BIO 104 Final Exam Study Guide

What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1,000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?

+50

Approximately what proportion of the radiant energy entering an ecosystem is used in photosynthesis?

1

FIgure 34-2 In the accompanying figure, the palisade mesophyll is labeled with the number:

1

Figure 35-2 In the accompanying figure, the cell layer that contains xylem is labeled as:

1

Figure 36-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. During the development of secondary vascular tissues, which of the following structures is replaced by periderm?

1

Figure 56-2 Which of the lakes in the accompanying figure may experience turnover?

1 and 3

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. In which regions does atrial natriuretic peptide act?

1 and 9

What is the approximate maximum thickness of an animal that allows oxygen to diffuse quickly enough through the layers of cells to support life?

1 mm

Figure 47-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The crown of the tooth is made up of the parts labeled

1, 2, and 3 only.

Most axons transmit impulses at approximately which of the following rates?

1-10 m/s

Figure 50-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. On which day of a 28-day menstrual cycle would you predict that estrogen levels would peak?

12

Figure 40-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which region of the skin is composed mainly of collagen fibers?

15

Figure 41-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure integrates incoming signals?

2

Figure 51-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. The allantois is identified by number

2

Figure 51-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure can be transferred to a different location in the embryo and still cause differentiation of surrounding tissues?

2

Figure 56-2 Which of the lakes in the accompanying figure may have a thermocline?

2

Figure 46-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Place Figures 1-4 in the correct order to represent the two-cycle breathing process of birds.

2 → 3 → 1 → 4

What is the correct order for the following events that follow a nerve impulse along a sympathetic neuron to innervate the heart?

2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 5

Figure 56-1 Based on the accompanying figure, what is the annual precipitation and temperature range for a temperate rain forest?

200−300 cm/yr precipitation and 10−20 °C

Figure 35-2 In the accompanying figure, the structure responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support is labeled as:

3

Figure 36-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The endodermis is the structure labeled as:

3

Figure 37-1 In the accompanying figure, the structure that protects the flower as a bud is labeled as _____.

3

Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

3

Figure 51-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. The chorion is identified by number

3

Figure 35-3 What is the age of the twig in the accompanying figure?

3 years

Arrange the events of a second messenger system in the correct order.

3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 6 → 4

Arrange the events of a second messenger system in the correct order. 1) Protein kinase is activated. 2) G protein is activated. 3) The neurotransmitter binds to its receptor. 4) The protein closes the potassium channel. 5) Cyclic AMP is produced. 6) Phosphorylation takes place.

3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 6 → 4

Arrange the following events in the correct sequence. 1) Thyroid gland secretes less hormone 2) Homeostasis 3) High concentration of thyroid hormones 4) Anterior pituitary secretes less TSH

3 → 4 → 1 → 2

Endosperm tissue is

3n

Figure 37-3 In the accompanying figure, the part of the embryo that contains most of the food used by the embryonic plant during germination is labeled with the number

4

Figure 43-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which label designates a bipolar cell?

4

Figure 46-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of these lungs would have the greatest surface area?

4

Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

4

Figure 40-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. An action potential spreads and triggers Ca2+ release through the structure labeled as

5

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of solutes with nutritional value occurs at the point labeled as

5

Figure 50-1 The spermatids are the cells in the accompanying figure labeled as

5

What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction? 1) Muscle shortens 2) Calcium binds to troponin 3) Filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) Acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split

5 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 3 → 1

What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction? 1) Muscle shortens 2) Calcium binds to troponin 3) Filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) Acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split Group of answer choices

5 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 3 → 1

Which of the following is the normal tidal volume in an adult human?

500 mL

Given that the percent nitrogen gas in the air at sea level is 78%, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen gas?

593 mm Hg

Figure 35-3 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as ____ will form branches.

6

Figure 50-3 Which structure in the accompanying figure is responsible for the production of hormones?

6

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of water occurs at the point(s) labeled as

6 and 10.

Based on the temperature range and precipitation, which area in the accompanying figure is dominated by pine trees?

7

Figure 44-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure would carry blood to the systemic (body) circulation?

7

Figure 50-3 Which structure in the accompanying figure is a common site of cancer that can usually be detected by a Pap smear?

7

Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Insulin-like growth factor would be included with which of the following pairs?

7, 8

Figure 28-1 Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?

8

Figure 51-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure gives rise to the spinal cord?

8

Figure 53-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point are there few environmental limits on the population?

A

How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?

A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a predator-prey relationship?

A deer eating grass

Acclimatization is the process by which animals adjust to seasonal changes. Which example is least characteristic of acclimatization?

A lizard basking in the sun

Which of the following is an example of an omnivore?

A pig

Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool?

A population

Four of the five statements listed below apply to the types of ecological pyramids. Which one is TRUE?

A pyramid of energy shows that energy decreases as one goes toward the apex of the pyramid.

After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?

A seed

Which of the following is a neuropeptide?

ADH

In Alzheimer's disease, neurons that secrete which neurotransmitter are particularly affected?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following statements about soil pH is true?

Acidic soil can be found in the pygmy forest in California

Which of the following is true of hemichordates?

Acorn worms are well-known example in this group.

Which of the following would not be found in loose connective tissue?

Actin fibers

Figure 41-2 The accompanying figure represents a sequence of events occurring in the neuronal membrane (designated by the numbers 1 and 2). The letter "I" indicates an ion. What event is mostly likely being portrayed in this figure?

Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels

Which of the following is a characteristic of desert plants?

Adaptations that conserve water

You would like to develop an herbicide that is structurally most similar to cytokinin. Which of the following molecules would you use as starting material?

Adenine

An immunization against cow pox should protect an individual:

Against other antigens with the same antigenic determinants

Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?

Algae

During conscious, quiet rest, the brain emits:

Alpha rhythm patterns

Figure 34-1 Which of the following is a leaf arrangement in which two leaves grow at each node?

Alternate

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.

Amanita

Which of the following could be an example of a limiting resource?

Amount of precipitation

Which limbic structure filters incoming sensory information and interprets it in the context of emotional needs and survival?

Amygdala

Which statement best describes the relationship between an antibody and an antigen?

An antibody is specifically produced in response to an antigen.

What environment is characterized by high nutrient inputs and by relatively great fluctuations in salinity and temperature?

An estuary

Which structure connects to the scrotum?

An inguinal canal

Which statement best describes a typical food chain?

An owl has a positive impact on the grass population.

Which of the following applies to the deepest zone of a large lake?

Anaerobic conditions

Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?

Animals cannot respond to stimuli

What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?

Antheridium

A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum?

Anthocerophyta

Which of the following substances may protect leaves against damage by ultraviolet radiation after abscission?

Anthocyanins

Which of the following immune system components has been identified in almost all organisms studied?

Antimicrobial peptides

Figure 31-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 6?

Anus

Growth that results in an increase in stem or root length occurs in which specific area of the plant?

Apical meristem

Tracheids and vessel elements both undergo which of the following?

Apoptosis

Gametophyes also produce female gametangia known as:

Archegonia

Gametophytes also produce female gametangia known as:

Archegonia

Plant roots absorb nitrate or ammonia and incorporate these compounds into plant proteins via the process of

Assimilation

Which of the following is a hormone that increases sodium excretion, which results in production of a large volume of dilute urine, thereby reducing blood pressure?

Atrial natriuretic peptide

The ____ realm has long been separated from other land masses and is the area in which marsupials are particularly common.

Australian

In which type of regulation do hormones act on the cells that produce it?

Autocrine signaling

Naphthalene acetic acid is a synthetic ____ that stimulates root development on stem cuttings and is used extensively in asexual propagation.

Auxin

You expose a plant to a light that shines on the right side of a plant. Which statement best explains why the plant grows toward the light?

Auxin moves from the lighted side to the shaded side where it stimulates growth.

Looking for which of the following is useful for determining whether a plant has simple or compound leaves?

Axillary buds

Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?

Baking

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

Basidiocarps

The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?

Basidiomycetes

A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:

Batesian mimicry.

In the blood, most (60%) of the carbon dioxide moves through plasma as which of the following substances?

Bicarbonate

Which of the following contributes to an erythrocyte's efficiency in distributing oxygen?

Biconcave shape

______ is an index of the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem.

Biological diversity

Which statement about biomass is FALSE?

Biomass reduction from one trophic level to the next is approximately 50%.

Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?

Black bread mold

An example of a long-day plant is

Black-eyed Susan

Cell division of the blastula is restricted to which of the following?

Blastodisc

Which of the following consists of a hollow ball of cells?

Blastula

Which organism would be found exclusively in the benthic environment?

Bloodworms

Which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area?

Brazil

Embryonic shoots located at the tips of stems are covered by ____.

Bud scales

Modified leaves that protect meristematic tissue at the tips of woody plants are known as:

Bud scales

Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point do the environmental limits begin to slow the growth rate?

C

Figure 44-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which cell type or types are primarily responsible for the release of histamine in injured tissues and in allergic responses?

C only

Specialized chemoreceptors in the medulla, walls of the aorta, and the walls of the carotid arteries are sensitive to SMALL changes in the arterial concentration of which of the following substances?

CO2

What event triggers the release of neurotransmitters?

Calcium induces the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.

Climates characteristic of the Mediterranean region are also common in:

California.

In a signal transduction pathway involving calcium as a second messenger, what binds the calcium to the effector?

Calmodulin

Thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:

Candida

Photosynthesis reduces the leaf's internal concentration of:

Carbon Dioxide

Between 1990 and 2010, which greenhouse gas increased the most to the warming effect of the planet?

Carbon dioxide

Which pairing accurately describes one specific type of muscle tissue?

Cardiac muscle tissue—involuntary contraction

Which statement about connective tissue is true?

Cartilage is elastic in nature.

Salamanders are members of the order:

Caudata

After embryonic development, members of the phylum Rotifera are incapable of:

Cell division

Which of the following is characteristic to most protostomes?

