BIO 104 Final Exam Study Guide
What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1,000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?
+50
Approximately what proportion of the radiant energy entering an ecosystem is used in photosynthesis?
1
FIgure 34-2 In the accompanying figure, the palisade mesophyll is labeled with the number:
1
Figure 35-2 In the accompanying figure, the cell layer that contains xylem is labeled as:
1
Figure 36-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. During the development of secondary vascular tissues, which of the following structures is replaced by periderm?
1
Figure 56-2 Which of the lakes in the accompanying figure may experience turnover?
1 and 3
Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. In which regions does atrial natriuretic peptide act?
1 and 9
What is the approximate maximum thickness of an animal that allows oxygen to diffuse quickly enough through the layers of cells to support life?
1 mm
Figure 47-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The crown of the tooth is made up of the parts labeled
1, 2, and 3 only.
Most axons transmit impulses at approximately which of the following rates?
1-10 m/s
Figure 50-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. On which day of a 28-day menstrual cycle would you predict that estrogen levels would peak?
12
Figure 40-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which region of the skin is composed mainly of collagen fibers?
15
Figure 41-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure integrates incoming signals?
2
Figure 51-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. The allantois is identified by number
2
Figure 51-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure can be transferred to a different location in the embryo and still cause differentiation of surrounding tissues?
2
Figure 56-2 Which of the lakes in the accompanying figure may have a thermocline?
2
Figure 46-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Place Figures 1-4 in the correct order to represent the two-cycle breathing process of birds.
2 → 3 → 1 → 4
What is the correct order for the following events that follow a nerve impulse along a sympathetic neuron to innervate the heart?
2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 5
Figure 56-1 Based on the accompanying figure, what is the annual precipitation and temperature range for a temperate rain forest?
200−300 cm/yr precipitation and 10−20 °C
Figure 35-2 In the accompanying figure, the structure responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support is labeled as:
3
Figure 36-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The endodermis is the structure labeled as:
3
Figure 37-1 In the accompanying figure, the structure that protects the flower as a bud is labeled as _____.
3
Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is a steroid hormone?
3
Figure 51-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. The chorion is identified by number
3
Figure 35-3 What is the age of the twig in the accompanying figure?
3 years
Arrange the events of a second messenger system in the correct order.
3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 6 → 4
Arrange the events of a second messenger system in the correct order. 1) Protein kinase is activated. 2) G protein is activated. 3) The neurotransmitter binds to its receptor. 4) The protein closes the potassium channel. 5) Cyclic AMP is produced. 6) Phosphorylation takes place.
3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 6 → 4
Arrange the following events in the correct sequence. 1) Thyroid gland secretes less hormone 2) Homeostasis 3) High concentration of thyroid hormones 4) Anterior pituitary secretes less TSH
3 → 4 → 1 → 2
Endosperm tissue is
3n
Figure 37-3 In the accompanying figure, the part of the embryo that contains most of the food used by the embryonic plant during germination is labeled with the number
4
Figure 43-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which label designates a bipolar cell?
4
Figure 46-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of these lungs would have the greatest surface area?
4
Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex?
4
Figure 40-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. An action potential spreads and triggers Ca2+ release through the structure labeled as
5
Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of solutes with nutritional value occurs at the point labeled as
5
Figure 50-1 The spermatids are the cells in the accompanying figure labeled as
5
What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction? 1) Muscle shortens 2) Calcium binds to troponin 3) Filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) Acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split
5 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 3 → 1
What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction? 1) Muscle shortens 2) Calcium binds to troponin 3) Filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) Acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split Group of answer choices
5 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 3 → 1
Which of the following is the normal tidal volume in an adult human?
500 mL
Given that the percent nitrogen gas in the air at sea level is 78%, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen gas?
593 mm Hg
Figure 35-3 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as ____ will form branches.
6
Figure 50-3 Which structure in the accompanying figure is responsible for the production of hormones?
6
Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of water occurs at the point(s) labeled as
6 and 10.
Based on the temperature range and precipitation, which area in the accompanying figure is dominated by pine trees?
7
Figure 44-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure would carry blood to the systemic (body) circulation?
7
Figure 50-3 Which structure in the accompanying figure is a common site of cancer that can usually be detected by a Pap smear?
7
Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Insulin-like growth factor would be included with which of the following pairs?
7, 8
Figure 28-1 Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?
8
Figure 51-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure gives rise to the spinal cord?
8
Figure 53-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point are there few environmental limits on the population?
A
How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?
A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a predator-prey relationship?
A deer eating grass
Acclimatization is the process by which animals adjust to seasonal changes. Which example is least characteristic of acclimatization?
A lizard basking in the sun
Which of the following is an example of an omnivore?
A pig
Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool?
A population
Four of the five statements listed below apply to the types of ecological pyramids. Which one is TRUE?
A pyramid of energy shows that energy decreases as one goes toward the apex of the pyramid.
After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?
A seed
Which of the following is a neuropeptide?
ADH
In Alzheimer's disease, neurons that secrete which neurotransmitter are particularly affected?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following statements about soil pH is true?
Acidic soil can be found in the pygmy forest in California
Which of the following is true of hemichordates?
Acorn worms are well-known example in this group.
Which of the following would not be found in loose connective tissue?
Actin fibers
Figure 41-2 The accompanying figure represents a sequence of events occurring in the neuronal membrane (designated by the numbers 1 and 2). The letter "I" indicates an ion. What event is mostly likely being portrayed in this figure?
Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels
Which of the following is a characteristic of desert plants?
Adaptations that conserve water
You would like to develop an herbicide that is structurally most similar to cytokinin. Which of the following molecules would you use as starting material?
Adenine
An immunization against cow pox should protect an individual:
Against other antigens with the same antigenic determinants
Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?
Algae
During conscious, quiet rest, the brain emits:
Alpha rhythm patterns
Figure 34-1 Which of the following is a leaf arrangement in which two leaves grow at each node?
Alternate
Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.
Amanita
Which of the following could be an example of a limiting resource?
Amount of precipitation
Which limbic structure filters incoming sensory information and interprets it in the context of emotional needs and survival?
Amygdala
Which statement best describes the relationship between an antibody and an antigen?
An antibody is specifically produced in response to an antigen.
What environment is characterized by high nutrient inputs and by relatively great fluctuations in salinity and temperature?
An estuary
Which structure connects to the scrotum?
An inguinal canal
Which statement best describes a typical food chain?
An owl has a positive impact on the grass population.
Which of the following applies to the deepest zone of a large lake?
Anaerobic conditions
Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?
Animals cannot respond to stimuli
What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
Antheridium
A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum?
Anthocerophyta
Which of the following substances may protect leaves against damage by ultraviolet radiation after abscission?
Anthocyanins
Which of the following immune system components has been identified in almost all organisms studied?
Antimicrobial peptides
Figure 31-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 6?
Anus
Growth that results in an increase in stem or root length occurs in which specific area of the plant?
Apical meristem
Tracheids and vessel elements both undergo which of the following?
Apoptosis
Gametophyes also produce female gametangia known as:
Archegonia
Gametophytes also produce female gametangia known as:
Archegonia
Plant roots absorb nitrate or ammonia and incorporate these compounds into plant proteins via the process of
Assimilation
Which of the following is a hormone that increases sodium excretion, which results in production of a large volume of dilute urine, thereby reducing blood pressure?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
The ____ realm has long been separated from other land masses and is the area in which marsupials are particularly common.
Australian
In which type of regulation do hormones act on the cells that produce it?
Autocrine signaling
Naphthalene acetic acid is a synthetic ____ that stimulates root development on stem cuttings and is used extensively in asexual propagation.
Auxin
You expose a plant to a light that shines on the right side of a plant. Which statement best explains why the plant grows toward the light?
Auxin moves from the lighted side to the shaded side where it stimulates growth.
Looking for which of the following is useful for determining whether a plant has simple or compound leaves?
Axillary buds
Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?
Baking
Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:
Basidiocarps
The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?
Basidiomycetes
A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:
Batesian mimicry.
In the blood, most (60%) of the carbon dioxide moves through plasma as which of the following substances?
Bicarbonate
Which of the following contributes to an erythrocyte's efficiency in distributing oxygen?
Biconcave shape
______ is an index of the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem.
Biological diversity
Which statement about biomass is FALSE?
Biomass reduction from one trophic level to the next is approximately 50%.
Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?
Black bread mold
An example of a long-day plant is
Black-eyed Susan
Cell division of the blastula is restricted to which of the following?
Blastodisc
Which of the following consists of a hollow ball of cells?
Blastula
Which organism would be found exclusively in the benthic environment?
Bloodworms
Which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area?
Brazil
Embryonic shoots located at the tips of stems are covered by ____.
Bud scales
Modified leaves that protect meristematic tissue at the tips of woody plants are known as:
Bud scales
Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point do the environmental limits begin to slow the growth rate?
C
Figure 44-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which cell type or types are primarily responsible for the release of histamine in injured tissues and in allergic responses?
C only
Specialized chemoreceptors in the medulla, walls of the aorta, and the walls of the carotid arteries are sensitive to SMALL changes in the arterial concentration of which of the following substances?
CO2
What event triggers the release of neurotransmitters?
Calcium induces the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.
Climates characteristic of the Mediterranean region are also common in:
California.
In a signal transduction pathway involving calcium as a second messenger, what binds the calcium to the effector?
Calmodulin
Thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:
Candida
Photosynthesis reduces the leaf's internal concentration of:
Carbon Dioxide
Between 1990 and 2010, which greenhouse gas increased the most to the warming effect of the planet?
Carbon dioxide
Which pairing accurately describes one specific type of muscle tissue?
Cardiac muscle tissue—involuntary contraction
Which statement about connective tissue is true?
Cartilage is elastic in nature.
Salamanders are members of the order:
Caudata
After embryonic development, members of the phylum Rotifera are incapable of:
Cell division
Which of the following is characteristic to most protostomes?
