BIO 103 Ch. 24-26

A chain of round bacteria would be called:

streptococci

Malaria is caused by an ____________________, which is carries to a host by a _____________.

apicomplexan; mosquito

___________ make up the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems.

Phytoplankton and algae

How do euglenoids reproduce?

asexually/binary fission

Bacteria may reproduce by:

binary fission

In freshwater ciliates, special organelles called _______________ control water regulation

contractile vacuole

The commercially important unicellular protists that are used in filters, polishes, and other industrial processes are the:

diatoms

Heterokonts are characterized by having?

a single posterior flagellum in flagellate cells

What causes Mad Cow Disease?

prions

Symbiotic association in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected is called:

Commensalism

A virus that infects a bacterium is called a ____________.

bacteriophage

The protein coat of a virus is called the

capsid

In ciliates macronuclei control ______________________.

cellular function and divide when ciliates reproduce asexually by mitosis

Name the group that contains the organism Trypanosoma, which causes African sleeping sickness.

discicristata

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it?

germinates

Backpackers' diarrhea, a common infection among campers and hikers, particularly in the mountains of the western United States, is caused by ___________.

giaradi

Ancestors of ___________ represent an intermediate state in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion had not occurred

giardia

Brown algae lack true roots, but have similar structures, called ____________, that anchor them to the substrate.

holdfasts

How do viral proteins damage host cells?

may enter the permeability of the plasma membrane or may inhibit synthesis of host's nucleic acids or proteins

Most protists are found in what type of environment?

moist or wet environments

Pseudopodia are used by Amoeba for ingesting food as well as:

movement

Mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by a?

prion

Members of alveolates are characterized by the presence of?

trichocysts or flattened vesicles

Members of phylum __________ typically move with one or more flagella.

zoomastigina

When a cell reproduces by developing a bulge that enlarges and separates from the mother cell, it is reproducing by:

budding

How does Penicillin work:

kills bacteria by inhibiting the proteins which cross-link peptidoglycans in the cell wall

How do human viruses enter human cells?

some can fuse with the membrane or protein synthesis is similar to host cell's normal process

How do retroviruses differ from other RNA viruses?

they have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase that transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate

________ are dormant structures formed by bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions.

Endospores

Symbiotic association in which one partner lives on or in another is called:

Endosymbiosis

What is a virulent (lytic) phage?

a virus that takes over a host cell and unlimitedly destroys it

In Paramecium, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hair like ____________.

cilia

The __________________ are zooflagellates that are very primitive and may give biologists clues as to the evolutionary relationships between the prokaryotes and the protists.

diplomonads

Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by _______________________.

having a higher concentration on the outside of the cell

A ____ consists of a short segment of a nucleic acid with a protein coat:

virus

Members of this group have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics, making classification difficult.

Euglena

What am I? My mitochondria have disc-shaped cristae, and I am often used as indicators of organic pollution such as sewage in a lake or stream.

Euglenoids

The 5 stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, __________, assembly, and release.

Replication and synthesis

Name the three shapes of bacteria.

Round (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus), spiral (spirochete)

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of a ___________________________.

capsule/slime layer

Individuals in this group often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates.

dinoflagellates

Green algae is thought to have given rise to which kingdom?

plantae

Within Bacteria, small circles of DNA called ______________ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome.

plasmids

Gram-positive bacteria would stain __________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of __________ in their cell walls.

purple; peptidoglycan

The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to _____ sites on the host cell.

receptor

Members of this group are typically multicellular and have phycoerythrin and phycocyanin as their accessory photosynthetic pigments.

rhodophyta

What is a temperate bacteriophages:

they do not immediately destroy their hosts and alternate between a lytic and lysogenic cycle

The symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as mollusks, jellyfish, and corals, are called _______________.

zooxanthellae

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of ?

a very short, circular, single strand of naked RNA

Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell by _______________.

infected seeds or pollen

_______________ conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics.

lysogenic