Cell division tends to be via spiral cleavage.

The plant ground tissue system consists of three tissues that can be distinguished by which of the following?

Cell wall structures

Which of the following polymers accounts for about 40% to 60% of the dry weight of plant cell walls?

Cellulose

Which event is associated with leaf abscission?

Chlorophyll breaks down

Which list correctly orders soil particles in increasing diameter?

Clay, silt, sand

Which of the following were important plants millions of years ago, when species that are now extinct often reached great size?

Club mosses

What is perhaps the most common of the dispersal patterns seen in nature?

Clumped dispersion

Which group can reproduce asexually?

Cnidarians

Which of the following groups of vertebrae is located farthest from the head?

Coccygeal

Which of the following is an example of a seed dispersed by water?

Coconut

Figure 37-2 The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely the result of

Coevolution

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding a community in the natural world?

Communities refer to ecological categories that vary greatly in size and have precise boundaries.

The plant vascular system performs which of the following functions?

Conducts water, dissolved minerals, and food

Recent studies of gene function as it relates to reproductive development suggest that angiosperms evolved most directly from:

Conifers

The transport of sucrose from companion cells into sieve tube elements depends upon ______.

Cotransport

Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?

Crustaceans

Which of the following reduces water loss from plant epidermal cell exterior walls?

Cuticle

Which phylum's very few surviving species are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?

Cycadophyta

Which hormone promotes cell division and delays senescence in plants?

Cytokinin

Figure 53-2 On the accompanying figure, identify the point that indicates the carrying capacity for this population.

D

Hypoxia is defined as which of the following?

Deficiency of oxygen

Which of the following present antigens to T cells, stimulating them to produce interferons, which have an antitumor effect?

Dendritic cells

Which statement about Earth's biomes is FALSE?

Deserts have less rainfall due to their distance from the ocean.

The difficulty encountered by many species in reaching and colonizing an isolated geographic location is known as which of the following?

Distance effect

Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:

Do not have nipples

The primary reason that Earth experiences seasons is because of the

Earth's tilt on its axis.

Which organism exhibits radial cleavage?

Echinoderms

A biological community and its abiotic environment together comprise which of the following?

Ecosystem

A transitional zone where two or more communities meet is known as which of the following?

Ecotone

Which statement best represents the difference between ectotherms and endotherms?

Ectotherms animals outnumbered endotherms

Which issue is least likely to have been the result of human impact on the nitrogen cycle?

El Niño-Southern Oscillation events

In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is the:

Endosperm

Which process plays the most important role in the phosphorous cycle?

Erosion

Figure 39-3 Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following is not a response to a decrease in body temperature?

Evaporation of water

What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?

Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation.

A gemma is a sexual reproductive structure produced by certain liverworts.

False

A leaf without a blade is said to be sessile.

False

A radula is a characteristic of certain members of the phylum platyhelminthes

False

A radula is characteristic of certain members of phylum Platyhelminthes.

False

A serous membrane lines a body cavity that opens to the outside of the body.

False

A threatened species is a species in imminent danger of extinction.

False

A typical soil is composed mostly of humus.

False

Acrosomes contain nutrients for the developing sperm cells, and they also secrete hormones and other signaling molecules.

False

Adaptations that exert a strong competitive force on a predator are the result of coevolution.

False

After a moss spore germinates, it forms a prothallus.

False

An embryo having a blastodisc exhibits holoblastic cleavage.

False

An example of a complex carbohydrate is sucrose.

False

An example of a freshwater wetland is an estuary.

False

An example of an atom or molecule that directly breaks down O3 is CFC.

False

An example of in situ conservation is a seed bank.

False

An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm

False

An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.

False

An ovule usually develops directly into a fruit.

False

As part of the fertilization process, the egg completes meiosis I.

False

Bark consists of all tissues outside the cork cambium.

False

Bile is produced in the gallbladder.

False

Buttress roots help trees obtain oxygen from flooded soil.

False

By definition, an animal having an closed circulatory system will also have a hemocoel.

False

Chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum (T or F)

False

Cryptic coloration advertises a species unpalatability to potential predators.

False

Cycads and Ginkgo are similar in that they produce nonmotile sperm.

False

Deuterostomes are split into the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa.

False

During embryonic development, the proembryo develops from the basal cell.

False

During exhalation, air moves from the bronchi directly into the alveoli.

False

During inhalation, air moves from the pharynx directly into the trachea.

False

During the menstrual cycle, ovulation is triggered by a surge in FSH.

False

During the process of muscle contraction, Ca2+ binds tropomyosin.

False

Each archegonium produces many eggs.

False

Echinoderms are related to chordates because the first opening to develop becomes the mouth.

False

Eosinophils are filled with hemoglobin.

False

Ependymal cells are a type of macrophage.

False

Fertilization takes place in the uterus.

False

Gross primary productivity is the rate of photosynthesis minus the rate of plant respiration.

False

Guttation is the process most responsible for moving water and minerals through the plant.

False

Hardwood is the wood of gymnosperms.

False

Host mothering is technique important in in situ conservation.

False

If a plant produces microspores and megaspores, then by definition, it is homosporous

False

Immediately inside the epidermis of a eudicot stem is the pith.

False

In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a circle.

False

In a plant, most water is transported vertically by being pushed to the top.

False

In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg, and the other sperm fuses with the two antipodal nuclei.

False

In females, a primary oocyte completes meiosis II at the time of fertilization.

False

In the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore.

False

In zygomycetes such as Rhizopus, the zygospore is haploid.

False

Interleukins activate and direct the movement of white blood cells from the blood to the tissues.

False

K strategists typically produce large numbers of offspring.

False

Leaves and flowers exhibit indeterminate growth.

False

Leaves are attached randomly (regularly) to stems and play a role in photosynthesis.

False

Long-term potentiation involves a long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections.

False

Maxillae are used to bite and grind food.

False

Most neural integrations take place in the PNS.

False

Neuroendocrine cells release neurohormones which are transported through contact or diffuse through interstitial fluid.

False

Nonspecific cell responses depend on the actions of lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.

False

Normally, complement proteins are active until the body is exposed to antigen.

False

Parthenogenesis is a form of sexual reproduction.

False

Pepsinogen catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to short polypeptides.

False

Plants, like animals, grow at all points of their body.

False

Pr strongly absorbs light that has a wavelength of 730 nm.

False

Rods of the human eye allow detection of shape, movement, and color.

False

Sleep is an alteration of consciousness during which there is increased electrical activity in the cerebral cortex.

False

Source habitats are areas where reproductive success is less than local mortality.

False

Species richness is a measure of both the number of species and the relative importance of each species based on its abundance, productivity, or size.

False

Species that exhibit repeated reproductive cycles are said to be semelparous.

False

Springwood has narrower conducting cells and many fibers.

False

Statocysts of fish and aquatic amphibians detect vibrations in water.

False

Territoriality often results in clumped dispersion.

False

The "strings" of celery are composed of sclerenchyma tissue.

False

The Z line consists of parts of actin filaments on two adjacent sarcomeres.

False

The amphibian heart consists of two atria and two ventricle(s).

False

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

False

The baby is delivered during the third stage of labor.

False

The body of a bilaterally symmetrical animal can be divided into two equivalent halves by more than one plane

False

The boreal forest biome does not contain deciduous trees.

False

The bulbourethral glands secrete a fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins.

False

The chaparral biome is characterized by grasses as high as 2 m.

False

The chorion is the extraembryonic membrane closest to the embryo proper.

False

The drug naloxone blocks the effects of cocaine on the CNS.

False

The impact of a keystone species is proportionate to its abundance in an ecosystem.

False

The limnetic zone is the shallow-water area along the shore of a lake or pond.

False

The lower portion of the uterus is called the endometrium.

False

The nervous system develops from the endoderm

False

The nutritive tissue in a mature pine seed is triploid.

False

The preprophase band consists of chromosomes aligned in a particular pattern.

False

The removal of dissolved materials from soil by percolating water is called illuviation.

False

The repeating units of muscle contraction are called myofibrils.

False

The resting potential of a typical neuron is approximately +70 mV.

False

The root cortex is composed mostly of collenchyma cells.

False

The site of gravity perception in roots is the root apical meristem.

False

The sodium-potassium pump transports two Na+ out of the cell for every two K+ transported in.

False

Tracheal tubes and spiracles are characteristically found in annelids.

False

Transmission of the scent of a flower is carried out by the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system.

False

Transpiration increases at lower temperatures.

False

Type II interferon inhibits viral replication and activates natural killer cells.

False

Urine flows from the ureters directly into the urethra.

False

Vertebrates have closed circulatory systems with a dorsal heart and blood containing hemoglobin.

False

Vessel elements and tracheids, while differing slightly in structure, both conduct carbohydrates.

False

When a microsporocyte divides, its daughter cells are diploid.

False

When cells of the vascular cambium divide, they produce xylem toward the outside.

False

When cytokinins are sprayed on leaves of a cut stem, the leaves become, or remain, yellow.

False

When the cork cambium divides, it produces cork cells toward the inside.

False

When the microfibrils in the cell wall are oriented in the same direction, the cell will expand in a direction parallel to the microfibrils.

False

When thyroid hormone concentration is low, the anterior pituitary secretes less TSH.

False

Xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars.

False

Which of the following binds with receptors on phagocytes and other cells of the immune system, and also binds with molecules of the complement system?

Fc fragment

Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:

Feathers

Figure 31-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 9?

Feeding polyp

Which of the following are interesting research plants for studies in genetics because they are polyploids and have multiple sets of chromosomes?

Ferns

Sexual reproduction involves which of the following processes?

Fertilization

Which plasma protein(s) will be important immediately following a small cut on your finger?

Fibimogen

The amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide that diffuses across the membrane of an alveolus depends both on the differences in partial pressure on both sides of the membrane and on the surface area of the membrane. This describes which of the following?

Fick's law of diffusion

One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:

Flagellated cells

An example of a micronutrient is phosphorus.