Cell division tends to be via spiral cleavage.
The plant ground tissue system consists of three tissues that can be distinguished by which of the following?
Cell wall structures
Which of the following polymers accounts for about 40% to 60% of the dry weight of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
Which event is associated with leaf abscission?
Chlorophyll breaks down
Which list correctly orders soil particles in increasing diameter?
Clay, silt, sand
Which of the following were important plants millions of years ago, when species that are now extinct often reached great size?
Club mosses
What is perhaps the most common of the dispersal patterns seen in nature?
Clumped dispersion
Which group can reproduce asexually?
Cnidarians
Which of the following groups of vertebrae is located farthest from the head?
Coccygeal
Which of the following is an example of a seed dispersed by water?
Coconut
Figure 37-2 The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely the result of
Coevolution
Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding a community in the natural world?
Communities refer to ecological categories that vary greatly in size and have precise boundaries.
The plant vascular system performs which of the following functions?
Conducts water, dissolved minerals, and food
Recent studies of gene function as it relates to reproductive development suggest that angiosperms evolved most directly from:
Conifers
The transport of sucrose from companion cells into sieve tube elements depends upon ______.
Cotransport
Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?
Crustaceans
Which of the following reduces water loss from plant epidermal cell exterior walls?
Cuticle
Which phylum's very few surviving species are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?
Cycadophyta
Which hormone promotes cell division and delays senescence in plants?
Cytokinin
Figure 53-2 On the accompanying figure, identify the point that indicates the carrying capacity for this population.
D
Hypoxia is defined as which of the following?
Deficiency of oxygen
Which of the following present antigens to T cells, stimulating them to produce interferons, which have an antitumor effect?
Dendritic cells
Which statement about Earth's biomes is FALSE?
Deserts have less rainfall due to their distance from the ocean.
The difficulty encountered by many species in reaching and colonizing an isolated geographic location is known as which of the following?
Distance effect
Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:
Do not have nipples
The primary reason that Earth experiences seasons is because of the
Earth's tilt on its axis.
Which organism exhibits radial cleavage?
Echinoderms
A biological community and its abiotic environment together comprise which of the following?
Ecosystem
A transitional zone where two or more communities meet is known as which of the following?
Ecotone
Which statement best represents the difference between ectotherms and endotherms?
Ectotherms animals outnumbered endotherms
Which issue is least likely to have been the result of human impact on the nitrogen cycle?
El Niño-Southern Oscillation events
In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is the:
Endosperm
Which process plays the most important role in the phosphorous cycle?
Erosion
Figure 39-3 Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following is not a response to a decrease in body temperature?
Evaporation of water
What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?
Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation.
A gemma is a sexual reproductive structure produced by certain liverworts.
False
A leaf without a blade is said to be sessile.
False
A radula is a characteristic of certain members of the phylum platyhelminthes
False
A radula is characteristic of certain members of phylum Platyhelminthes.
False
A serous membrane lines a body cavity that opens to the outside of the body.
False
A threatened species is a species in imminent danger of extinction.
False
A typical soil is composed mostly of humus.
False
Acrosomes contain nutrients for the developing sperm cells, and they also secrete hormones and other signaling molecules.
False
Adaptations that exert a strong competitive force on a predator are the result of coevolution.
False
After a moss spore germinates, it forms a prothallus.
False
An embryo having a blastodisc exhibits holoblastic cleavage.
False
An example of a complex carbohydrate is sucrose.
False
An example of a freshwater wetland is an estuary.
False
An example of an atom or molecule that directly breaks down O3 is CFC.
False
An example of in situ conservation is a seed bank.
False
An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm
False
An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.
False
An ovule usually develops directly into a fruit.
False
As part of the fertilization process, the egg completes meiosis I.
False
Bark consists of all tissues outside the cork cambium.
False
Bile is produced in the gallbladder.
False
Buttress roots help trees obtain oxygen from flooded soil.
False
By definition, an animal having an closed circulatory system will also have a hemocoel.
False
Chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum (T or F)
False
Cryptic coloration advertises a species unpalatability to potential predators.
False
Cycads and Ginkgo are similar in that they produce nonmotile sperm.
False
Deuterostomes are split into the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa.
False
During embryonic development, the proembryo develops from the basal cell.
False
During exhalation, air moves from the bronchi directly into the alveoli.
False
During inhalation, air moves from the pharynx directly into the trachea.
False
During the menstrual cycle, ovulation is triggered by a surge in FSH.
False
During the process of muscle contraction, Ca2+ binds tropomyosin.
False
Each archegonium produces many eggs.
False
Echinoderms are related to chordates because the first opening to develop becomes the mouth.
False
Eosinophils are filled with hemoglobin.
False
Ependymal cells are a type of macrophage.
False
Fertilization takes place in the uterus.
False
Gross primary productivity is the rate of photosynthesis minus the rate of plant respiration.
False
Guttation is the process most responsible for moving water and minerals through the plant.
False
Hardwood is the wood of gymnosperms.
False
Host mothering is technique important in in situ conservation.
False
If a plant produces microspores and megaspores, then by definition, it is homosporous
False
Immediately inside the epidermis of a eudicot stem is the pith.
False
In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a circle.
False
In a plant, most water is transported vertically by being pushed to the top.
False
In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg, and the other sperm fuses with the two antipodal nuclei.
False
In females, a primary oocyte completes meiosis II at the time of fertilization.
False
In the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore.
False
In zygomycetes such as Rhizopus, the zygospore is haploid.
False
Interleukins activate and direct the movement of white blood cells from the blood to the tissues.
False
K strategists typically produce large numbers of offspring.
False
Leaves and flowers exhibit indeterminate growth.
False
Leaves are attached randomly (regularly) to stems and play a role in photosynthesis.
False
Long-term potentiation involves a long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections.
False
Maxillae are used to bite and grind food.
False
Most neural integrations take place in the PNS.
False
Neuroendocrine cells release neurohormones which are transported through contact or diffuse through interstitial fluid.
False
Nonspecific cell responses depend on the actions of lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.
False
Normally, complement proteins are active until the body is exposed to antigen.
False
Parthenogenesis is a form of sexual reproduction.
False
Pepsinogen catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to short polypeptides.
False
Plants, like animals, grow at all points of their body.
False
Pr strongly absorbs light that has a wavelength of 730 nm.
False
Rods of the human eye allow detection of shape, movement, and color.
False
Sleep is an alteration of consciousness during which there is increased electrical activity in the cerebral cortex.
False
Source habitats are areas where reproductive success is less than local mortality.
False
Species richness is a measure of both the number of species and the relative importance of each species based on its abundance, productivity, or size.
False
Species that exhibit repeated reproductive cycles are said to be semelparous.
False
Springwood has narrower conducting cells and many fibers.
False
Statocysts of fish and aquatic amphibians detect vibrations in water.
False
Territoriality often results in clumped dispersion.
False
The "strings" of celery are composed of sclerenchyma tissue.
False
The Z line consists of parts of actin filaments on two adjacent sarcomeres.
False
The amphibian heart consists of two atria and two ventricle(s).
False
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
False
The baby is delivered during the third stage of labor.
False
The body of a bilaterally symmetrical animal can be divided into two equivalent halves by more than one plane
False
The boreal forest biome does not contain deciduous trees.
False
The bulbourethral glands secrete a fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins.
False
The chaparral biome is characterized by grasses as high as 2 m.
False
The chorion is the extraembryonic membrane closest to the embryo proper.
False
The drug naloxone blocks the effects of cocaine on the CNS.
False
The impact of a keystone species is proportionate to its abundance in an ecosystem.
False
The limnetic zone is the shallow-water area along the shore of a lake or pond.
False
The lower portion of the uterus is called the endometrium.
False
The nervous system develops from the endoderm
False
The nutritive tissue in a mature pine seed is triploid.
False
The preprophase band consists of chromosomes aligned in a particular pattern.
False
The removal of dissolved materials from soil by percolating water is called illuviation.
False
The repeating units of muscle contraction are called myofibrils.
False
The resting potential of a typical neuron is approximately +70 mV.
False
The root cortex is composed mostly of collenchyma cells.
False
The site of gravity perception in roots is the root apical meristem.
False
The sodium-potassium pump transports two Na+ out of the cell for every two K+ transported in.
False
Tracheal tubes and spiracles are characteristically found in annelids.
False
Transmission of the scent of a flower is carried out by the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system.
False
Transpiration increases at lower temperatures.
False
Type II interferon inhibits viral replication and activates natural killer cells.
False
Urine flows from the ureters directly into the urethra.
False
Vertebrates have closed circulatory systems with a dorsal heart and blood containing hemoglobin.
False
Vessel elements and tracheids, while differing slightly in structure, both conduct carbohydrates.
False
When a microsporocyte divides, its daughter cells are diploid.
False
When cells of the vascular cambium divide, they produce xylem toward the outside.
False
When cytokinins are sprayed on leaves of a cut stem, the leaves become, or remain, yellow.
False
When the cork cambium divides, it produces cork cells toward the inside.
False
When the microfibrils in the cell wall are oriented in the same direction, the cell will expand in a direction parallel to the microfibrils.
False
When thyroid hormone concentration is low, the anterior pituitary secretes less TSH.
False
Xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars.
False
Which of the following binds with receptors on phagocytes and other cells of the immune system, and also binds with molecules of the complement system?
Fc fragment
Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:
Feathers
Figure 31-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 9?
Feeding polyp
Which of the following are interesting research plants for studies in genetics because they are polyploids and have multiple sets of chromosomes?
Ferns
Sexual reproduction involves which of the following processes?
Fertilization
Which plasma protein(s) will be important immediately following a small cut on your finger?
Fibimogen
The amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide that diffuses across the membrane of an alveolus depends both on the differences in partial pressure on both sides of the membrane and on the surface area of the membrane. This describes which of the following?
Fick's law of diffusion
One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:
Flagellated cells
An example of a micronutrient is phosphorus.
