BIO 106 CHP 21
Fast swimming marine predators such as dolphins, sharks, and tuna, have a ______________ body shape that minimizes ________________ in the water.
Blank 1: streamlined, similar, or sleek Blank 2: friction, resistance, or drag
Fossils that contain characteristics of two separate groups of organisms are called _________________ fossils.
Blank 1: transitional or intermediate
How did Bernard Kettlewell test Tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths?
He released marked dark and light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival.
Which of the following best distinguishes vestigial from homologous structures?
Homologous structures are functional, while vestigial structures have no function.
Typically, how are species on islands related to species on a nearby continent?
More closely
Which of the following is not an example of convergent evolution?
Muscles that wiggle the ears of humans and other mammals
The primary process responsible for evolution is ____________ ____________.
Natural Selection
Review the following list of processes that can alter the genetic make up of a population. Which one is considered by scientists to be primarily responsible for evolution?
Natural selection
How has rock and fossil dating changed since Darwin's times?
Relative dating was used in the past; today we use absolute dating.
Relative Dating Absoulate Dating
Rocks are dated based on their position Rocks are dated based on changes in their isotopic composition
True or false: Natural selection does not always produce perfectly working adaptations, because it can only work on the genetic variation present in a population.
True
Homology Embryonic development Vestigial structures
Vertebrate forelimbs Lanugo Human coccyx
Economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include
cattle pigs corn
Many fishes that inhabit the sub-freezing Arctic and Antarctic waters posses antifreeze proteins; we now know that there are at least five different kinds of antifreeze protein genes that have evolved independently in different species to perform the same function. This is an example of:
convergent evolution
When two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, we observe ______.
convergent evolution
Bernard Kettlewell tested Tutt's hypothesis on peppered moths by releasing ___________ numbers of dark and light individuals into two sets of woods, and then recapturing and counting the dark and light individuals that _____________ in each of the woods
equal, even, identical, or the same survived or remained
One of the best studied examples of evolutionary change is that of the ______________ family. This family includes zebras and donkeys, among other animals.
horse, Equidae, or equine
The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is
how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success)
Starting in 1850 when Europe become industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations ______ until they made up ______ of some population.
increased; almost 100%
The phenomenon, where dark forms of moths become more prevalent than light forms in industrialized areas, is known as __________- __________.
industrial melanism
In certain areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called
industrial melanism
One of the most successful studies in showing evolution by natural selection is the one done by Peter and Rosemary Grant on the Galápagos islands; these scientists studied a bird that was referred to by the common name of ____________ __________ finch
medium ground
The observation that the relative frequencies of melanic to light peppered moths changes with the color of tree bark provides support for
natural selection
Darwin's theory of evolution is
not accepted by everyone in the general public
Galapagos finches with powerful thick beaks typically eat large
seeds
warbler finches ground finches "vampire" finches
small narrow beaks crushing beaks sharp beaks
The fossil record shows that early species of horses were generally ______ in size, but many lineages since about 30 million years ago exhibit substantial change toward ______ in size.
small; an increase
Island species are usually most closely related to
species on nearby continents
Prior to 1850, the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was:
very rare
The evolution of members of the horse family is
well-documented by the fossil record.
The medium ground finch of the Galápagos islands feeds on small seeds, produced in abundance during __________ years.
wet, rainy, or wetter
The short legs and broad feet of early horses made them well adapted to their habitat which was
wooded areas
Which of the following are developmental features observed in human embryos, but not in adults?
A fine fur (lanugo) Pharyngeal pouches A relatively long, bony tail
Why is it that some organisms do not appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment?
Because natural selection can only work on the variation present in a population.
Early horses inhabited woody areas where they probably browsed leaves and escaped predators by dodging through openings; this explains why those animals had _______________ feet and __________ legs.
Blank 1: broad, wide, wider, or broader Blank 2: short, small, or shorter
The ant-eaters in South America and the Australian echidna have similar snouts and tongues that they use to capture ants. This is an example of _____________ evolution.
Blank 1: convergent
Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit _______________ evolution; in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from a common ancestral trait are __________ structures.
Blank 1: convergent Blank 2: homologous
The similar shapes of fast swimming marine predators are an example of __________ evolution.
Blank 1: convergent or parallel
Many of the laboratory experiments that test the hypothesis that selection can produce evolutionary change have been performed with Drosophila melanogaster, known by its common name the _______________ ________________.
Blank 1: fruit Blank 2: fly or flies
Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called _____________ structures, while ____________ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.
Blank 1: homologous Blank 2: vestigial
The forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of ______________ structures, while the human appendix is an example of a ________________ structure.
Blank 1: homologous Blank 2: vestigial
The fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited a rapid and substantial __________________ in size.
Blank 1: increase, growth, or expansion
The feet of modern horses have ______________ toe(s); in contrast, early horses had ______________ toe(s) on their front feet and ____________ toe(s) on their hind feet.
Blank 1: one, 1, a single, or single Blank 2: four or 4 Blank 3: three or 3
Early human embryos have ________ pouches which indicates that one of our earliest ancestors was an aquatic species
Blank 1: pharyngeal or gill
As a result of convergent evolution, many marsupial mammals of Australia look similar to ________________ mammals found elsewhere and occupy a similar ecological niche.
Blank 1: placental
Molecular analysis of lactase DNA _____________ in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have ______________ evolved in Africa and Europe to produce the same result.
Blank 1: sequences Blank 2: independently or separately
What type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?
Direct
True or false: Even though humans have used artificial selection for centuries, only animals have been significantly modified by our efforts.
False
Which of the following statements about marsupials in Australia is true?
For many types of placental mammals found throughout the world, there is a strikingly similar marsupial mammal in Australia.
Which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution?
Fossils
The great variety of breeds of cats, dogs and other domestic animals have arisen through
artificial selection
Why are giraffe necks not perfectly suited for their function?
Like all mammals, giraffes only have 7 vertebrae in their necks which limits their flexibility.
Which of the following provide evidence that natural selection occurs in peppered moths?
Melanic moths become more abundant than light forms in polluted areas. Light moths become more abundant than melanic forms when clean air legislation is implemented.
Early horses had four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet, all encased in fleshy pads. What statement correctly describes how the toes have changed during the evolution of modern horses?
Modern horses have a single toe enclosed in a bony hoof.
Which organism has been extensively used in the laboratory to show that selection can produce evolutionary change?
The fruit fly
Peter and Rosemary Grant studied natural selection in Galápagos finches for more than 40 years; which species was the focus of their research?
The medium ground finch
Which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members (for example the sunflower family)?
The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands
Which of the following is true about transitional fossils (choose all that apply)?
They illustrate how major transitions in life occurred. They help to fill in the gap in the fossil record between two separate groups.
How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies?
Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have.
In _____________ selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation, while in ______________ selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass their genes on.
artificial natural
One of the most important features of Galapagos finches is that the shape of their ____________ is related to their ______ habits.
beak, Beaks, or bills feeding, eating, food, dietary, diet, or food gathering
Varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection?
dogs pigeons cats corn
In a classic experiment, scientists selected for fruit flies with many bristles on their abdomen by
picking out and breeding the 20% of the population that had the greatest number of bristles.