Flase

Periderm is the functional replacement of the bark.

Flase

The male gametophyte is also called an embryo sac.

Flase

The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions.

Flase

The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?

Flatworms

Hardwood is the wood of _____ and softwood is the wood of ____.

Flowering plants; conifers

Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?

Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids

The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?

Fronds

To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?

Frontal

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):

Fruiting body

Which hormone promotes stem elongation and was first discovered while studying the growth of extremely tall and spindly rice plants?

Gibberellin

____ the synthesis of α-amylase is an enzyme that digests starch in the endosperm.

Gibberellin

______________ has been an important medicinal plant for centuries and is still a common herbal remedy today.

Ginkgo

Which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?

Glomeromycetes

The fourth phylum is a collection of which unusual plants that share certain traits not found in other gymnosperms?

Gnetophtya

____ is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

Growth hormone

Which of the following does NOT decrease during non-REM sleep?

Growth hormone release

Usually the only epidermal cells with chloroplasts are:

Guard cells

Which of the following are responsible for opening and closing the stoma?

Guard cells

Which structure or structures function to open and close the stomata?

Guard cells

The release of liquid water by leaves when soil moisture is high is known as:

Guttation

Figure 40-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. In which portion of the bone is fat stored?

H

Parietal cells secrete

HCl and intrinsic factor

Which statement about HIV is FALSE?

HIV attaches to the CD4 component of TH cells.

Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:

Hagfishes lack vertebrae

Which example represents a structural adaptation that an endotherm might make to maintain body temperature?

Having feathers

Figure 57-1 In the accompanying figure, the process labeled as 3 illustrates an action that is reduced by greenhouse gas accumulation. What is this action?

Heat radiation into space

Which of the following is a function of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system?

Helps maintain homeostasis in the internal environment

Designate the hyphae of two different mating types of black bread mold as "+" (plus) and "−" (minus). Mating of these two types is correctly classified as which of the following?

Heterothallic

Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?

Horsetails and club mosses

Which of the following genes were similar in the last common ancestor of all bilateral animals?

Hox genes

The British clergyman and economist Malthus was one of the first to recognize which of the following?

Human populations cannot continue to increase indefinitely.

After light triggers the activation proton pumps, what happens next in the leaf?

Hydrogen ions are actively transported out of guard cells.

Which of the following correctly describes basidiomycetes?

Hyphae of a primary mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells

What class of antibodies is normally found in the mucosa of the respiratory tract?

IgA

In many kinds of allergic reactions, distinctive immunoglobins of which type are produced?

IgE

Which of the following is the predominant antibody in a secondary immune response?

IgG

Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic of mammals?

Incompletely divided ventricles

The rate of transpiration decreases under which of the following conditions?

Increased humidity

The body wall of cnidarians and ctenophores consist of:

Inner and outer cell layers separated by jelly-like mesoglea

Biologists estimate that about 70% of all flowering plant species are pollinated by these organisms.

Insects

Which of the following is a group of proteins with actions including antiviral activity?

Interferons

Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?

Internal fluid and salt balance we easy to maintain

Saltatory conduction:

Is more energy efficent than continuous conduction

Which statement about cryptochrome is false?

It absorbs green light

Which of the following statements about a root cap is false?

It absorbs nutrients

Which of the following statements about stress is true?

It causes a body response in an attempt to maintain homeostasis.

Which statement about the internal biological clock is false?

It disappears totally if it is not reset by the rising and setting sun.

Which statement concerning the root epidermis is true?

It does not secrete a waxy cuticle over the root hairs.

Which of the following statements about heartwood is false?

It functions in conduction.

What is the function of the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system?

It helps the body respond to changes in the external environment

Which statement about meristematic tissue is true?

It is capable of continually dividing throughout the life of the plant.

Which statement concerning the auxin F-box protein is false?

It is located in the nucleus.

Which statements about the notochord is FALSE?

It is lost when it is replaced by the spinal cord.

Figure 50-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement about the corpus luteum is FALSE?

It is responsible for the first peak in line labeled as 1

Which of the following statements about the cortex is true?

It may contain collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

Which statement about the large intestine is FALSE?

It secretes the digestive enzymes

Which of the following have tendrils that are specialized stems (NOT specialized leaves)?

Ivy

Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following:

K-strategists.

The purification and elucidation of the primary auxin's chemical structure was accomplished by

Kenneth Thimann.

The product of β-oxidation enters metabolism through ____.

Krebs cycle

In the female, ____ stimulates ovulation.

LH

Although they are two different types of connective tissue, cartilage and bone have what feature in common?

Lacunae only

You observe a group of fish turn almost simultaneously in the same direction. Which receptors are they using?

Lateral line organs

Which of the following are areas extending along the entire length of the stems and roots except at the tips?

Lateral meristems

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that functions in which of the following biological processes?

Learning and memory

Which of the following species has been used for centuries to draw blood from areas swollen by poisonous stings and bites?

Leeches

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through systemic circulation?

Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → right common iliac artery → smaller arteries in leg → capillaries in leg → small veins in leg → common iliac vein → inferior vena cava → right atrium

You want to obtain the strongest phototropic response from a shoot. Which wavelength of light should you use?

Less than 500 nm

The cell walls of woody plant secondary tissues contain which of the following?

Lignin

The inner germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures?

Lining of digestive structures

The gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle for which of the following plant groups?

Liverworts

PhyB may inhibit flowering in

Long-day plants

Highly developed countries are most likely to be characterized by which of the following?

Low GNI PPPsIn Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.

Figure 50-2 In the accompanying figure, what is the function of the structure that is labeled as 7?

Maintaining sperm below body temperature

Which technique is most routine for breast cancer screening?

Mammogram

Which of the following is true of monocot leaves?

Many monocots lack a petiole.

Which is the greatest sink of phosphorus?

Marine sediments

Progymnosperms had two derived features, which were :

Megaphylls and woody tissue

Which of the following cell types is long lived and continues to produce antibody?

Memory B cells

The middle portion of a leaf that is sandwiched between the upper and the lower epidermis is called the:

Mesophyll

____ helps defend plants against viral infection.

Methyl salicylate

Which statement about food chains is FALSE?

Mice consumption of grasses is harmful grass population

____ are small leaves with a single vascular strand.

Microphylls

______ are small leaves with a single vascular strand

Microphylls

Which of the following valves are held in place by the chordae tendineae?

Mitral valves

As a contemporary scientist, which of the following would you use as evidence to propose changing the traditional animal phylogenies?

Molecular data

Starling's law of the heart states that the heart pumps:

More forcefully when more blood is delivered to it

How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?

Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Most hydrolysis of fats takes place in the stomach.

Mixing and propulsive movements of the digestive tract are referred to as _____.

Motility

Figure 31-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 8 in the figure?

Mouth

Figure 31-5 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 8?

Movement

Figure 31-5 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 8?

Movement

Which pair demonstrates a mutualistic relationship?

Mychorrhizae and roots

Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of:

Müllerian mimicry.

Rhizobia take ____ from the air and convert it into ____.

N2; NH3

Figure 41-3 Step 2 in the accompanying figure is accomplished by an influx of:

Na2+.

What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?

Natality

Which of the following are active against tumor cells and cells infected with some types of viruses?

Natural killer cells

Figure 53-6 Refer to the accompanying figure. Assuming the pattern remains the same, what will the population experience in 50 years?

Negative growth

You have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. The cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. You conclude they are members of which phylum?

Nematoda

Which of the following embryonic cells are unique to vertebrates?

Neural crest cells

Figure 42-1 In the early vertebrate embryo, the brain and spinal cord differentiate from which of the following?

Neural tube

Which structure is the most immediate precursor of the brain?

Neural tube

________ prevent or slow the spread of the initial infection.

Neurotic lesions

Which process is not involved in the hydrologic cycle?

Nitrification

Bacteria are most essential in the cycling of

Nitrogen

Most carnivorous plants grow in poor soil that is deficient in certain essential elements, especially which of the following elements?

Nitrogen

The enzyme nitrogenase is important in which part of the nitrogen cycle?

Nitrogen fixation

Figure 46-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement is accurate?

O2 will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries.

Which of the following lobes of the cerebellum contain the visual centers?

Occipital lobes

Figure 31-6 The cross-section in the accompanying figure is representative of the internal structures found in:

Oligochaetes

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

One has insulin deficiency, whereas the other has insulin resistance.

Which of the following is a key feature of an open circulatory system?

Open-ended vessels carry the blood.

Which of the following plants would have photosynthetic roots?

Orchids

The two major factors that contribute to the weathering of rock are climate and:

Organisms

Roots, stem, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are referred to as:

Organs

Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are composed of all three tissue systems. All five are therefore which of the following?

Organs

Which statement concerning gravity detection in humans is true?

Otoliths are pulled down by gravity onto stereocilia, stimulating nerve impulses.

The oldest definitive trace of flowering plants in the fossil record consists of:

Ovules enclosed in podlike fruits

Which of the following is a disadvantage of gas exchange in water, as compared to gas exchange in air?

Oxygen diffuses more slowly through water than air.

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine gland functions?

Pancreas

An example of an animal already extinct as a result of overhunting is the

Passenger pigeon

Alpha-galacturonic acid is a six-carbon molecule that is a derivative of glucose, and is the monomer unit of which of the following?

Pectin

Which of the following is NOT an example of a flightless bird?

Pelicans

Which of the following is the largest group of hormones?

Peptide hormones

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the compound eye differs from the vertebrate eye?

Perception of form

Iteroparity is common in which of the following organisms?

Perennial herbaceous plants

Figure 29-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 1 is a:

Perforated septum

What tissue comprises the outer bark of woody plants?

Periderm

____ directly reabsorb substances from the nephron.

Peritubular capillaries

The effect of DDT on birds is a result of which three characteristics of DDT?

Persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification

What happens after the sun goes down?

Pfr is degraded.

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding innate immunity?

Phagocytosis and inflammation are examples

What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body?

Phloem and xylem

Which nutrient cycle does not have a gaseous phase?

Phosphorus cycle

Which process does not return carbon to the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

Figure 28-1 What is the structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure?

Pistil

Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?

Plasmogmay

Which types of cells or cell components play an essential role in the blood clotting?

Platelets

Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?

Population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding populations in biology?

Populations exhibit characteristics distinctive from those of the individuals of which they are composed.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the movement of air in a bird's respiratory system?

Posterior air sacs; lungs; anterior air sacs

Which element is correctly matched with its major function in plants?

Potassium—opens and closes stomata

The driving force for the movement of water in plants is difference in water _______.

Potential

You shine light at a wavelength of 660 nm on a plant. Which of the following will most likely happen next?

Pr is converted to Pfr.

Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to uniform population dispersion?

Pressure from predation

Which structure do cells that make up the upper layer (the epiblast) and migrate toward the midline form?

Primitive streak

Figure 35-1 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 2 is:

Produced by cork cambium (not shown)

Which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life?

Producer, consumer, decomposer

Which is the correct sequence of embryonic development in eudicots?

Proembryo → globular stage embryo → heart stage embryo → torpedo stage embryo

Which hormone is secreted by the ovary after ovulation, but not before?

Progesterone

Insulin-like growth factors can induce which of the following?

Promote protein synthesis

Which receptors are thought to be the most numerous and active in the body?

Proprioceptors

How do protostomes differ from deuterostomes?

Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage during development.

Figure 39-1 The type of tissue illustrated in the accompanying figure is

Pseudostratified epithelium

Which of the following is the first part of the seedling to come out during germination?

Radicle

Neural signaling typically involves four processes. What is the correct order of those processes?

Reception, transmission, integration, and action by effectors

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the phytochrome signal transduction pathway?

Red light → Pr to Pfr → Pfr into nucleus → Pfr-PIF3 complex → light-responsive gene regulation

What is a characteristic of a reflex action?

Reflex actions are involuntary motor responses.

Resource partitioning may include which of the following?

Relocating nesting sites

In plants, parenchyma cells typically secrete which of the following?

Resins

Which of the following is the general name for any medical condition that interferes with the removal of carbon dioxide by the lungs?

Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following combinations could result in Rh incompatibility?

Rh-negative mother, Rh-positive father

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through pulmonary circulation?

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries (in lungs) → pulmonary veins → left atrium

The thick layers of cells covering and protecting the delicate apical meristem is called the:

Root cap

Which of the following protects the delicate cells of the apical meristem?

Root cap

Which is the correct horizontal pathway of water from the soil to the center of the root?

Root hair → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem

Which genus is used to produce beer and wine?

Saccharomyces

Which factor is most important in determining the distribution of organisms in aquatic biomes?

Salinity

Which of the following statements concerning saliva is FALSE?

Saliva starts the enzymatic digestion of lipids.

Figure 48-2 Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a marine environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?

Salt excretion

Figure 48-2 Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a freshwater environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?

Salt uptake

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is more permeable to ____ than to _____.

Salt; water

Which of the following protostomes has bristles, called setae, which provide traction during crawling?

Sandworms

Which of the following is a marine species that is segmented and has many setae, a well-developed head, separate sexes, and trochophore larva?

Sandworms and tubeworms

____ is less dense than ____.

Sapwood; heartwood

Which of the following groups use very long pedipalps as pinchers for capturing prey?

Scorpions

Which of the following are sluggish creatures that live on the sea bottom, and commonly eject organs when conditions are poor?

Sea cucumbers

Cells produced on the inside of the vascular cambium differentiate to form which vascular tissue?

Secondary xylem

Vascular cambium gives rise to which of the following tissues?

Secondary xylem

Which of the following guard the exits from the heart?

Semilunar valves

Spermatogenesis takes place in which of the following structures?

Seminiferous tubules

After working several hours in a flower shop, you do not detect the smell of the roses. Why is this?

Sensory adaptation has occurred.

Which of the following mechanisms is used to prevent self-pollination in angiosperms?

Separating male and female individuals

In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?

Septa

Flowering plants have efficient sugar-conducting cells called _____________ in their phloem.

Sieve tube elements

Choose the correct order of the chambers through which oxygen-poor blood flows in an amphibian heart.

Sinus venosus → atrium → ventricle → conus arteriosus

Which of the following has the largest impact on whether diffusion alone will move nutrients within an organism?

Size of organism

How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscles are connected via gap junctions

Sugar is translocated in phloem from a ______, an area of high sugar concentration, to a ______, an area of low sugar concentration.

Source; sink

In cell-mediated immunity, what happens immediately after the infected cell displays the antigen-MHC complex?

Specific T cytotoxic cells are activated.

The generative cell within a pollen grain will develop into which of the following?

Sperm cells

Which is the most economically important bryophyte?

Sphagnum.

Which of the following is heterosporous?

Spike moss

Which of the following does not contain a gastrovascular cavity?

Sponges

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cnidarian?

Sponges

What does each male cone's leaflike scales that bear sporangia on the underside consist of?

Sporophylls

Which of the following has giant unmyelinated axons, up to 1 mm in diameter, that enable rapid response when escaping from predators?

Squids

Which of the following is an economically important basal angiosperm?

Star anise

Which types of hormones have intracellular receptors?

Steroid and thyroid hormones

Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue?

Storing fat

____ is an example of a plant that produces stolons.

Strawberry

Which term best explains why collagen fibers are abundant in tendons?

Strength

Which of the following initiates a homeostatic response?

Stressor

The name conifer comes from the reproductive parts of conifers as they have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant. What is the technical name for the structures bearing these reproductive parts?

Strobili

Adipose tissue is found in which layer of the skin?

Subcutaneous tissue

Before being loaded into the phloem for translocation, the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis must be converted into which molecule?

Sucrose

The predominant photosynthetic product carried in phloem is _______.

Sucrose

Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?

Swim bladder

Which of the following cells secrete cytokines that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages?

T helper cells

Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?

Tapeworms

Which is a characteristic of tapeworms?

Tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.

Which of the following overhangs and is in contact with the hair cells of the organ of Corti?

Tectorial membrane

Figure 56-1 Based on the temperature range and precipitation, the area on the accompanying figure labeled as 5 represents which of the following biomes?

Temperate deciduous forest

The greatest proportion of which two biomes have been converted to agriculture?

Temperate deciduous forest and temperate grassland

Currently, much commercial lumber and wood products come from which biome?

Temperate rain forest

Near the poles, what is generally the overriding climate factor?

Temperature

What two abiotic factors are considered to most affect organisms?

Temperature and water

Which trophic level would contain the lowest quantity of energy (kcal per m2)?

Tertiary consumers

Which hormone stimulates masculine physical characteristics?

Testosterone

If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?

The birds are exhibiting resource partitioning.

In a tube-within-a-tube body plan, what forms the outer tube?

The body wall

Figure 43-3 Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the cochlea?

The cochlear duct contains the auditory organ, the organ of corti

You place a coleoptile in unidirectional light and then immediately cover the tip. Which of the following will happen?

The coleoptile will not bend.

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding collar cells?

The collar cell is an extension of the cell wall and consists of microvilli

Figure 53-5 Refer to the accompanying figure. How would the survivorship curve for elephants be represented?

The curve C

In barley seed germination, which of the following is true?

The embryo determines when germination occurs by secreting gibberellin.

Which statement about sperm entry is TRUE?

The fertilization cone formed by microvilli of the egg membrane contracts and draws the sperm inward.

Which of the following statements about paracrine regulation is TRUE?

The hormones released act on nearby target cells.

When comparing the body's response to changes in temperature and a home HVAC system, which part of the body corresponds to the thermostat?

The hypothalamus of the brain

Figure 46-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement is FALSE?

The in the tissues must be equal to the in the tissues.

Lungs absorb oxygen from inhaled air, and the small intestine moves ingested material through the digestive tract and absorbs nutrients from ingested food. Which statement describes the type of epithelium you would expect to line each of these surfaces?

The lungs are lined by a simple squamous epithelium, and the small intestine is lined by a ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding the equilibrium potential?

The membrane is much more permeable to Na+ than to K+.

Which statement is accurate of filtration by the kidneys?

The normal glomerular filtration rate adds up to about 180 L every 24 hours

When drinking water at a party, you sneeze and water comes out of your nose. Why did this happen?

The pharynx and nasal cavity were connected.

Which statement describes why you respond to your alarm clock in the morning by turning it off?

The reticular activating system sends a stimulus to the cerebral cortex.

Figure 45-1 Based on the accompanying graph, which statement is accurate?

The secondary response to the initial antigen is both faster and more intense than the primary response.

Which statement concerning pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) is FALSE?

They are found on all microbes except viruses.

Which of the following correctly describes fungal spores?

They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually

Which of the following is most characteristic of desert animals?

They are primarily active at night.

Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals?

They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions

Which of the following statements about plant hormones is false?

They can currently be categorized into seven major classes

Which of the following statements about monocots is true?

They do not produce bark.

Which of the following characteristics applies to biomes?

They encompass interacting landscapes.

Which statement about basal angiosperms is FALSE?

They evolved after the core angiosperms.

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of heart cells?

They have intercalated

Which statement about microsporidia is FALSE?

They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes.

Figure 31-3 Which of the following is characteristic of nemerteans?

They have no heart.

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding plasma proteins?

They help regulate the distribution of fluid between the plasma and interstitial fluid.

When a root is placed on its side, what happens to the amyloplasts in the root cap cells?

They settle in the direction of gravity.

What is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?

To protect the flower bud

When a blood vessel is cut, why does vasoconstriction take place?

To reduce the flow of blood

What is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?

To regulate fluid balance

Figure 41-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 4?

To release neurotransmitters

What is the function of the phloem in plants?

To transport dissolved sugars

Cycads were very important during the _____________, which began about 251 million years ago.