Flase
Periderm is the functional replacement of the bark.
Flase
The male gametophyte is also called an embryo sac.
Flase
The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions.
Flase
The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?
Flatworms
Hardwood is the wood of _____ and softwood is the wood of ____.
Flowering plants; conifers
Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?
Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids
The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
Fronds
To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?
Frontal
In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):
Fruiting body
Which hormone promotes stem elongation and was first discovered while studying the growth of extremely tall and spindly rice plants?
Gibberellin
____ the synthesis of α-amylase is an enzyme that digests starch in the endosperm.
Gibberellin
______________ has been an important medicinal plant for centuries and is still a common herbal remedy today.
Ginkgo
Which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?
Glomeromycetes
The fourth phylum is a collection of which unusual plants that share certain traits not found in other gymnosperms?
Gnetophtya
____ is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
Growth hormone
Which of the following does NOT decrease during non-REM sleep?
Growth hormone release
Usually the only epidermal cells with chloroplasts are:
Guard cells
Which of the following are responsible for opening and closing the stoma?
Guard cells
Which structure or structures function to open and close the stomata?
Guard cells
The release of liquid water by leaves when soil moisture is high is known as:
Guttation
Figure 40-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. In which portion of the bone is fat stored?
H
Parietal cells secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor
Which statement about HIV is FALSE?
HIV attaches to the CD4 component of TH cells.
Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:
Hagfishes lack vertebrae
Which example represents a structural adaptation that an endotherm might make to maintain body temperature?
Having feathers
Figure 57-1 In the accompanying figure, the process labeled as 3 illustrates an action that is reduced by greenhouse gas accumulation. What is this action?
Heat radiation into space
Which of the following is a function of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system?
Helps maintain homeostasis in the internal environment
Designate the hyphae of two different mating types of black bread mold as "+" (plus) and "−" (minus). Mating of these two types is correctly classified as which of the following?
Heterothallic
Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?
Horsetails and club mosses
Which of the following genes were similar in the last common ancestor of all bilateral animals?
Hox genes
The British clergyman and economist Malthus was one of the first to recognize which of the following?
Human populations cannot continue to increase indefinitely.
After light triggers the activation proton pumps, what happens next in the leaf?
Hydrogen ions are actively transported out of guard cells.
Which of the following correctly describes basidiomycetes?
Hyphae of a primary mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells
What class of antibodies is normally found in the mucosa of the respiratory tract?
IgA
In many kinds of allergic reactions, distinctive immunoglobins of which type are produced?
IgE
Which of the following is the predominant antibody in a secondary immune response?
IgG
Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic of mammals?
Incompletely divided ventricles
The rate of transpiration decreases under which of the following conditions?
Increased humidity
The body wall of cnidarians and ctenophores consist of:
Inner and outer cell layers separated by jelly-like mesoglea
Biologists estimate that about 70% of all flowering plant species are pollinated by these organisms.
Insects
Which of the following is a group of proteins with actions including antiviral activity?
Interferons
Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?
Internal fluid and salt balance we easy to maintain
Saltatory conduction:
Is more energy efficent than continuous conduction
Which statement about cryptochrome is false?
It absorbs green light
Which of the following statements about a root cap is false?
It absorbs nutrients
Which of the following statements about stress is true?
It causes a body response in an attempt to maintain homeostasis.
Which statement about the internal biological clock is false?
It disappears totally if it is not reset by the rising and setting sun.
Which statement concerning the root epidermis is true?
It does not secrete a waxy cuticle over the root hairs.
Which of the following statements about heartwood is false?
It functions in conduction.
What is the function of the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system?
It helps the body respond to changes in the external environment
Which statement about meristematic tissue is true?
It is capable of continually dividing throughout the life of the plant.
Which statement concerning the auxin F-box protein is false?
It is located in the nucleus.
Which statements about the notochord is FALSE?
It is lost when it is replaced by the spinal cord.
Figure 50-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement about the corpus luteum is FALSE?
It is responsible for the first peak in line labeled as 1
Which of the following statements about the cortex is true?
It may contain collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Which statement about the large intestine is FALSE?
It secretes the digestive enzymes
Which of the following have tendrils that are specialized stems (NOT specialized leaves)?
Ivy
Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following:
K-strategists.
The purification and elucidation of the primary auxin's chemical structure was accomplished by
Kenneth Thimann.
The product of β-oxidation enters metabolism through ____.
Krebs cycle
In the female, ____ stimulates ovulation.
LH
Although they are two different types of connective tissue, cartilage and bone have what feature in common?
Lacunae only
You observe a group of fish turn almost simultaneously in the same direction. Which receptors are they using?
Lateral line organs
Which of the following are areas extending along the entire length of the stems and roots except at the tips?
Lateral meristems
Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that functions in which of the following biological processes?
Learning and memory
Which of the following species has been used for centuries to draw blood from areas swollen by poisonous stings and bites?
Leeches
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through systemic circulation?
Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → right common iliac artery → smaller arteries in leg → capillaries in leg → small veins in leg → common iliac vein → inferior vena cava → right atrium
You want to obtain the strongest phototropic response from a shoot. Which wavelength of light should you use?
Less than 500 nm
The cell walls of woody plant secondary tissues contain which of the following?
Lignin
The inner germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures?
Lining of digestive structures
The gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle for which of the following plant groups?
Liverworts
PhyB may inhibit flowering in
Long-day plants
Highly developed countries are most likely to be characterized by which of the following?
Low GNI PPPsIn Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.
Figure 50-2 In the accompanying figure, what is the function of the structure that is labeled as 7?
Maintaining sperm below body temperature
Which technique is most routine for breast cancer screening?
Mammogram
Which of the following is true of monocot leaves?
Many monocots lack a petiole.
Which is the greatest sink of phosphorus?
Marine sediments
Progymnosperms had two derived features, which were :
Megaphylls and woody tissue
Which of the following cell types is long lived and continues to produce antibody?
Memory B cells
The middle portion of a leaf that is sandwiched between the upper and the lower epidermis is called the:
Mesophyll
____ helps defend plants against viral infection.
Methyl salicylate
Which statement about food chains is FALSE?
Mice consumption of grasses is harmful grass population
____ are small leaves with a single vascular strand.
Microphylls
______ are small leaves with a single vascular strand
Microphylls
Which of the following valves are held in place by the chordae tendineae?
Mitral valves
As a contemporary scientist, which of the following would you use as evidence to propose changing the traditional animal phylogenies?
Molecular data
Starling's law of the heart states that the heart pumps:
More forcefully when more blood is delivered to it
How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?
Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Most hydrolysis of fats takes place in the stomach.
Mixing and propulsive movements of the digestive tract are referred to as _____.
Motility
Figure 31-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 8 in the figure?
Mouth
Figure 31-5 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 8?
Movement
Figure 31-5 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 8?
Movement
Which pair demonstrates a mutualistic relationship?
Mychorrhizae and roots
Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of:
Müllerian mimicry.
Rhizobia take ____ from the air and convert it into ____.
N2; NH3
Figure 41-3 Step 2 in the accompanying figure is accomplished by an influx of:
Na2+.
What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?
Natality
Which of the following are active against tumor cells and cells infected with some types of viruses?
Natural killer cells
Figure 53-6 Refer to the accompanying figure. Assuming the pattern remains the same, what will the population experience in 50 years?
Negative growth
You have a sample of cat emesis (vomit) and find worms in the sample. The cylindrical worms are long and slender, pointed at each end, with no other distinguishing characteristics. You conclude they are members of which phylum?
Nematoda
Which of the following embryonic cells are unique to vertebrates?
Neural crest cells
Figure 42-1 In the early vertebrate embryo, the brain and spinal cord differentiate from which of the following?
Neural tube
Which structure is the most immediate precursor of the brain?
Neural tube
________ prevent or slow the spread of the initial infection.
Neurotic lesions
Which process is not involved in the hydrologic cycle?
Nitrification
Bacteria are most essential in the cycling of
Nitrogen
Most carnivorous plants grow in poor soil that is deficient in certain essential elements, especially which of the following elements?
Nitrogen
The enzyme nitrogenase is important in which part of the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen fixation
Figure 46-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement is accurate?
O2 will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries.
Which of the following lobes of the cerebellum contain the visual centers?
Occipital lobes
Figure 31-6 The cross-section in the accompanying figure is representative of the internal structures found in:
Oligochaetes
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
One has insulin deficiency, whereas the other has insulin resistance.
Which of the following is a key feature of an open circulatory system?
Open-ended vessels carry the blood.
Which of the following plants would have photosynthetic roots?
Orchids
The two major factors that contribute to the weathering of rock are climate and:
Organisms
Roots, stem, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are referred to as:
Organs
Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are composed of all three tissue systems. All five are therefore which of the following?
Organs
Which statement concerning gravity detection in humans is true?
Otoliths are pulled down by gravity onto stereocilia, stimulating nerve impulses.
The oldest definitive trace of flowering plants in the fossil record consists of:
Ovules enclosed in podlike fruits
Which of the following is a disadvantage of gas exchange in water, as compared to gas exchange in air?
Oxygen diffuses more slowly through water than air.
Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine gland functions?
Pancreas
An example of an animal already extinct as a result of overhunting is the
Passenger pigeon
Alpha-galacturonic acid is a six-carbon molecule that is a derivative of glucose, and is the monomer unit of which of the following?
Pectin
Which of the following is NOT an example of a flightless bird?
Pelicans
Which of the following is the largest group of hormones?
Peptide hormones
Which of the following is NOT a way in which the compound eye differs from the vertebrate eye?
Perception of form
Iteroparity is common in which of the following organisms?
Perennial herbaceous plants
Figure 29-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 1 is a:
Perforated septum
What tissue comprises the outer bark of woody plants?
Periderm
____ directly reabsorb substances from the nephron.
Peritubular capillaries
The effect of DDT on birds is a result of which three characteristics of DDT?
Persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification
What happens after the sun goes down?
