

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except ovules. vascular tissue. seeds. ovaries. pollen.

ovaries

Which of the following directly produces the fruit of angiosperms? pollen tube ovary male gametophyte female gametophyte

ovary

Which of the following most directly produces the integument of a pine seed? pollen cone female gametophyte ovulate cone male gametophyte

ovulate cone (female sporophyte)

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? stamens anthers carpels ovaries petals

petals

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____. production of microspores versus megaspores presence or absence of alternation of generations presence or absence of vascular structures dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants ________. have large gametophytes produce two kinds of spores have vascular tissue can photosynthesize

produce two kinds of spores

The advantages of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants include ________. protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from its own photosynthesis, and protection from drying out protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from the sporophyte, and protection from drying out protection of the spores from ultraviolet radiation and drying out, and gain of nutrients from the sporophyte development of the seed

protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from the sporophyte, and protection from drying out

Grades, as opposed to clades, ________. are almost always monophyletic show relatedness among living organisms represent groups with similar traits indicate degrees of evolutionary relatedness

represent groups with similar traits

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? some red algae some cyanobacteria some unicellular green algae some charophytes

some charophytes

Moss sporophytes are typically green when young, but turn brown when ready to release their spores. This observation would lead you to think that the ________. gametophyte cannot photosynthesize sporophyte photosynthesizes at all agesit just uses different wavelengths for photosynthesis at different ages sporophyte photosynthesizes when young and contributes energy for spore production cuticle rubs off of older sporophytes and exposes the color that is underneath

sporophyte photosynthesizes when young and contributes energy for spore production

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? sporangium sporophyll sporopollenin stigma

sporopollenin

Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution? the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle the trend toward larger gametophytes the trend toward smaller size

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves loss of structures that produce spores waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? in the style of a flower packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen inside the tip of a pollen tube enclosed in the stigma of a flower within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower