BIO 106 CHP 21

Fast swimming marine predators such as dolphins, sharks, and tuna, have a ______________ body shape that minimizes ________________ in the water.

Blank 1: streamlined, similar, or sleek Blank 2: friction, resistance, or drag

Fossils that contain characteristics of two separate groups of organisms are called _________________ fossils.

Blank 1: transitional or intermediate

How did Bernard Kettlewell test Tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths?

He released marked dark and light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival.

Which of the following best distinguishes vestigial from homologous structures?

Homologous structures are functional, while vestigial structures have no function.

Typically, how are species on islands related to species on a nearby continent?

More closely

Which of the following is not an example of convergent evolution?

Muscles that wiggle the ears of humans and other mammals

The primary process responsible for evolution is ____________ ____________.

Natural Selection

Review the following list of processes that can alter the genetic make up of a population. Which one is considered by scientists to be primarily responsible for evolution?

Natural selection

How has rock and fossil dating changed since Darwin's times?

Relative dating was used in the past; today we use absolute dating.

Relative Dating Absoulate Dating

Rocks are dated based on their position Rocks are dated based on changes in their isotopic composition

True or false: Natural selection does not always produce perfectly working adaptations, because it can only work on the genetic variation present in a population.

True

Homology Embryonic development Vestigial structures

Vertebrate forelimbs Lanugo Human coccyx

Economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include

cattle pigs corn

Many fishes that inhabit the sub-freezing Arctic and Antarctic waters posses antifreeze proteins; we now know that there are at least five different kinds of antifreeze protein genes that have evolved independently in different species to perform the same function. This is an example of:

convergent evolution

When two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, we observe ______.

convergent evolution

Bernard Kettlewell tested Tutt's hypothesis on peppered moths by releasing ___________ numbers of dark and light individuals into two sets of woods, and then recapturing and counting the dark and light individuals that _____________ in each of the woods

equal, even, identical, or the same survived or remained

One of the best studied examples of evolutionary change is that of the ______________ family. This family includes zebras and donkeys, among other animals.

horse, Equidae, or equine

The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is

how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success)

Starting in 1850 when Europe become industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations ______ until they made up ______ of some population.

increased; almost 100%

The phenomenon, where dark forms of moths become more prevalent than light forms in industrialized areas, is known as __________- __________.

industrial melanism

In certain areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called

industrial melanism

One of the most successful studies in showing evolution by natural selection is the one done by Peter and Rosemary Grant on the Galápagos islands; these scientists studied a bird that was referred to by the common name of ____________ __________ finch

medium ground

The observation that the relative frequencies of melanic to light peppered moths changes with the color of tree bark provides support for

natural selection

Darwin's theory of evolution is

not accepted by everyone in the general public

Galapagos finches with powerful thick beaks typically eat large

seeds

warbler finches ground finches "vampire" finches

small narrow beaks crushing beaks sharp beaks

The fossil record shows that early species of horses were generally ______ in size, but many lineages since about 30 million years ago exhibit substantial change toward ______ in size.

small; an increase

Island species are usually most closely related to

species on nearby continents

Prior to 1850, the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was:

very rare

The evolution of members of the horse family is

well-documented by the fossil record.

The medium ground finch of the Galápagos islands feeds on small seeds, produced in abundance during __________ years.

wet, rainy, or wetter

The short legs and broad feet of early horses made them well adapted to their habitat which was

wooded areas

Which of the following are developmental features observed in human embryos, but not in adults?

A fine fur (lanugo) Pharyngeal pouches A relatively long, bony tail

Why is it that some organisms do not appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment?

Because natural selection can only work on the variation present in a population.

Early horses inhabited woody areas where they probably browsed leaves and escaped predators by dodging through openings; this explains why those animals had _______________ feet and __________ legs.

Blank 1: broad, wide, wider, or broader Blank 2: short, small, or shorter

The ant-eaters in South America and the Australian echidna have similar snouts and tongues that they use to capture ants. This is an example of _____________ evolution.

Blank 1: convergent

Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit _______________ evolution; in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from a common ancestral trait are __________ structures.

Blank 1: convergent Blank 2: homologous

The similar shapes of fast swimming marine predators are an example of __________ evolution.

Blank 1: convergent or parallel

Many of the laboratory experiments that test the hypothesis that selection can produce evolutionary change have been performed with Drosophila melanogaster, known by its common name the _______________ ________________.

Blank 1: fruit Blank 2: fly or flies

Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called _____________ structures, while ____________ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.

Blank 1: homologous Blank 2: vestigial

The forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of ______________ structures, while the human appendix is an example of a ________________ structure.

Blank 1: homologous Blank 2: vestigial

The fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited a rapid and substantial __________________ in size.

Blank 1: increase, growth, or expansion

The feet of modern horses have ______________ toe(s); in contrast, early horses had ______________ toe(s) on their front feet and ____________ toe(s) on their hind feet.

Blank 1: one, 1, a single, or single Blank 2: four or 4 Blank 3: three or 3

Early human embryos have ________ pouches which indicates that one of our earliest ancestors was an aquatic species

Blank 1: pharyngeal or gill

As a result of convergent evolution, many marsupial mammals of Australia look similar to ________________ mammals found elsewhere and occupy a similar ecological niche.

Blank 1: placental

Molecular analysis of lactase DNA _____________ in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have ______________ evolved in Africa and Europe to produce the same result.

Blank 1: sequences Blank 2: independently or separately

What type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?

Direct

True or false: Even though humans have used artificial selection for centuries, only animals have been significantly modified by our efforts.

False

Which of the following statements about marsupials in Australia is true?

For many types of placental mammals found throughout the world, there is a strikingly similar marsupial mammal in Australia.

Which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution?

Fossils

The great variety of breeds of cats, dogs and other domestic animals have arisen through

artificial selection

Why are giraffe necks not perfectly suited for their function?

Like all mammals, giraffes only have 7 vertebrae in their necks which limits their flexibility.

Which of the following provide evidence that natural selection occurs in peppered moths?

Melanic moths become more abundant than light forms in polluted areas. Light moths become more abundant than melanic forms when clean air legislation is implemented.

Early horses had four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet, all encased in fleshy pads. What statement correctly describes how the toes have changed during the evolution of modern horses?

Modern horses have a single toe enclosed in a bony hoof.

Which organism has been extensively used in the laboratory to show that selection can produce evolutionary change?

The fruit fly

Peter and Rosemary Grant studied natural selection in Galápagos finches for more than 40 years; which species was the focus of their research?

The medium ground finch

Which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members (for example the sunflower family)?

The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands

Which of the following is true about transitional fossils (choose all that apply)?

They illustrate how major transitions in life occurred. They help to fill in the gap in the fossil record between two separate groups.

How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies?

Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have.

In _____________ selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation, while in ______________ selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass their genes on.

artificial natural

One of the most important features of Galapagos finches is that the shape of their ____________ is related to their ______ habits.

beak, Beaks, or bills feeding, eating, food, dietary, diet, or food gathering

Varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection?

dogs pigeons cats corn

In a classic experiment, scientists selected for fruit flies with many bristles on their abdomen by

picking out and breeding the 20% of the population that had the greatest number of bristles.