Pfr is degraded.
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding innate immunity?
Phagocytosis and inflammation are examples
What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body?
Phloem and xylem
Which nutrient cycle does not have a gaseous phase?
Phosphorus cycle
Which process does not return carbon to the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
Figure 28-1 What is the structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure?
Pistil
Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?
Plasmogmay
Which types of cells or cell components play an essential role in the blood clotting?
Platelets
Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?
Population → community → ecosystem → biosphere
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding populations in biology?
Populations exhibit characteristics distinctive from those of the individuals of which they are composed.
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the movement of air in a bird's respiratory system?
Posterior air sacs; lungs; anterior air sacs
Which element is correctly matched with its major function in plants?
Potassium—opens and closes stomata
The driving force for the movement of water in plants is difference in water _______.
Potential
You shine light at a wavelength of 660 nm on a plant. Which of the following will most likely happen next?
Pr is converted to Pfr.
Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to uniform population dispersion?
Pressure from predation
Which structure do cells that make up the upper layer (the epiblast) and migrate toward the midline form?
Primitive streak
Figure 35-1 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 2 is:
Produced by cork cambium (not shown)
Which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life?
Producer, consumer, decomposer
Which is the correct sequence of embryonic development in eudicots?
Proembryo → globular stage embryo → heart stage embryo → torpedo stage embryo
Which hormone is secreted by the ovary after ovulation, but not before?
Progesterone
Insulin-like growth factors can induce which of the following?
Promote protein synthesis
Which receptors are thought to be the most numerous and active in the body?
Proprioceptors
How do protostomes differ from deuterostomes?
Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage during development.
Figure 39-1 The type of tissue illustrated in the accompanying figure is
Pseudostratified epithelium
Which of the following is the first part of the seedling to come out during germination?
Radicle
Neural signaling typically involves four processes. What is the correct order of those processes?
Reception, transmission, integration, and action by effectors
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the phytochrome signal transduction pathway?
Red light → Pr to Pfr → Pfr into nucleus → Pfr-PIF3 complex → light-responsive gene regulation
What is a characteristic of a reflex action?
Reflex actions are involuntary motor responses.
Resource partitioning may include which of the following?
Relocating nesting sites
In plants, parenchyma cells typically secrete which of the following?
Resins
Which of the following is the general name for any medical condition that interferes with the removal of carbon dioxide by the lungs?
Respiratory acidosis
Which of the following combinations could result in Rh incompatibility?
Rh-negative mother, Rh-positive father
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through pulmonary circulation?
Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries (in lungs) → pulmonary veins → left atrium
The thick layers of cells covering and protecting the delicate apical meristem is called the:
Root cap
Which of the following protects the delicate cells of the apical meristem?
Root cap
Which is the correct horizontal pathway of water from the soil to the center of the root?
Root hair → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem
Which genus is used to produce beer and wine?
Saccharomyces
Which factor is most important in determining the distribution of organisms in aquatic biomes?
Salinity
Which of the following statements concerning saliva is FALSE?
Saliva starts the enzymatic digestion of lipids.
Figure 48-2 Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a marine environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?
Salt excretion
Figure 48-2 Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a freshwater environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?
Salt uptake
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is more permeable to ____ than to _____.
Salt; water
Which of the following protostomes has bristles, called setae, which provide traction during crawling?
Sandworms
Which of the following is a marine species that is segmented and has many setae, a well-developed head, separate sexes, and trochophore larva?
Sandworms and tubeworms
____ is less dense than ____.
Sapwood; heartwood
Which of the following groups use very long pedipalps as pinchers for capturing prey?
Scorpions
Which of the following are sluggish creatures that live on the sea bottom, and commonly eject organs when conditions are poor?
Sea cucumbers
Cells produced on the inside of the vascular cambium differentiate to form which vascular tissue?
Secondary xylem
Vascular cambium gives rise to which of the following tissues?
Secondary xylem
Which of the following guard the exits from the heart?
Semilunar valves
Spermatogenesis takes place in which of the following structures?
Seminiferous tubules
After working several hours in a flower shop, you do not detect the smell of the roses. Why is this?
Sensory adaptation has occurred.
Which of the following mechanisms is used to prevent self-pollination in angiosperms?
Separating male and female individuals
In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?
Septa
Flowering plants have efficient sugar-conducting cells called _____________ in their phloem.
Sieve tube elements
Choose the correct order of the chambers through which oxygen-poor blood flows in an amphibian heart.
Sinus venosus → atrium → ventricle → conus arteriosus
Which of the following has the largest impact on whether diffusion alone will move nutrients within an organism?
Size of organism
How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscles are connected via gap junctions
Sugar is translocated in phloem from a ______, an area of high sugar concentration, to a ______, an area of low sugar concentration.
Source; sink
In cell-mediated immunity, what happens immediately after the infected cell displays the antigen-MHC complex?
Specific T cytotoxic cells are activated.
The generative cell within a pollen grain will develop into which of the following?
Sperm cells
Which is the most economically important bryophyte?
Sphagnum.
Which of the following is heterosporous?
Spike moss
Which of the following does not contain a gastrovascular cavity?
Sponges
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cnidarian?
Sponges
What does each male cone's leaflike scales that bear sporangia on the underside consist of?
Sporophylls
Which of the following has giant unmyelinated axons, up to 1 mm in diameter, that enable rapid response when escaping from predators?
Squids
Which of the following is an economically important basal angiosperm?
Star anise
Which types of hormones have intracellular receptors?
Steroid and thyroid hormones
Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue?
Storing fat
____ is an example of a plant that produces stolons.
Strawberry
Which term best explains why collagen fibers are abundant in tendons?
Strength
Which of the following initiates a homeostatic response?
Stressor
The name conifer comes from the reproductive parts of conifers as they have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant. What is the technical name for the structures bearing these reproductive parts?
Strobili
Adipose tissue is found in which layer of the skin?
Subcutaneous tissue
Before being loaded into the phloem for translocation, the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis must be converted into which molecule?
Sucrose
The predominant photosynthetic product carried in phloem is _______.
Sucrose
Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?
Swim bladder
Which of the following cells secrete cytokines that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages?
T helper cells
Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?
Tapeworms
Which is a characteristic of tapeworms?
Tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.
Which of the following overhangs and is in contact with the hair cells of the organ of Corti?
Tectorial membrane
Figure 56-1 Based on the temperature range and precipitation, the area on the accompanying figure labeled as 5 represents which of the following biomes?
Temperate deciduous forest
The greatest proportion of which two biomes have been converted to agriculture?
Temperate deciduous forest and temperate grassland
Currently, much commercial lumber and wood products come from which biome?
Temperate rain forest
Near the poles, what is generally the overriding climate factor?
Temperature
What two abiotic factors are considered to most affect organisms?
Temperature and water
Which trophic level would contain the lowest quantity of energy (kcal per m2)?
Tertiary consumers
Which hormone stimulates masculine physical characteristics?
Testosterone
If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?
The birds are exhibiting resource partitioning.
In a tube-within-a-tube body plan, what forms the outer tube?
The body wall
Figure 43-3 Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the cochlea?
The cochlear duct contains the auditory organ, the organ of corti
You place a coleoptile in unidirectional light and then immediately cover the tip. Which of the following will happen?
The coleoptile will not bend.
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding collar cells?
The collar cell is an extension of the cell wall and consists of microvilli
Figure 53-5 Refer to the accompanying figure. How would the survivorship curve for elephants be represented?
The curve C
In barley seed germination, which of the following is true?
The embryo determines when germination occurs by secreting gibberellin.
Which statement about sperm entry is TRUE?
The fertilization cone formed by microvilli of the egg membrane contracts and draws the sperm inward.
Which of the following statements about paracrine regulation is TRUE?
The hormones released act on nearby target cells.
When comparing the body's response to changes in temperature and a home HVAC system, which part of the body corresponds to the thermostat?
The hypothalamus of the brain
Figure 46-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement is FALSE?
The in the tissues must be equal to the in the tissues.
Lungs absorb oxygen from inhaled air, and the small intestine moves ingested material through the digestive tract and absorbs nutrients from ingested food. Which statement describes the type of epithelium you would expect to line each of these surfaces?
The lungs are lined by a simple squamous epithelium, and the small intestine is lined by a ciliated columnar epithelium.
Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding the equilibrium potential?
The membrane is much more permeable to Na+ than to K+.
Which statement is accurate of filtration by the kidneys?
The normal glomerular filtration rate adds up to about 180 L every 24 hours
When drinking water at a party, you sneeze and water comes out of your nose. Why did this happen?
The pharynx and nasal cavity were connected.
Which statement describes why you respond to your alarm clock in the morning by turning it off?
The reticular activating system sends a stimulus to the cerebral cortex.
Figure 45-1 Based on the accompanying graph, which statement is accurate?
The secondary response to the initial antigen is both faster and more intense than the primary response.
Which statement concerning pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) is FALSE?
They are found on all microbes except viruses.
Which of the following correctly describes fungal spores?
They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually
Which of the following is most characteristic of desert animals?
They are primarily active at night.
Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals?
They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions
Which of the following statements about plant hormones is false?
They can currently be categorized into seven major classes
Which of the following statements about monocots is true?
They do not produce bark.
Which of the following characteristics applies to biomes?
They encompass interacting landscapes.
Which statement about basal angiosperms is FALSE?
They evolved after the core angiosperms.
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of heart cells?
They have intercalated
Which statement about microsporidia is FALSE?
They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes.
Figure 31-3 Which of the following is characteristic of nemerteans?
They have no heart.
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding plasma proteins?
They help regulate the distribution of fluid between the plasma and interstitial fluid.
When a root is placed on its side, what happens to the amyloplasts in the root cap cells?
They settle in the direction of gravity.
What is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?
To protect the flower bud
When a blood vessel is cut, why does vasoconstriction take place?
To reduce the flow of blood
What is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?
To regulate fluid balance
Figure 41-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 4?