Triassic period

In accordance with the species richness hypothesis, the critical importance of any one species is expected to be the least in which of the following habitats?

Tropical rain forest

Which biome has the greatest number of distinct layers of vegetation?

Tropical rain forest

Which habitat would most likely have the greatest species richness?

Tropical rain forest

A decomposer is also called a saprotroph.

True

A density-dependent factor is an example of a negative feedback system.

True

A growth ring is composed of xylem.

True

A layer of permanently frozen ground is called permafrost.

True

A lichen is a combination of a fungus and a photoautotroph

True

A sorus is a cluster of sporangia.

True

An adventitious root is one that occurs in an unusual location.

True

An alternate leaf arrangement is one in which there is one leaf per node.

True

An ectotherm's metabolic rate changes with the weather.

True

An example of a drupe is an olive.

True

An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is vitamin K.

True

Auxin produced by the apical meristem inhibits the germination of lateral buds.

True

Bundle scars would be found within a leaf scar.

True

By definition, an endemic species is a species that is not found anywhere else in the world.

True

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically coupled by junctions called intercalated discs.

True

Cardiac output is obtained by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.

True

Dizygotic twins are also called fraternal twins.

True

Ethylene stimulates the ripening of fruits.

True

Extensive epiphytes are found in the tropical dry forests.

True

Following fertilization, human chorionic gonadotropin is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum.

True

Free-living flatworms extend the pharynx out through their mouth and secrete digestive enzymes onto their prey.

True

G protein-linked receptors are transmembrane proteins that convert an extracellular hormone signal into an intracellular signal that affects certain cell processes.

True

Glial cells support and nourish neurons.

True

Habitat corridors allow animals to move from one habitat fragment to another.

True

Hemicellulose contains chains of xylose molecules.

True

Hox genes have been identified in all bilaterally symmetric animal groups.

True

In Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.

True

In birds and reptiles, the allantois stores nitrogenous wastes.

True

In bone, capillaries and nerves pass through Haversian canals.

True

In convergence, a single neuron is controlled by signals from two or more presynaptic neurons. ____________________

True

In pulmonary emphysema, alveoli lose their elasticity.

True

In slash-and-burn agriculture, the yield from the first crop is usually quite high.

True

In sponges, spicules are secreted by amoeboid cells.

True

In the amphibian embryo, the first cleavage bisects the gray crescent.

True

In the brain, the visual centers are located in the occipital lobes.

True

In the carbon cycle, one of the ways in which carbon is returned to the atmosphere is by respiration.

True

In vertebrae's, neural crest cells give rise to the nerves, head muscles, and cranium

True

Insects have an excretory system consisting of Malpighian tubules.

True

Joint capsules are typically reinforced by ligaments.

True

Metarterioles directly link arterioles with venules.

True

Most transpiration occurs through stomata.

True

Nicotine can be found in nectaries.

True

Nicotine synthesis is an adaptation of plant chemical defense against insects.

True

Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide are all neurotransmitters.

True

Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen reduce fever and decrease inflammation and pain by directly inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

True

Ozone molecules in the stratosphere shield the Earth from damaging UV radiation.

True

Plankton consists mainly of microscopic organisms that float in the water.

True

Programmed cell death is called apoptosis.

True

Sapwood is functional secondary xylem.

True

Scramble competition results when all individuals in a population share the limited resources.

True

Sensilla are sensory hairs involved in taste and smell.

True

Small lakes and ponds usually lack a profundal zone.

True

Some migratory birds utilize electromagnetic receptors to navigate.

True

Stomata close as a result of water moving into guard cells.

True

Sucrose is translocated from source to sink.

True

Testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells.

True

The association of nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with legumes such as peas is an example of mutualism.

True

The bundle sheath typically surrounds the larger veins.

True

The cephalic end of an animal is toward its head.

True

The cnidarian nerve net enables an effective response to predator or prey approaching from any direction.

True

The exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of chitin.

True

The hadal zone is that part of the benthic environment deeper than 6000 m.

True

The hypocotyl connects the radicle with the cotyledons.

True

The largest population that can be maintained in an environment for an indefinite period of time is called the carrying capacity.

True

The outermost layer of the stele is the pericycle.

True

The parabronchi of birds are open at both ends.

True

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcolemma.

True

The retina contains light sensitive cells.

True

The roots of certain epiphytes are photosynthetic.

True

The symplast is the continuum of living cytoplasm.

True

The teeth in the very front of your mouth are incisors.

True

The term species richness refers to the number of species in a specific location.

True

The wood of conifers consists mostly of tracheids.

True

Vessel elements and tracheids develop and become specialized hollow cells via the process of programmed cell death, also called apoptosis.

True

When Pfr absorbs far-red light, the Pfr is converted to Pr.

True

When the generative cell divides, the daughter cells are sperm cells.

True

When two neurons connected by a synapse are active simultaneously, the synapse is strengthened.

True

Which biome is characterized by weasels, gray wolves, ptarmigan, musk oxen, and lemmings?

Tundra

Which statement about the inflammatory response is FALSE?

Type 1 interferons and neutrophils secrete histamine

In the mechanism of action for auxin, after auxin binds with its receptor, which of the following happens next?

Ubiquitin attaches to repressor proteins.

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?

United States- doubling time 100 years

Which of the following statements about the speed of impulse conduction in a neuron is true?

Unmyelinated axons with larger diameters transmit impulses faster than ones with small diameters.

Xylem transports water and dissolved nutrient minerals in which direction?

Upward

What is one disadvantage of excreting urea as opposed to uric acid?

Urea requires more water execration

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of desert-living animals that can be safely stored?

Uric acid

Which of the following will prevent the further buildup of greenhouse gases?

Use your automobile less, and ride a bicycle more.

Bark, the outermost covering over woody stems and roots, consists of all plant tissues located outside which of the following?

Vascular cambium

Which mechanism do snails and wood lice use to rid themselves of toxic ammonia?

Vent it to the air

______ blocks the action of an enzyme that breaks down the signaling molecule that sustains erection.

Viagra

What axonal characteristic facilitates the propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon?

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are concentrated in the unmyelinated axonal segments.

Which statement about the Malpighian tubules is FALSE?

Water and some solutes are transported into the Malpighian tubules via active transport.

The third gnetophyte genus, ________________, contains a single species found in deserts of southwestern Africa.

Welwitschia

the third gnetophyte genus, ____________, contains a single species found in the deserts of southwestern Africa

Welwitschia

Which of the following are the largest living vertebrates?

Whales

How does rhodopsin facilitate vision?

When light strikes rhodopsin, the photoreceptor becomes depolarized, causing the release of glutamate.

Bat-pollinated, night-blooming flowers would most likely display which two characteristics?

White petals and a strongly sweet scent

Plants that produce scentless, inconspicuous flowers with enormous amounts of pollen are adapted to which type of pollination?

Wind

Which of the following directly drives ocean surface circulation patterns?

Winds

In the accompanying figure, the region that is composed of secondary xylem is:

Wood

The pigment involved in stomatal opening and closing is which of the following colors?

Yellow

Figure 29-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:

Zygote

Studies suggest that to become malignant, neoplasms must establish

a blood supply

The central nervous system contains:

a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord

Figure 39-3 In the accompanying figure, the responses initiated at point A in response to an increase in body temperature include

a decrease in muscle activity.

Figure 53-6 represents the age structure diagram of:

a highly developed country.

Monocots such as palms and bamboo achieve considerable increase in girth by:

a modified form of primary growth in which parenchyma cells divide and enlarge.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the all-or-none response?

a neuron will only produce am action potential if it has been depolarized to its threshold level

Clumped dispersion is often influenced by:

a patchy distribution of resources

A seedling growing toward a light source is an example of

a positive phototropic response.

The "stress hormone" involved in stomatal closure during water stress is

abscisic acid.

The area where the petiole detaches from the stem is referred to as the:

abscission zone.

A main function of a plant's root system is to:

absorb dissolved nutrients and water.

The first breath of the neonate is initiated by the

accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood.

By the end of the 21st century, it is expected that the human population will:

achieve zero population growth.

Where are mitochondria present in the sperm?

acrosome

Troponin and tropomyosin regulate

actin and myosin interactions.

Once a hormone activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, ATP is converted to cAMP, which in turn

activates protein kinase.

Leptin is a hormone released by

adipose tissue

The function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is to stimulate

adrenocorticotropic hormone release.

Epiphytes have ____ that anchor the plants to the surface on which they grow.

aerial roots

Fruits that develop from a flower with many separate ovaries are referred to as

aggregate fruits.

The principal mineralocorticoid is

aldosterone

The primary function of spongy mesophyll is:

allow diffusion of gases

Figure 43-4 The type of cell labeled as 5 in the accompanying figure is a(n):

amacrine cell.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into

ammonia.

The extraembryonic membrane closest to the embryo is the

amnion.

Figure 43-2 The structures labeled as 2 in the accompanying figure are the:

ampullae.

Which of the following enzymes digests starch?

amylase

Adaptations found in inhabitants of the rocky intertidal zone include:

an anchor or some other means of attachment.

Which habitat would be expected to have the greatest species richness?

an ecotone

The plant physiologist F. C. Steward demonstrated that:

an entire plant can be generated from a single callus cell.

An unprotected area of naturally occurring plant and animal assemblages that is surrounded by unsuitable territory due to development or habitat destruction is referred to by biologists as

an island.

Figure 54-1 In Experimental Condition 1 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Balanus suggests that:

an unfavorable environmental factor kept Balanus from extending higher into the intertidal area.

In amphibian development, the blastula consists of many small cells in the _____ hemisphere and fewer but larger cells in the ______ hemisphere.

animal; vegetal

Concentric rings found in the cross section of the wood of trees are known as:

annual rings.

The head end of an animal is known as its:

anterior end

In males, gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the ____ to secrete ____.

anterior pituitary; FSH and LH

The haploid gametophytes produce male gametangia known as:

antheridi

Marine snow is a major source of energy for the ____ region of the ocean.

aphotic

If a physician wanted to collect spinal fluid for analysis s/he would want to place a needle between the:

arachnoid and pia mater.

Density-independent factors:

are typically abiotic

Keystone species:

are typically not the most abundant species in the community.

Opening and closing of the stomata:

are under hormonal control

Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers

are under involuntary control

A biodiversity hotspot is a(n)

area rich in endemic species and human population.

Figure 40-3 The portion of the bone labeled E in the accompanying figure is called the

articular cartilage.

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

ascospores

Bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen results in the production of

atmospheric nitrogen.

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment is the:

autonomic nervous system.

Frits Went used tiny blocks of agar to show that ____ is made in the tip of _____.

auxin; coleoptile

The herbicides (weed killers) 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are examples of synthetic

auxins

The area of the angle between the stem and the petiole is referred to as the:

axil.

Which set of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero?

b = 1000, d = 500, i = 500, e = 1000

The most abundant organisms in soil are:

bacteria

The community found on a rotting log would include:

bacteria.

To prevent a shipwreck, submarines determine where objects are positioned under water using sonar, sound waves. This method of detection is similar to a(n):

bat using echolocation to hunt prey.

Sponges and brittle stars are members of the ____ category of organisms:

benthos

If the sperm and egg are of the same species, ______, a species-specific protein located on the _______, adheres to receptors located on the egg's ________.

bindin; acrosome; vitelline membrane

The introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native is called

biotic pollution.

Figure 51-1 The structure labeled as 2 in the accompanying figure is the

blastocoel

A primitive groove is the equivalent of a

blastopore.

Stratospheric ozone is important because it

blocks solar UV radiation.

Blood pressure depends on:

blood flow and resistance of blood against the vessel walls.

Gibberellins are also involved in _____, the rapid elongation of a floral stalk that occurs naturally in many plants when they initiate flowering.

bolting

Yeasts reproduce asexually by:

budding

Underground stems with fleshy leaves used for storage of water and food are known as:

bulbs

Many of the logged boreal forests are replanted, to grow and be harvested in the future

but biodiversity is significantly reduced.

Calcium ions may act with phospholipid second messengers by binding to ____, which then regulates other proteins.

calmodulin

Figure 53-3 According to the data in the accompanying figure, the cause of the decline of the wolf population in 1982 was:

cannot be determined from the data provided.

Before a sperm can participate in fertilization, it must undergo ____ in the female reproductive tract.

capacitation

To date, humans have interfered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on Earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climate, in the

carbon cycle.

The process of photosynthesis involves the conversion of:

carbon dioxide and water into sugar.

Photosynthesis reduces the leaf's internal concentration of:

carbon dioxide.

Intercalated disks are gap junctions between cells of

cardiac muscle tissue.

Placoid scales are found on:

cartilaginous fishes

Figure 36-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is known as:

cation exchange.

The erectile tissue in the penis includes the

cavernous bodies.

The cell walls of fungi are composed of

cellulose

The most abundant polymer in the world is:

cellulose

Hormones are ________ messengers transported by the ____.

chemical; blood

The ultimate source of energy for the communities of the hydrothermal vents is provided by

chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.

Figure 49-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is representative of

classical endocrine signaling.

Deforestation in the boreal forests is due primarily to

clear-cut logging for industrial wood.

During a specific defense, the process of increasing the numbers of the selected cells is called:

clonal selection.

Auditory receptors are located in the:

cochlea

Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?

coelom—nο body cavity

Fungi that lack septa are called:

coenocytic

Certain orchids produce flowers and secrete scents that resemble female bees so that male bees will mount these flowers and attempt to copulate with them. This bizarre occurrence is an example of

coevolution

In corn and other grasses, the leaves and stem grow through the tip of the ____.

coleoptile

The major constituent of regular dense connective tissue is

collagen fibers.

Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess:

collar cells

When the blood becomes too acidic, the ________ secrete more ______ ions into the urine.

collecting ducts:hydrogen

Traditionally, most ecologists have assumed that community stability is a consequence of:

community complexity.

The realized niche for the green anole was determined by:

competition.

Development of the cerebellum in an animal correlates with the:

complexity of muscular activity exhibited by that animal.

Cilia lining the respiratory tubes beat mucus upward in order to:

conduct the mucus that contains particles to the pharynx and away from the lungs

Figure 35-1 In the accompanying figure, the function of the structure labeled as 1 represents:

conduction of water and dissolved minerals from the roots.

Softwood is the wood:

cone-bearing gymnosperms

The needles of pines and other conifers are adapted to:

conserve water.

The difference between taproot and fibrous root systems is that a taproot system:

consists of one main root with lateral roots, while a fibrous root system has many roots of the same size.

Periderm arises from ________.

cork cambium

Periderm is produced by:

cork cambium

The bulk of an herbaceous eudicot root consists of loosely arranged parenchyma cells in the:

cortex.

The process of gas exchange in parabronchi is similar to:

countercurrent exchange in gills.

In fish, blood flows in a direction opposite to the flow of water over the gills in a process known as:

countercurrent exchange.

The integumentary system

covers and protects the body.

Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood can lead to a condition of retarded mental and physical development called

crentinism

A nauplius larva is characteristic of:

crustaceans

Commercial logging

cuts trees primarily for export

Figure 53-1 The equation that would best describe the curve in the accompanying figure is:

dN/dt = rN.

When the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will:

decline.

Anabolic steroids

decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease

The world human population has increased dramatically during the past few centuries due to:

decreased death rates.

The Coriolis effect results in the

deflection of moving air due to the rotation of Earth.

Ectothermic animals

depend on heat from the external environment to adjust their body temperatures.

Today, the major danger to species is

destruction of habitats

Trichomes on plants are responsible for:

deterring herbivores.

Headwater streams depend primarily on ____ as an energy input.

detritus

The thick secondary cell walls of sclerenchyma cells are chemically distinct from parenchyma and collenchyma cells. Sclerenchyma cells contain all of the following EXCEPT:

dextrin.

During respiratory exchange, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli due to:

diffusion down a concentration gradient.

During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates

dilation of blood vessels to the brain

One benefit of transpiration is that it:

distributes nutrients throughout the plant

The earliest mammals resembled small:

dogs

Most chemical digestion occurs in the

duodenum

A(n) ____ is the transition zone where two ecosystems meet and intergrade.

ecotone

The epidermis of a nematode is derived from the:

ectoderm

Specialized structures found in the types of seeds that are dispersed by ants are called

elaiosomes

The major function of the protonephridia in the flatworm is to

eliminate excess water.

Dietary fiber that is not digested will be

eliminated

Figure 47-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is called

emulsification.

The legal definition of a(n) ________ species is a species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range.

endangered

A species' numbers are so severely reduced that it is in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range. This species would be considered

endangered.

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:

endoderm

The lining of the uterus is called the

endometrium

Two polar nuclei in the central cell of the ovule fuse with the second sperm cell to form the first cell of the triploid ____.

endosperm

In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the:

endosperms

The prolonged low temperature exposure required for the germination of some seeds

ensures that the seeds germinate in spring, rather than in fall.

A filter feeder is an animal that

entraps food particles from water

The ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is

environmental sustainability.

The embryo becomes implanted in the endometrium of the uterus due to

enzymes secreted by the trophoblast, which erode an area of the endometrium for entry of the embryo.

The outermost cell layer of herbaceous stems is the:

epidermis

Which tissue covers or lines a cavity?

epithelial

The four basic animal tissues are

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

From the pharynx, a bolus moves into the

esophagus

Unripe green fruits ripen quickly in supermarkets or commercial storage facilities after exposure to

ethylene

Vascular bundles of herbaceous _______ stems are arranged in a circle in cross section.

eudicot

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to observe brain function by:

examining changes in blood flow to different parts of the brain.

Plants connected by mycorrhizal fungi:

exchange organic materials in both directions.

Embryonic mesoderm forms the

excretory system

When a species dies, the species is said to be

extinct

In a neuron, a graded potential:

fades out within a few millimeters.

Prolactin is used to induce labor.

false

Reticular fibers are the most numerous type of fiber comprising connective tissue.

false

The nephridial organs of flatworms are called metanephridia.

false

What is a symptom of Cushing's disease?

fat deposition around the trunk

The potential capacity to produce offspring is called:

fecundity.

In sea urchins, the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse, and a ______ is formed that contracts to draw the sperm into the egg

fertilization cone

Lancelets are:

filter feeders

A human embryo is capable of movement and has gonads that are distinguishable as either testes or ovaries by the end of the

first trimester.

Lateral line organs allow:

fish to detect vibrations in water.

In the United States, the largest group of endangered species is

flowering plants.

Asexual reproduction in flowering plants does not usually involve the formation of

flowers, seeds, or fruits.

The ____ develops into a corpus luteum.

follicle

A linear depiction of energy flow in an ecosystem is a(n)

food chain.

Figure 35-1 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 3 is:

formed by the division of the vascular cambium.

Most joints found in the human body are

freely movable

Which of the following relationships is accurate?

freshwater fish: kidney: large volume of hypertonic urine

Figure 51-2 The developing embryo in the accompanying figure is representative of development in a(n)

frog

The semilunar valves prevent blood from moving:

from the arteries back into the ventricles

As a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a:

fruit

Suppose it is ideal for a fish to live in fast-moving water, but the fish can also survive in slow-moving water. Fast-moving water is best described as the fishes':

fundamental niche.

The haploid portion of the life cycle is called the ______________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis

gametophyte generation

The products of an endocrine gland

generally have to travel to reach the target tissue

Sexual reproduction results in

genetic diversity among offspring

Figure 37-5 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is

germination in a eudicot.

The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fish is through the

gills

Clams and other bivalves typically have:

gills adapted for trapping food

Induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires activation of two types of:

glutamate receptors.