To release neurotransmitters
What is the function of the phloem in plants?
To transport dissolved sugars
Cycads were very important during the _____________, which began about 251 million years ago.
Triassic period
In accordance with the species richness hypothesis, the critical importance of any one species is expected to be the least in which of the following habitats?
Tropical rain forest
Which biome has the greatest number of distinct layers of vegetation?
Tropical rain forest
Which habitat would most likely have the greatest species richness?
Tropical rain forest
A decomposer is also called a saprotroph.
True
A density-dependent factor is an example of a negative feedback system.
True
A growth ring is composed of xylem.
True
A layer of permanently frozen ground is called permafrost.
True
A lichen is a combination of a fungus and a photoautotroph
True
A sorus is a cluster of sporangia.
True
An adventitious root is one that occurs in an unusual location.
True
An alternate leaf arrangement is one in which there is one leaf per node.
True
An ectotherm's metabolic rate changes with the weather.
True
An example of a drupe is an olive.
True
An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is vitamin K.
True
Auxin produced by the apical meristem inhibits the germination of lateral buds.
True
Bundle scars would be found within a leaf scar.
True
By definition, an endemic species is a species that is not found anywhere else in the world.
True
Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically coupled by junctions called intercalated discs.
True
Cardiac output is obtained by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.
True
Dizygotic twins are also called fraternal twins.
True
Ethylene stimulates the ripening of fruits.
True
Extensive epiphytes are found in the tropical dry forests.
True
Following fertilization, human chorionic gonadotropin is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum.
True
Free-living flatworms extend the pharynx out through their mouth and secrete digestive enzymes onto their prey.
True
G protein-linked receptors are transmembrane proteins that convert an extracellular hormone signal into an intracellular signal that affects certain cell processes.
True
Glial cells support and nourish neurons.
True
Habitat corridors allow animals to move from one habitat fragment to another.
True
Hemicellulose contains chains of xylose molecules.
True
Hox genes have been identified in all bilaterally symmetric animal groups.
True
In Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.
True
In birds and reptiles, the allantois stores nitrogenous wastes.
True
In bone, capillaries and nerves pass through Haversian canals.
True
In convergence, a single neuron is controlled by signals from two or more presynaptic neurons. ____________________
True
In pulmonary emphysema, alveoli lose their elasticity.
True
In slash-and-burn agriculture, the yield from the first crop is usually quite high.
True
In sponges, spicules are secreted by amoeboid cells.
True
In the amphibian embryo, the first cleavage bisects the gray crescent.
True
In the brain, the visual centers are located in the occipital lobes.
True
In the carbon cycle, one of the ways in which carbon is returned to the atmosphere is by respiration.
True
In vertebrae's, neural crest cells give rise to the nerves, head muscles, and cranium
True
Insects have an excretory system consisting of Malpighian tubules.
True
Joint capsules are typically reinforced by ligaments.
True
Metarterioles directly link arterioles with venules.
True
Most transpiration occurs through stomata.
True
Nicotine can be found in nectaries.
True
Nicotine synthesis is an adaptation of plant chemical defense against insects.
True
Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide are all neurotransmitters.
True
Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen reduce fever and decrease inflammation and pain by directly inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
True
Ozone molecules in the stratosphere shield the Earth from damaging UV radiation.
True
Plankton consists mainly of microscopic organisms that float in the water.
True
Programmed cell death is called apoptosis.
True
Sapwood is functional secondary xylem.
True
Scramble competition results when all individuals in a population share the limited resources.
True
Sensilla are sensory hairs involved in taste and smell.
True
Small lakes and ponds usually lack a profundal zone.
True
Some migratory birds utilize electromagnetic receptors to navigate.
True
Stomata close as a result of water moving into guard cells.
True
Sucrose is translocated from source to sink.
True
Testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells.
True
The association of nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with legumes such as peas is an example of mutualism.
True
The bundle sheath typically surrounds the larger veins.
True
The cephalic end of an animal is toward its head.
True
The cnidarian nerve net enables an effective response to predator or prey approaching from any direction.
True
The exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of chitin.
True
The hadal zone is that part of the benthic environment deeper than 6000 m.
True
The hypocotyl connects the radicle with the cotyledons.
True
The largest population that can be maintained in an environment for an indefinite period of time is called the carrying capacity.
True
The outermost layer of the stele is the pericycle.
True
The parabronchi of birds are open at both ends.
True
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcolemma.
True
The retina contains light sensitive cells.
True
The roots of certain epiphytes are photosynthetic.
True
The symplast is the continuum of living cytoplasm.
True
The teeth in the very front of your mouth are incisors.
True
The term species richness refers to the number of species in a specific location.
True
The wood of conifers consists mostly of tracheids.
True
Vessel elements and tracheids develop and become specialized hollow cells via the process of programmed cell death, also called apoptosis.
True
When Pfr absorbs far-red light, the Pfr is converted to Pr.
True
When the generative cell divides, the daughter cells are sperm cells.
True
When two neurons connected by a synapse are active simultaneously, the synapse is strengthened.
True
Which biome is characterized by weasels, gray wolves, ptarmigan, musk oxen, and lemmings?
Tundra
Which statement about the inflammatory response is FALSE?
Type 1 interferons and neutrophils secrete histamine
In the mechanism of action for auxin, after auxin binds with its receptor, which of the following happens next?
Ubiquitin attaches to repressor proteins.
Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
United States- doubling time 100 years
Which of the following statements about the speed of impulse conduction in a neuron is true?
Unmyelinated axons with larger diameters transmit impulses faster than ones with small diameters.
Xylem transports water and dissolved nutrient minerals in which direction?
Upward
What is one disadvantage of excreting urea as opposed to uric acid?
Urea requires more water execration
Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of desert-living animals that can be safely stored?
Uric acid
Which of the following will prevent the further buildup of greenhouse gases?
Use your automobile less, and ride a bicycle more.
Bark, the outermost covering over woody stems and roots, consists of all plant tissues located outside which of the following?
Vascular cambium
Which mechanism do snails and wood lice use to rid themselves of toxic ammonia?
Vent it to the air
______ blocks the action of an enzyme that breaks down the signaling molecule that sustains erection.
Viagra
What axonal characteristic facilitates the propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon?
Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are concentrated in the unmyelinated axonal segments.
Which statement about the Malpighian tubules is FALSE?
Water and some solutes are transported into the Malpighian tubules via active transport.
The third gnetophyte genus, ________________, contains a single species found in deserts of southwestern Africa.
Welwitschia
the third gnetophyte genus, ____________, contains a single species found in the deserts of southwestern Africa
Welwitschia
Which of the following are the largest living vertebrates?
Whales
How does rhodopsin facilitate vision?
When light strikes rhodopsin, the photoreceptor becomes depolarized, causing the release of glutamate.
Bat-pollinated, night-blooming flowers would most likely display which two characteristics?
White petals and a strongly sweet scent
Plants that produce scentless, inconspicuous flowers with enormous amounts of pollen are adapted to which type of pollination?
Wind
Which of the following directly drives ocean surface circulation patterns?
Winds
In the accompanying figure, the region that is composed of secondary xylem is:
Wood
The pigment involved in stomatal opening and closing is which of the following colors?
Yellow
Figure 29-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:
Zygote
Studies suggest that to become malignant, neoplasms must establish
a blood supply
The central nervous system contains:
a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord
Figure 39-3 In the accompanying figure, the responses initiated at point A in response to an increase in body temperature include
a decrease in muscle activity.
Figure 53-6 represents the age structure diagram of:
a highly developed country.
Monocots such as palms and bamboo achieve considerable increase in girth by:
a modified form of primary growth in which parenchyma cells divide and enlarge.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the all-or-none response?
a neuron will only produce am action potential if it has been depolarized to its threshold level
Clumped dispersion is often influenced by:
a patchy distribution of resources
A seedling growing toward a light source is an example of
a positive phototropic response.
The "stress hormone" involved in stomatal closure during water stress is
abscisic acid.
The area where the petiole detaches from the stem is referred to as the:
abscission zone.
A main function of a plant's root system is to:
absorb dissolved nutrients and water.
The first breath of the neonate is initiated by the
accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood.
By the end of the 21st century, it is expected that the human population will:
achieve zero population growth.
Where are mitochondria present in the sperm?
acrosome
Troponin and tropomyosin regulate
actin and myosin interactions.
Once a hormone activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, ATP is converted to cAMP, which in turn
activates protein kinase.
Leptin is a hormone released by
adipose tissue
The function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is to stimulate
adrenocorticotropic hormone release.
Epiphytes have ____ that anchor the plants to the surface on which they grow.
aerial roots
Fruits that develop from a flower with many separate ovaries are referred to as
aggregate fruits.
The principal mineralocorticoid is
aldosterone
The primary function of spongy mesophyll is:
allow diffusion of gases
Figure 43-4 The type of cell labeled as 5 in the accompanying figure is a(n):
amacrine cell.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into
ammonia.
The extraembryonic membrane closest to the embryo is the
amnion.
Figure 43-2 The structures labeled as 2 in the accompanying figure are the:
ampullae.
Which of the following enzymes digests starch?
amylase
Adaptations found in inhabitants of the rocky intertidal zone include:
an anchor or some other means of attachment.
Which habitat would be expected to have the greatest species richness?
an ecotone
The plant physiologist F. C. Steward demonstrated that:
an entire plant can be generated from a single callus cell.
An unprotected area of naturally occurring plant and animal assemblages that is surrounded by unsuitable territory due to development or habitat destruction is referred to by biologists as
an island.
Figure 54-1 In Experimental Condition 1 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Balanus suggests that:
an unfavorable environmental factor kept Balanus from extending higher into the intertidal area.
In amphibian development, the blastula consists of many small cells in the _____ hemisphere and fewer but larger cells in the ______ hemisphere.
animal; vegetal
Concentric rings found in the cross section of the wood of trees are known as:
annual rings.
The head end of an animal is known as its:
anterior end
In males, gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the ____ to secrete ____.
anterior pituitary; FSH and LH
The haploid gametophytes produce male gametangia known as:
antheridi
Marine snow is a major source of energy for the ____ region of the ocean.
aphotic
If a physician wanted to collect spinal fluid for analysis s/he would want to place a needle between the:
arachnoid and pia mater.
Density-independent factors:
are typically abiotic
Keystone species:
are typically not the most abundant species in the community.
Opening and closing of the stomata:
are under hormonal control
Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers
are under involuntary control
A biodiversity hotspot is a(n)
area rich in endemic species and human population.
Figure 40-3 The portion of the bone labeled E in the accompanying figure is called the
articular cartilage.
Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:
ascospores
Bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen results in the production of
atmospheric nitrogen.
The portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment is the:
autonomic nervous system.
Frits Went used tiny blocks of agar to show that ____ is made in the tip of _____.
auxin; coleoptile
The herbicides (weed killers) 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are examples of synthetic
auxins
The area of the angle between the stem and the petiole is referred to as the:
axil.
Which set of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero?
b = 1000, d = 500, i = 500, e = 1000
The most abundant organisms in soil are:
bacteria
The community found on a rotting log would include:
bacteria.
To prevent a shipwreck, submarines determine where objects are positioned under water using sonar, sound waves. This method of detection is similar to a(n):
bat using echolocation to hunt prey.
Sponges and brittle stars are members of the ____ category of organisms:
benthos
If the sperm and egg are of the same species, ______, a species-specific protein located on the _______, adheres to receptors located on the egg's ________.
bindin; acrosome; vitelline membrane
The introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native is called
biotic pollution.
Figure 51-1 The structure labeled as 2 in the accompanying figure is the
blastocoel
A primitive groove is the equivalent of a
blastopore.
Stratospheric ozone is important because it
blocks solar UV radiation.
Blood pressure depends on:
blood flow and resistance of blood against the vessel walls.
Gibberellins are also involved in _____, the rapid elongation of a floral stalk that occurs naturally in many plants when they initiate flowering.
bolting
Yeasts reproduce asexually by:
budding
Underground stems with fleshy leaves used for storage of water and food are known as:
bulbs
Many of the logged boreal forests are replanted, to grow and be harvested in the future
but biodiversity is significantly reduced.
Calcium ions may act with phospholipid second messengers by binding to ____, which then regulates other proteins.
calmodulin
Figure 53-3 According to the data in the accompanying figure, the cause of the decline of the wolf population in 1982 was:
cannot be determined from the data provided.
Before a sperm can participate in fertilization, it must undergo ____ in the female reproductive tract.
capacitation
To date, humans have interfered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on Earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climate, in the
carbon cycle.
The process of photosynthesis involves the conversion of:
carbon dioxide and water into sugar.
Photosynthesis reduces the leaf's internal concentration of:
carbon dioxide.
Intercalated disks are gap junctions between cells of
cardiac muscle tissue.
Placoid scales are found on:
cartilaginous fishes
Figure 36-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is known as:
cation exchange.
The erectile tissue in the penis includes the
cavernous bodies.
The cell walls of fungi are composed of
cellulose
The most abundant polymer in the world is:
cellulose
Hormones are ________ messengers transported by the ____.
chemical; blood
The ultimate source of energy for the communities of the hydrothermal vents is provided by
chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.
Figure 49-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is representative of
classical endocrine signaling.
Deforestation in the boreal forests is due primarily to
clear-cut logging for industrial wood.
During a specific defense, the process of increasing the numbers of the selected cells is called:
clonal selection.
Auditory receptors are located in the:
cochlea
Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?
coelom—nο body cavity
Fungi that lack septa are called:
coenocytic
Certain orchids produce flowers and secrete scents that resemble female bees so that male bees will mount these flowers and attempt to copulate with them. This bizarre occurrence is an example of
coevolution
In corn and other grasses, the leaves and stem grow through the tip of the ____.
coleoptile
The major constituent of regular dense connective tissue is
collagen fibers.
Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess:
collar cells
When the blood becomes too acidic, the ________ secrete more ______ ions into the urine.
collecting ducts:hydrogen
Traditionally, most ecologists have assumed that community stability is a consequence of:
community complexity.
The realized niche for the green anole was determined by:
competition.
Development of the cerebellum in an animal correlates with the:
complexity of muscular activity exhibited by that animal.
Cilia lining the respiratory tubes beat mucus upward in order to:
conduct the mucus that contains particles to the pharynx and away from the lungs
Figure 35-1 In the accompanying figure, the function of the structure labeled as 1 represents:
conduction of water and dissolved minerals from the roots.
Softwood is the wood:
cone-bearing gymnosperms
The needles of pines and other conifers are adapted to:
conserve water.
The difference between taproot and fibrous root systems is that a taproot system:
consists of one main root with lateral roots, while a fibrous root system has many roots of the same size.
Periderm arises from ________.
cork cambium
Periderm is produced by:
cork cambium
The bulk of an herbaceous eudicot root consists of loosely arranged parenchyma cells in the:
cortex.
The process of gas exchange in parabronchi is similar to:
countercurrent exchange in gills.
In fish, blood flows in a direction opposite to the flow of water over the gills in a process known as:
countercurrent exchange.
The integumentary system
covers and protects the body.
Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood can lead to a condition of retarded mental and physical development called
crentinism
A nauplius larva is characteristic of:
crustaceans
Commercial logging
cuts trees primarily for export
Figure 53-1 The equation that would best describe the curve in the accompanying figure is:
dN/dt = rN.
When the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will:
decline.
Anabolic steroids
decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease
The world human population has increased dramatically during the past few centuries due to:
decreased death rates.
The Coriolis effect results in the
deflection of moving air due to the rotation of Earth.
Ectothermic animals
depend on heat from the external environment to adjust their body temperatures.
Today, the major danger to species is
destruction of habitats
Trichomes on plants are responsible for:
deterring herbivores.
Headwater streams depend primarily on ____ as an energy input.
detritus
The thick secondary cell walls of sclerenchyma cells are chemically distinct from parenchyma and collenchyma cells. Sclerenchyma cells contain all of the following EXCEPT:
dextrin.
During respiratory exchange, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli due to:
diffusion down a concentration gradient.
During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates
dilation of blood vessels to the brain
One benefit of transpiration is that it:
distributes nutrients throughout the plant
The earliest mammals resembled small:
dogs
Most chemical digestion occurs in the
duodenum
A(n) ____ is the transition zone where two ecosystems meet and intergrade.
ecotone
The epidermis of a nematode is derived from the:
ectoderm
Specialized structures found in the types of seeds that are dispersed by ants are called
elaiosomes
The major function of the protonephridia in the flatworm is to
eliminate excess water.
Dietary fiber that is not digested will be
eliminated
Figure 47-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is called
emulsification.
The legal definition of a(n) ________ species is a species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range.
endangered
A species' numbers are so severely reduced that it is in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range. This species would be considered
endangered.
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:
endoderm
The lining of the uterus is called the
endometrium
Two polar nuclei in the central cell of the ovule fuse with the second sperm cell to form the first cell of the triploid ____.
endosperm
In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the:
endosperms
The prolonged low temperature exposure required for the germination of some seeds
ensures that the seeds germinate in spring, rather than in fall.
A filter feeder is an animal that
entraps food particles from water
The ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is
environmental sustainability.
The embryo becomes implanted in the endometrium of the uterus due to
enzymes secreted by the trophoblast, which erode an area of the endometrium for entry of the embryo.
The outermost cell layer of herbaceous stems is the:
epidermis
Which tissue covers or lines a cavity?
epithelial
The four basic animal tissues are
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
From the pharynx, a bolus moves into the
esophagus
Unripe green fruits ripen quickly in supermarkets or commercial storage facilities after exposure to
ethylene
Vascular bundles of herbaceous _______ stems are arranged in a circle in cross section.
eudicot
Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to observe brain function by:
examining changes in blood flow to different parts of the brain.
Plants connected by mycorrhizal fungi:
exchange organic materials in both directions.
Embryonic mesoderm forms the
excretory system
When a species dies, the species is said to be
extinct
In a neuron, a graded potential:
fades out within a few millimeters.
Prolactin is used to induce labor.
false
Reticular fibers are the most numerous type of fiber comprising connective tissue.
false
The nephridial organs of flatworms are called metanephridia.
false
What is a symptom of Cushing's disease?
fat deposition around the trunk
The potential capacity to produce offspring is called:
fecundity.
In sea urchins, the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse, and a ______ is formed that contracts to draw the sperm into the egg
fertilization cone
Lancelets are:
filter feeders
A human embryo is capable of movement and has gonads that are distinguishable as either testes or ovaries by the end of the
first trimester.
Lateral line organs allow:
fish to detect vibrations in water.
In the United States, the largest group of endangered species is
flowering plants.
Asexual reproduction in flowering plants does not usually involve the formation of
flowers, seeds, or fruits.
The ____ develops into a corpus luteum.
follicle
A linear depiction of energy flow in an ecosystem is a(n)
food chain.
Figure 35-1 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 3 is:
formed by the division of the vascular cambium.
Most joints found in the human body are
freely movable
Which of the following relationships is accurate?
freshwater fish: kidney: large volume of hypertonic urine
Figure 51-2 The developing embryo in the accompanying figure is representative of development in a(n)
frog
The semilunar valves prevent blood from moving:
from the arteries back into the ventricles
As a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a:
fruit
Suppose it is ideal for a fish to live in fast-moving water, but the fish can also survive in slow-moving water. Fast-moving water is best described as the fishes':
fundamental niche.
The haploid portion of the life cycle is called the ______________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis
gametophyte generation
The products of an endocrine gland
generally have to travel to reach the target tissue
Sexual reproduction results in
genetic diversity among offspring
Figure 37-5 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is
germination in a eudicot.