The difference between the gray and white matter of the cerebrum is that:

gray matter contains cell bodies, while white matter mostly contains myelinated axons.

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as tissues in the:

ground tissue system.

Generally, movements are accomplished by

groups of muscles opposing the actions of one another

The gray crescent region of the amphibian zygote is thought to contain

growth factors and developmental determinants.

Chemoreceptors are involved with which two senses?

gustation and olfaction

After fertilization, which hormone is secreted by the developing embryo to maintain the function of the corpus luteum?

hCG

Building roads, parking lots, buildings and bridges all contribute to

habitat destruction.

The breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches is called

habitat fragmentation.

Figure 43-1 Refer to the accompanying figure with the lateral line organs of fishes. The structures indicated by label 2 are:

hair cells.

Mature vessel elements:

have pits in their side walls, which allow water to be transported laterally

Smooth muscle in the arteriole walls can vasoconstrict or vasodilate, which:

helps regulate blood pressure

Organisms that eat plants exclusively are known as______.

herbivores

The tropical rain forest biome is characterized by:

high density of plants, but nutrient poor soil.

Figure 40-2 The type of support illustrated in the accompanying figure is a(n)

hydrostatic skeleton.

Figure 37-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the fruits listed would be classified as an accessory fruit?

i

Drier climates tend to prevail

in a rain shadow

Many insects must warm up before they fly in order to

increase ATP synthesis.

Large-scale experiments conducted in oak forests of the northeastern United States linked bumper acorn crops to booming mouse populations. The conclusion from these experiments is that:

increased levels of first trophic level productivity cause an increase in disease vector activities.

Where does digestion in a sponge takes place?

individual cells

Niches apply to:

individual species

Most flowers are pollinated by which method?

insects

A teratogen is a drug that

interferes with morphogenesis.

Figure 42-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The neuron labeled as 3 is a(n):

interneuron in the gray matter of the cord

Which cells in the testes secrete testosterone?

interstitial cells

The moose population on Isle Royale is an example of:

intraspecific exploitation competition.

Which of the following plants is an annual?

iris

The symplast:

is a continuum of living cytoplasm.

The myelin sheath:

is a fatty covering only around axons.

Hemocyanin:

is a respiratory pigment that is colorless when deoxygenated.

Chronic stress

is associated with elevated levels of glucocorticoids.

The difference between spongy bone and compact bone is that spongy bone

is filled with red bone marrow, while compact bone is not

The part of the antibody that binds an antigen:

is known as the Fab fragments.

An adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism

is often hungry

GPP, or Gross Primary Productivity

is the total energy captured from the sun through photosynthesis.

Most invertebrates have

isolecithal eggs and holoblastic cleavage

Which of the following is characteristic of color vision?

it depends on blue, green, and red cones in primates

Which statement about the megasporocyte is true?

it is a diploid cell located within an ovule

The ureters connect the

kidney to the bladder.

An Arabidopsis plant that contains a mutant mp gene would most likely:

lack a primary root.

Which crops can be easily grown hydroponically?

lettuce

The rapid onset of overproduction of immature white blood cells is known as:

leukemia.

Phototropism is the directional growth of a plant caused by ____.

light

One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is:

limiting resources.

The ideal agricultural soil is:

loam

FIgure 38-2 The plant in Row B of the accompanying figure demonstrates a photoperiodic response characteristic of

long-day plants.

Figure 38-2 The plant in Row B of the accompanying figure demonstrates a photoperiodic response characteristic of

long-day plants.

Compared to soils of other ecosystems, desert soils are characterized as having:

low amounts of organic material and high mineral content.

What is a typical feature of K-selected organisms?

low reproductive rate

The enzyme found in tears that can digest bacterial cell walls is called:

lysozyme.

All echinoderms are found:

marine habitats

Excess transpiration:

may be harmful to a plant.

Some amphibians:

may exchange gases across their body surfaces.

One of the principal functions of bile is

mechanically digesting fats

Figure 29-2 The structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure was produced by:

meiosis in the resting sporangium

Sexual reproduction in plants includes _____ and the fusion of ______:

meiosis; gametes

When the ______ cannot absorb all the UV rays, the skin becomes ______.

melanin; sunburned

The structure labeled as 3 in Figure 51-2 is the

mesoderm.

A population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a:

metapopulation.

An example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in:

milkweeds and monarch caterpillars.

A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:

molt.

Which of the following are agranular leukocytes?

monocytes and lymphocytes

Which of the following is part of the vulva?

mons pubis

Starling's law of the heart states that the heart pumps:

more forcefully when more blood is delivered to it.

The limbic system plays a role in:

motivation

Some animals are facing extinction as a direct result of deliberate efforts to exterminate them because of their perceived harm to economically useful species. Examples of these include

mountain lions and wolves.

Digestion of starches begins in the

mouth

Pulmonary surfactant functions by:

moving water across respiratory surfaces.

Embryonic mesoderm gives rise to

muscle

The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as:

mutualism.

What type of leaf venation do eudicots possess?

netted

Guttation typically occurs:

night

The main steps of the nitrogen cycle are

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification

In low nitrogen soils, rhizobacteria secrete ____ to help root hairs recognize them.

nod factors

The four-chambered heart first evolved among the:

nonavian reptiles

Figure 51-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 2 is the

notochord

The 'sun's energy is produced by

nuclear fusion reactions.

In most animals, the sperm and egg contribute an equal ____ to the zygote.

number of chromosomes

Leaf abscission:

occurs as a response to dry conditions in tropical climates.

Primary succession may be seen:

on new lava or on sand dunes

The capillary walls of blood vessels are how many cells thick?

one

Oxygen concentration generally plays an important role in regulating respiration:

only when the oxygen concentration falls markedly.

Osmoconformers would most likely be found in

open ocean waters

The fast block to polyspermy involves the

opening of ion channels that change the polarity of the egg membrane.

Stomata are:

openings in leaf epidermis

A group of associated tissues is known as a(n)

organ

Which of the following is the phase of maximum physical sensation?

orgasm

Water enters endodermal cells by _____ directly across the lipid and through integral membrane proteins called ____.

osmosis; aquaporins

Water and dissolved mineral are transported laterally through chains of ____.

parenchyma cells

The cells in the gastric glands that produce digestive substances are the

parietal and chief cells.

In a parasitic relationship where the host contracts a disease and sometimes dies, the parasite is called a(n):

pathogen

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

All woody plants are:

perennials

In eudicot roots, the last mode of water and mineral transport occurs from the ____ to ______.

pericycle; xylem

Cork cambium and the tissues it produces are collectively known as:

periderm

Figure 40-3 The portion of the bone labeled I in the accompanying figure is called the

periosteum.

The efferent arterioles transport blood directly into the

peritubular capillaries.

Dissolved sugars are transported in:

phloem

In a signal transduction pathway involving phospholipid products as second messengers, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates

phospholipase C.

Fixation of carbon is accomplished by

photosynthetic organisms

Figure 32-1 The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the:

phylum Chordata.

The photoreceptor for photoperiodism and some other light-initiated plant responses is a group of blue-green pigments named

phytochrome.

For Arabidopsis and many other plants, ______ and ______ are implicated in resetting the biological clock.

phytochrome; cryptochrome

The ____ produce(s) ____, which influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep.

pineal gland; melatonin

At the center of an herbaceous eudicot stem is:

pith

Unlike eudicot roots, the center of most monocot roots is occupied by the:

pith

Afterbirth refers collectively to the

placenta and the fetal membranes.

An example of a short-day plant is

poinsettia

The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as: Group of answer choices

possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots.

Granulosa cells surround a

primary oocyte

Figure 45-1 The response represented by the dashed line in the accompanying figure indicates a:

primary response to an antigen distinctly different from the initial antigen.

The choroid plexus functions to:

produce cerebrospinal fluid

Figure 50-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. The peak in ____ around day 21 corresponds with ____.

progesterone; continuing to build up the endometrium

Roots that arise from branches or vertical stems, and that are used to support a plant in an upright position, are referred to as:

prop roots.

Jasmonic acid is structurally similar to ______ in animals.

prostaglandins

A root cap:

protects the fragile meristematic cells at the root tip.

Figure 37-5 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 2

protects the stem tip as it moves through the soil.

The gametophyte generation of ferns is the:

prothallus

The main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia is that

protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, whereas metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends.

Cation exchange between soil particles and root hairs is the process in which:

protons are exchanged for positively charged mineral ions.

Figure 36-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Absorption of positively charged mineral ions by the root is facilitated by the movement of:

protons out of the root hair.

Figure 50-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled as 6 is to

provide a place for maturation and storage of sperm.

The film of fluid in the pleural cavity functions to:

provide lubrication between the lungs and thoracic wall.

A nursing baby:

receives passive immunity via the breast milk.

Flower parts are borne on the tip of a stalk referred to as the

receptacle.

Type 2 diabetes is caused by

receptors being insensitive to insulin

The function of synovial fluid is to

reduce friction

Deforestation

releases carbon dioxide that may contribute to global warming.

Natural killer cells destroy target cells by:

releasing cytokines and enzymes that trigger apoptosis.

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

reptiles

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration is the:

residual volume.

Protease inhibitors:

result in viral copies that cannot infect new cells.

Some ____ produce greatly thickened ends called tubers.

rhizomes

The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear consists of the:

saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals.

Irrigation can cause salt to accumulate in the soil, a process known as:

salinization.

Functional secondary xylem that conducts water and dissolved minerals is known as:

sapwood

The term for physical damage to a seed coat that induces germination is

scarification

Growth that results in an increase in the girth of a plant is referred to as:

secondary growth.

Figure 50-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled as 3 is to

secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acids of the vagina.

Endocrine glands

secrete hormones.

Mesophyll cells are:

separated by intercellular spaces

An example of a _____ membrane are the pleural membranes lining the cavities around the ____.

serous; lungs

Spatial summation is characterized by:

several presynaptic neurons releasing neurotransmitter simultaneously.

One advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that

sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity.

Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:

short life spans and early maturity

Secondary xylem contains all of the following cell types except:

sieve tube elements

Sugar is conducted in solution through specialized cells known as:

sieve tube elements.

The breast muscle of geese have ____, while those of chickens have _____. Group of answer choices

slow-oxidative fibers; fast-glycolytic fibers

Figure 47-2 The chemical reaction in the accompanying figure occurs in the

small intestine as the result of secretions from the liver

A human population that is shrinking would be characterized by a(n):

small proportion of prereproductive individuals.

The function of the sodium-potassium pump is to actively move:

sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Figure 50-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. If a cut was made between numbers 6 and 10, ____.

sperm cells would not be released

The ventilation of insect tracheal tubes is dependent upon the presence of:

spiracles.

The diploid portion of a plant life cycle is known as the

sporophyte generation.

Which mollusks have a closed circulatory system?

squids

The center of a primary eudicot root is known as the:

stele

Rhizomes, tubers, corms, and stolons are examples of modified

stems

Figure 43-1 Refer to the accompanying figure with the lateral line organs of fishes. The structures indicated by label 3 are:

stereocilia

The function of oxytocin is to

stimulate uterine contractions

Figure 38-1 One conclusion that can be drawn from the accompanying figure is that a low ratio of auxin to cytokinin

stimulates shoot development.

The main difference between elastic and reticular fibers is that only elastic fibers

stretch

Cardiac output is determined by:

stroke volume and heart rate

The female plant structure on which a pollen tube must grow through is the

style

The problems associated with slash-and-burn agriculture are most closely related to

subsistence agriculture.

Using severed aphid mouthparts, scientists have verified that, in most species, the phloem can translocate ____, _____, and _______.

sucrose; raffinose, sorbitol

Figure 43-1 Refer to the accompanying figure with the lateral line organs of fishes. The structures indicated by label 1 are:

supporting cells.

During embryonic development in flowering plants, the basal cell develops into the

suspensor

What is the best way to treat a peptic ulcer?

take antacids and antibiotics

What type of root system is prevalent of eudicots?

taproot

Figure 43-3 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 4 is the:

tectorial membrane.

Transpiration is most closely associated with

terrestrial plants

A smooth, sustained contraction of skeletal muscle is called a

tetanus.

Which is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?

thallus

Figure 46-4 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves at three different pH levels ​ The phenomenon illustrated in the accompanying figure is known as: Group of answer choices

the Bohr effect.

Podocytes are located in the wall of

the Bowman's capsule.

Deamination is a process that removes

the amino group from amino acids.

Net primary productivity represents

the amount of biomass in excess of that needed to support plant cell respiration.

Adding a fibrinogen inactivator to blood would prevent:

the blood from clotting.

The size of the motor area in the brain for any specific body part is relative to:

the complexity of its movements.

In a negative feedback system, ____.

the effector brings the system back to the set point

Genes for self-incompatibility usually inhibit

the growth of the pollen tube

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

the heart

Which of the following statements concerning tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is FALSE?

the release of large amounts of TNF brings down a high fever

What happens when the membrane potential of a neuron reaches the threshold level?

the sodium channel protein changes its shape to open the gates of the channel

The principle of nuclear equivalence states that

there is no loss of genetic information through determination or differentiation.

If dense bone lacked Haversian canals,

there would be no blood supply to the bones

Which is a characteristic of all annelids?

they have a segmented body

A plant's growth response to mechanical stress, such as rain or contact with passing animals, is known as

thigmomorphogenesis.

When the death of species is less imminent, but the population of a particular species is quite small, it is defined as being

threatened.

Figure 41-3 In the accompanying figure, label A represents:

threshold level.

How does fat enter the blood circulation?

through an epithelial cell

The single most preventable cause of disease in the United States is:

tobacco use.

The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime is known as:

total fertility rate.

The process by which water is lost by evaporation from aerial plant parts is known as:

transpiration.

Undigested material flows from the ascending colon directly into the

transverse colon.

Specialized epidermal outgrowths that remove excess salt accumulated in seashore plants are an example of:

trichomes.

The endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically:

triploid (3n)

Which biome has the longest growing season?

tropical rain forest

Lianas and epiphytes are especially common in the:

tropical rain forest.

When a plant responds to external stimuli, such as light, gravity, or touch by directional growth, these responses are referred to as

tropisms

In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, FSH stimulates a few follicles to develop.

true

Jasmonic acid is structurally similar to prostaglandins.

true

Methyl salicylate triggers the genes that code for the systemic acquired resistance pathway.

true

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate.

true

Outside the zona pellucida is a layer of granulosa cells.

true

Which of the following is a type of cytokine?

tumor necrosis factor

Adult tunicates develop which of the following?

tunic

Compound leaves have:

two or more leaflets instead of a single blade

What does prostate-specific antigen (PSA) do?

unclots semen in the vagina

The main nitrogenous waste of adult amphibians is

urea

Insectivorous plants:

use modified leaves to trap their prey.

Figure 33-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The labeled structure that is responsible for secondary growth is:

vascular cambium.

The clockwise gyre of surface ocean currents in the North Atlantic results in

warmer water on Atlantic beaches of North America than Pacific beaches of the same latitude.

The water balance problem of plants living in salty soil is the result of:

water moving out of plant roots by osmosis.

The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:

water vascular system.

The formation of soil by gradually breaking rock into smaller particles by biological, chemical, and physical processes is known as:

weathering

The arrangement of the different cell types in secondary ______ produces the distinctive wood characteristics of each species.

xylem

An example of ex situ conservation is a

zoo

For coral reefs to form in tropical waters, it is necessary for the coral animals to live in symbiosis with:

zooxanthellae.

What is the correct sequence through which early development proceeds?

zygote → morula → blastula → gastrula

Figure 53-4 Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following age intervals has the highest death rate?

0−1

What bird, due to human efforts, has been removed from the endangered species list and is now listed as threatened?

Bald eagle

The associated figure provides support for which of the following processes?

Competitive exclusion

In a human population with a high proportion of prereproductive individuals, the population will:

Continue to increase even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels

Denitrifying bacteria

Convert nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen

Which process is NOT indirectly related to absorption of solar energy by the Earth's surface?

Coriolis Effect

Which of the following processes restores nitrogen to the air?

Denitrification

Which statement about Earth's biomes is FALSE?

Deserts have less rainfall due to their distance from the ocean

Which action best illustrates in situ conservation?

Designating a large area as a national reserve

Algae and cyanobacteria are examples of primary consumers.

False

An example of ex situ conservation is a national park.

False

An exponential growth curve levels off at the carrying capacity.

False

Competition between species 1 and species 2 is beneficial for species 1 and harmful for species 2.

False

Consumption overpopulation is a problem in developing countries.

False

Dense coastal fog is characteristic of the temperate deciduous forest biome.

False

In an ecosystem's bottom-up processes, predators affect the abundances of other populations in the ecological community.

False

Most insects and invertebrates are said to be iteroparous.

False

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which gaseous nitrogen is converted to nitrate.

False

Oysters have a(n) Type-II survivorship curve.

False

The United States is part of the Palearctic realm.

False

The oceanic province is that part of the ocean that overlies the continental shelf.

False

The organisms that feed from all trophic levels are secondary consumers.

False

Which organisms may be a keystone species in a tropical rain forest?

Fig trees

What is the least likely effect of fires on organisms?

Fire instigates the growth of shade-tolerant plants.

Based on latitude only, which of the following U.S. states would be expected to have the highest species richness?

Georgia

Which endangered species has become so due to its specialized feeding habits?

Giant pandas

Which of the following is a predicted effect of continued global warming?

Greater impact on plant species in particular

Figure 53-4 Which of the following species exhibits a mix of more than one type of survivorship over their life cycle?

Herring gulls

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a metapopulation?

Homogeneous species dispersal

____ includes the establishment of parks and reserves, concentrates on preserving biological diversity in nature.

In situ conservation

Two members of the same species compete for a limited resource, resulting in equal sharing of the limited resource. What is this called?

Intraspecific scramble competition

The Southern Hemisphere has no equivalent of the boreal forest of the north. Why?

It has no land in the corresponding latitudes.

A lake in which of the following locations would be expected to have the highest species richness?

National forest

An example of mutualism is:

Rhizobium and legumes

Figure 56-1 Based on the temperature range and precipitation, the area on the accompanying figure labeled as 3 represents which of the following biomes?

Savanna

Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion?

Severe competition among individuals

Which of the following have local reproductive success that is less than the local mortality?

Sink habitats

When the structural complexity of the vegetation is more complex, what can generally be said of the species richness?

Species richness increases.

In a food chain, producers occupy the first trophic level.

True

People overpopulation is the current problem in many developing nations.

True

The transition zone between biomes is called an ecotone.

True

Which of the following has increased as a direct result of stratospheric ozone depletion?

UVB

Animals with chemical defenses are also typically:

aposematic.

Figure 53-1 The graph in the accompanying figure would best be described as:

being a J-shaped curve characteristic of exponential growth.

Figure 55-2 The accompanying figure is a good illustration of

biological magnification.

In a lake, a certain native species of zooplankton is found evenly distributed in the water column. After introduction of a different species of zooplankton, the native species is only found in the shallow water zone. This is most likely an illustration of:

competitive exclusion.

Figure 54-1 In Experimental Condition 2 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Chthamalus suggests that:

interspecific competition kept Chthamalus from extending lower into the intertidal area.

There are no trees in the tundra because:

of limited root penetration due to permafrost.

Biotic pollution has been particularly harmful to native species

on islands.

Microscopic algae typically fall under the classification of:

phytoplankton.

In large measure, differences in ____ that are due to variations in the amount of _____ at different locations on Earth drive the circulation of the atmosphere.

rainfall; solar energy

The orderly replacement of one community by another is known as:

succession