The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fish is through the
gills
Clams and other bivalves typically have:
gills adapted for trapping food
Induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires activation of two types of:
glutamate receptors.
The difference between the gray and white matter of the cerebrum is that:
gray matter contains cell bodies, while white matter mostly contains myelinated axons.
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as tissues in the:
ground tissue system.
Generally, movements are accomplished by
groups of muscles opposing the actions of one another
The gray crescent region of the amphibian zygote is thought to contain
growth factors and developmental determinants.
Chemoreceptors are involved with which two senses?
gustation and olfaction
After fertilization, which hormone is secreted by the developing embryo to maintain the function of the corpus luteum?
hCG
Building roads, parking lots, buildings and bridges all contribute to
habitat destruction.
The breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches is called
habitat fragmentation.
Figure 43-1 Refer to the accompanying figure with the lateral line organs of fishes. The structures indicated by label 2 are:
hair cells.
Mature vessel elements:
have pits in their side walls, which allow water to be transported laterally
Smooth muscle in the arteriole walls can vasoconstrict or vasodilate, which:
helps regulate blood pressure
Organisms that eat plants exclusively are known as______.
herbivores
The tropical rain forest biome is characterized by:
high density of plants, but nutrient poor soil.
Figure 40-2 The type of support illustrated in the accompanying figure is a(n)
hydrostatic skeleton.
Figure 37-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the fruits listed would be classified as an accessory fruit?
i
Drier climates tend to prevail
in a rain shadow
Many insects must warm up before they fly in order to
increase ATP synthesis.
Large-scale experiments conducted in oak forests of the northeastern United States linked bumper acorn crops to booming mouse populations. The conclusion from these experiments is that:
increased levels of first trophic level productivity cause an increase in disease vector activities.
Where does digestion in a sponge takes place?
individual cells
Niches apply to:
individual species
Most flowers are pollinated by which method?
insects
A teratogen is a drug that
interferes with morphogenesis.
Figure 42-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The neuron labeled as 3 is a(n):
interneuron in the gray matter of the cord
Which cells in the testes secrete testosterone?
interstitial cells
The moose population on Isle Royale is an example of:
intraspecific exploitation competition.
Which of the following plants is an annual?
iris
The symplast:
is a continuum of living cytoplasm.
The myelin sheath:
is a fatty covering only around axons.
Hemocyanin:
is a respiratory pigment that is colorless when deoxygenated.
Chronic stress
is associated with elevated levels of glucocorticoids.
The difference between spongy bone and compact bone is that spongy bone
is filled with red bone marrow, while compact bone is not
The part of the antibody that binds an antigen:
is known as the Fab fragments.
An adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism
is often hungry
GPP, or Gross Primary Productivity
is the total energy captured from the sun through photosynthesis.
Most invertebrates have
isolecithal eggs and holoblastic cleavage
Which of the following is characteristic of color vision?
it depends on blue, green, and red cones in primates
Which statement about the megasporocyte is true?
it is a diploid cell located within an ovule
The ureters connect the
kidney to the bladder.
An Arabidopsis plant that contains a mutant mp gene would most likely:
lack a primary root.
Which crops can be easily grown hydroponically?
lettuce
The rapid onset of overproduction of immature white blood cells is known as:
leukemia.
Phototropism is the directional growth of a plant caused by ____.
light
One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is:
limiting resources.
The ideal agricultural soil is:
loam
FIgure 38-2 The plant in Row B of the accompanying figure demonstrates a photoperiodic response characteristic of
long-day plants.
Figure 38-2 The plant in Row B of the accompanying figure demonstrates a photoperiodic response characteristic of
long-day plants.
Compared to soils of other ecosystems, desert soils are characterized as having:
low amounts of organic material and high mineral content.
What is a typical feature of K-selected organisms?
low reproductive rate
The enzyme found in tears that can digest bacterial cell walls is called:
lysozyme.
All echinoderms are found:
marine habitats
Excess transpiration:
may be harmful to a plant.
Some amphibians:
may exchange gases across their body surfaces.
One of the principal functions of bile is
mechanically digesting fats
Figure 29-2 The structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure was produced by:
meiosis in the resting sporangium
Sexual reproduction in plants includes _____ and the fusion of ______:
meiosis; gametes
When the ______ cannot absorb all the UV rays, the skin becomes ______.
melanin; sunburned
The structure labeled as 3 in Figure 51-2 is the
mesoderm.
A population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a:
metapopulation.
An example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in:
milkweeds and monarch caterpillars.
A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:
molt.
Which of the following are agranular leukocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
Which of the following is part of the vulva?
mons pubis
Starling's law of the heart states that the heart pumps:
more forcefully when more blood is delivered to it.
The limbic system plays a role in:
motivation
Some animals are facing extinction as a direct result of deliberate efforts to exterminate them because of their perceived harm to economically useful species. Examples of these include
mountain lions and wolves.
Digestion of starches begins in the
mouth
Pulmonary surfactant functions by:
moving water across respiratory surfaces.
Embryonic mesoderm gives rise to
muscle
The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as:
mutualism.
What type of leaf venation do eudicots possess?
netted
Guttation typically occurs:
night
The main steps of the nitrogen cycle are
nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification
In low nitrogen soils, rhizobacteria secrete ____ to help root hairs recognize them.
nod factors
The four-chambered heart first evolved among the:
nonavian reptiles
Figure 51-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 2 is the
notochord
The 'sun's energy is produced by
nuclear fusion reactions.
In most animals, the sperm and egg contribute an equal ____ to the zygote.
number of chromosomes
Leaf abscission:
occurs as a response to dry conditions in tropical climates.
Primary succession may be seen:
on new lava or on sand dunes
The capillary walls of blood vessels are how many cells thick?
one
Oxygen concentration generally plays an important role in regulating respiration:
only when the oxygen concentration falls markedly.
Osmoconformers would most likely be found in
open ocean waters
The fast block to polyspermy involves the
opening of ion channels that change the polarity of the egg membrane.
Stomata are:
openings in leaf epidermis
A group of associated tissues is known as a(n)
organ
Which of the following is the phase of maximum physical sensation?
orgasm
Water enters endodermal cells by _____ directly across the lipid and through integral membrane proteins called ____.
osmosis; aquaporins
Water and dissolved mineral are transported laterally through chains of ____.
parenchyma cells
The cells in the gastric glands that produce digestive substances are the
parietal and chief cells.
In a parasitic relationship where the host contracts a disease and sometimes dies, the parasite is called a(n):
pathogen
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
All woody plants are:
perennials
In eudicot roots, the last mode of water and mineral transport occurs from the ____ to ______.
pericycle; xylem
Cork cambium and the tissues it produces are collectively known as:
periderm
Figure 40-3 The portion of the bone labeled I in the accompanying figure is called the
periosteum.
The efferent arterioles transport blood directly into the
peritubular capillaries.
Dissolved sugars are transported in:
phloem
In a signal transduction pathway involving phospholipid products as second messengers, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates
phospholipase C.
Fixation of carbon is accomplished by
photosynthetic organisms
Figure 32-1 The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the:
phylum Chordata.
The photoreceptor for photoperiodism and some other light-initiated plant responses is a group of blue-green pigments named
phytochrome.
For Arabidopsis and many other plants, ______ and ______ are implicated in resetting the biological clock.
phytochrome; cryptochrome
The ____ produce(s) ____, which influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep.
pineal gland; melatonin
At the center of an herbaceous eudicot stem is:
pith
Unlike eudicot roots, the center of most monocot roots is occupied by the:
pith
Afterbirth refers collectively to the
placenta and the fetal membranes.
An example of a short-day plant is
poinsettia
The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as: Group of answer choices
possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots.
Granulosa cells surround a
primary oocyte
Figure 45-1 The response represented by the dashed line in the accompanying figure indicates a:
primary response to an antigen distinctly different from the initial antigen.
The choroid plexus functions to:
produce cerebrospinal fluid
Figure 50-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. The peak in ____ around day 21 corresponds with ____.
progesterone; continuing to build up the endometrium
Roots that arise from branches or vertical stems, and that are used to support a plant in an upright position, are referred to as:
prop roots.
Jasmonic acid is structurally similar to ______ in animals.
prostaglandins
A root cap:
protects the fragile meristematic cells at the root tip.
Figure 37-5 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 2
protects the stem tip as it moves through the soil.
The gametophyte generation of ferns is the:
prothallus
The main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia is that
protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, whereas metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends.
Cation exchange between soil particles and root hairs is the process in which:
protons are exchanged for positively charged mineral ions.
Figure 36-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Absorption of positively charged mineral ions by the root is facilitated by the movement of:
protons out of the root hair.
Figure 50-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled as 6 is to
provide a place for maturation and storage of sperm.
The film of fluid in the pleural cavity functions to:
provide lubrication between the lungs and thoracic wall.
A nursing baby:
receives passive immunity via the breast milk.
Flower parts are borne on the tip of a stalk referred to as the
receptacle.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by
receptors being insensitive to insulin
The function of synovial fluid is to
reduce friction
Deforestation
releases carbon dioxide that may contribute to global warming.
Natural killer cells destroy target cells by:
releasing cytokines and enzymes that trigger apoptosis.
In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?
reptiles
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration is the:
residual volume.
Protease inhibitors:
result in viral copies that cannot infect new cells.
Some ____ produce greatly thickened ends called tubers.
rhizomes
The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear consists of the:
saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals.
Irrigation can cause salt to accumulate in the soil, a process known as:
salinization.
Functional secondary xylem that conducts water and dissolved minerals is known as:
sapwood
The term for physical damage to a seed coat that induces germination is
scarification
Growth that results in an increase in the girth of a plant is referred to as:
secondary growth.
Figure 50-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled as 3 is to
secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acids of the vagina.
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones.
Mesophyll cells are:
separated by intercellular spaces
An example of a _____ membrane are the pleural membranes lining the cavities around the ____.
serous; lungs
Spatial summation is characterized by:
several presynaptic neurons releasing neurotransmitter simultaneously.
One advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that
sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity.
Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:
short life spans and early maturity
Secondary xylem contains all of the following cell types except:
sieve tube elements
Sugar is conducted in solution through specialized cells known as:
sieve tube elements.
The breast muscle of geese have ____, while those of chickens have _____. Group of answer choices
slow-oxidative fibers; fast-glycolytic fibers
Figure 47-2 The chemical reaction in the accompanying figure occurs in the
small intestine as the result of secretions from the liver
A human population that is shrinking would be characterized by a(n):
small proportion of prereproductive individuals.
The function of the sodium-potassium pump is to actively move:
sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
Figure 50-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. If a cut was made between numbers 6 and 10, ____.
sperm cells would not be released
The ventilation of insect tracheal tubes is dependent upon the presence of:
spiracles.
The diploid portion of a plant life cycle is known as the
sporophyte generation.
Which mollusks have a closed circulatory system?
squids
The center of a primary eudicot root is known as the:
stele
Rhizomes, tubers, corms, and stolons are examples of modified
stems
Figure 43-1 Refer to the accompanying figure with the lateral line organs of fishes. The structures indicated by label 3 are:
stereocilia
The function of oxytocin is to
stimulate uterine contractions
Figure 38-1 One conclusion that can be drawn from the accompanying figure is that a low ratio of auxin to cytokinin
stimulates shoot development.
The main difference between elastic and reticular fibers is that only elastic fibers
stretch
Cardiac output is determined by:
stroke volume and heart rate
The female plant structure on which a pollen tube must grow through is the
style
The problems associated with slash-and-burn agriculture are most closely related to
subsistence agriculture.
Using severed aphid mouthparts, scientists have verified that, in most species, the phloem can translocate ____, _____, and _______.
sucrose; raffinose, sorbitol
Figure 43-1 Refer to the accompanying figure with the lateral line organs of fishes. The structures indicated by label 1 are:
supporting cells.
During embryonic development in flowering plants, the basal cell develops into the
suspensor
What is the best way to treat a peptic ulcer?
take antacids and antibiotics
What type of root system is prevalent of eudicots?
taproot
Figure 43-3 In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 4 is the:
tectorial membrane.
Transpiration is most closely associated with
terrestrial plants
A smooth, sustained contraction of skeletal muscle is called a
tetanus.
Which is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?
thallus
Figure 46-4 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves at three different pH levels The phenomenon illustrated in the accompanying figure is known as: Group of answer choices
the Bohr effect.
Podocytes are located in the wall of
the Bowman's capsule.
Deamination is a process that removes
the amino group from amino acids.
Net primary productivity represents
the amount of biomass in excess of that needed to support plant cell respiration.
Adding a fibrinogen inactivator to blood would prevent:
the blood from clotting.
The size of the motor area in the brain for any specific body part is relative to:
the complexity of its movements.
In a negative feedback system, ____.
the effector brings the system back to the set point
Genes for self-incompatibility usually inhibit
the growth of the pollen tube
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?
the heart
Which of the following statements concerning tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is FALSE?
the release of large amounts of TNF brings down a high fever
What happens when the membrane potential of a neuron reaches the threshold level?
the sodium channel protein changes its shape to open the gates of the channel
The principle of nuclear equivalence states that
there is no loss of genetic information through determination or differentiation.
If dense bone lacked Haversian canals,
there would be no blood supply to the bones
Which is a characteristic of all annelids?
they have a segmented body
A plant's growth response to mechanical stress, such as rain or contact with passing animals, is known as
thigmomorphogenesis.
When the death of species is less imminent, but the population of a particular species is quite small, it is defined as being
threatened.
Figure 41-3 In the accompanying figure, label A represents:
threshold level.
How does fat enter the blood circulation?
through an epithelial cell
The single most preventable cause of disease in the United States is:
tobacco use.
The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime is known as:
total fertility rate.
The process by which water is lost by evaporation from aerial plant parts is known as:
transpiration.
Undigested material flows from the ascending colon directly into the
transverse colon.
Specialized epidermal outgrowths that remove excess salt accumulated in seashore plants are an example of:
trichomes.
The endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically:
triploid (3n)
Which biome has the longest growing season?
tropical rain forest
Lianas and epiphytes are especially common in the:
tropical rain forest.
When a plant responds to external stimuli, such as light, gravity, or touch by directional growth, these responses are referred to as
tropisms
In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, FSH stimulates a few follicles to develop.
true
Jasmonic acid is structurally similar to prostaglandins.
true
Methyl salicylate triggers the genes that code for the systemic acquired resistance pathway.
true
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate.
true
Outside the zona pellucida is a layer of granulosa cells.
true
Which of the following is a type of cytokine?
tumor necrosis factor
Adult tunicates develop which of the following?
tunic
Compound leaves have:
two or more leaflets instead of a single blade
What does prostate-specific antigen (PSA) do?
unclots semen in the vagina
The main nitrogenous waste of adult amphibians is
urea
Insectivorous plants:
use modified leaves to trap their prey.
Figure 33-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The labeled structure that is responsible for secondary growth is:
vascular cambium.
The clockwise gyre of surface ocean currents in the North Atlantic results in
warmer water on Atlantic beaches of North America than Pacific beaches of the same latitude.
The water balance problem of plants living in salty soil is the result of:
water moving out of plant roots by osmosis.
The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:
water vascular system.
The formation of soil by gradually breaking rock into smaller particles by biological, chemical, and physical processes is known as:
weathering
The arrangement of the different cell types in secondary ______ produces the distinctive wood characteristics of each species.
xylem
An example of ex situ conservation is a
zoo
For coral reefs to form in tropical waters, it is necessary for the coral animals to live in symbiosis with:
zooxanthellae.
What is the correct sequence through which early development proceeds?
zygote → morula → blastula → gastrula
Figure 53-4 Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following age intervals has the highest death rate?
0−1
What bird, due to human efforts, has been removed from the endangered species list and is now listed as threatened?
Bald eagle
The associated figure provides support for which of the following processes?
Competitive exclusion
In a human population with a high proportion of prereproductive individuals, the population will:
Continue to increase even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels
Denitrifying bacteria
Convert nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen
Which process is NOT indirectly related to absorption of solar energy by the Earth's surface?
Coriolis Effect
Which of the following processes restores nitrogen to the air?
Denitrification
Which statement about Earth's biomes is FALSE?
Deserts have less rainfall due to their distance from the ocean
Which action best illustrates in situ conservation?
Designating a large area as a national reserve
Algae and cyanobacteria are examples of primary consumers.
False
An example of ex situ conservation is a national park.
False
An exponential growth curve levels off at the carrying capacity.
False
Competition between species 1 and species 2 is beneficial for species 1 and harmful for species 2.
False
Consumption overpopulation is a problem in developing countries.
False
Dense coastal fog is characteristic of the temperate deciduous forest biome.
False
In an ecosystem's bottom-up processes, predators affect the abundances of other populations in the ecological community.
False
Most insects and invertebrates are said to be iteroparous.
False
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which gaseous nitrogen is converted to nitrate.
False
Oysters have a(n) Type-II survivorship curve.
False
The United States is part of the Palearctic realm.
False
The oceanic province is that part of the ocean that overlies the continental shelf.
False
The organisms that feed from all trophic levels are secondary consumers.
False
Which organisms may be a keystone species in a tropical rain forest?
Fig trees
What is the least likely effect of fires on organisms?
Fire instigates the growth of shade-tolerant plants.
Based on latitude only, which of the following U.S. states would be expected to have the highest species richness?
Georgia
Which endangered species has become so due to its specialized feeding habits?
Giant pandas
Which of the following is a predicted effect of continued global warming?
Greater impact on plant species in particular
Figure 53-4 Which of the following species exhibits a mix of more than one type of survivorship over their life cycle?
Herring gulls
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a metapopulation?
Homogeneous species dispersal
____ includes the establishment of parks and reserves, concentrates on preserving biological diversity in nature.
In situ conservation
Two members of the same species compete for a limited resource, resulting in equal sharing of the limited resource. What is this called?
Intraspecific scramble competition
The Southern Hemisphere has no equivalent of the boreal forest of the north. Why?
It has no land in the corresponding latitudes.
A lake in which of the following locations would be expected to have the highest species richness?
National forest
An example of mutualism is:
Rhizobium and legumes
Figure 56-1 Based on the temperature range and precipitation, the area on the accompanying figure labeled as 3 represents which of the following biomes?
Savanna
Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion?
Severe competition among individuals
Which of the following have local reproductive success that is less than the local mortality?
Sink habitats
When the structural complexity of the vegetation is more complex, what can generally be said of the species richness?
Species richness increases.
In a food chain, producers occupy the first trophic level.
True
People overpopulation is the current problem in many developing nations.
True
The transition zone between biomes is called an ecotone.
True
Which of the following has increased as a direct result of stratospheric ozone depletion?
UVB
Animals with chemical defenses are also typically:
aposematic.
Figure 53-1 The graph in the accompanying figure would best be described as:
being a J-shaped curve characteristic of exponential growth.
Figure 55-2 The accompanying figure is a good illustration of
biological magnification.
In a lake, a certain native species of zooplankton is found evenly distributed in the water column. After introduction of a different species of zooplankton, the native species is only found in the shallow water zone. This is most likely an illustration of:
competitive exclusion.
Figure 54-1 In Experimental Condition 2 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Chthamalus suggests that:
interspecific competition kept Chthamalus from extending lower into the intertidal area.
There are no trees in the tundra because:
of limited root penetration due to permafrost.
Biotic pollution has been particularly harmful to native species
on islands.
Microscopic algae typically fall under the classification of:
phytoplankton.
In large measure, differences in ____ that are due to variations in the amount of _____ at different locations on Earth drive the circulation of the atmosphere.
rainfall; solar energy
The orderly replacement of one community by another is known as:
succession