Bio 108 MB unit 2

Mitochondria:

-extensive internal foldings greatly increase the surface area available for energy-producing processes of cellular respiration.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

-synthesis of secretory proteins -studded with ribosomes -As a protein chain grows from a bound ribosome, it is threaded through a pore in the ER membrane. Once inside, protein folding occurs.

Where are the two places a protein will ultimately end-up?

1.) 2.) separated from the cytoplasm by a cellular membrane

Which cell structures are unique to plant cells?

Choloroplasts, Cellulose cell wall & Central vacuole

_______________ ______________ is the process by which the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus progress from the cis face to the trans face.

Cisternal maturation

Proteins In direct contact with cytoplasm are synthesized by ___________ Ribosomes

Free

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.

Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.

-composed of a series of flattened membranous discs called cisternae

Golgi apparatus

-houses a distinct set of enzymes used to process proteins in a sequential manner as they are prepared for transport to different sites.

Golgi apparatus

The ____________ ______________ serves as the finishing and shipping area for products of the endomembrane system. This organelle adds molecular identification tags, or shipping codes, to products bound for other parts of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

_______________occurs when part of the cell's plasma membrane engulfs a particle, forming a phagosome.

Phagocytosis

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

Ribosomes are involved in the manufacture of polypeptides (proteins).

The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is

The nucleoid region

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. ANSWER:

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.

Chloroplasts

They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

What cell junction forms a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.

Tight junctions

Fimbriae

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

What type of transport process is the movement of a solute across a membrane, against its concentration gradient, and which requires energy?

active transport

What is a molecule that has both hdyrophobic and hydrophilic regions?

amphipathic

Proteins separated from the cytoplasm by a cellular membrane are synthesized by ___________ Ribosomes

bound

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

The genetic information housed within the nucleus is associated with protein and is called

chromatin

Cargo leaves the endoplasmic reticulum and is sent to the _____ Golgi cisterna, which then matures through the redistribution of enzymes to become a _____ Golgi cisterna and eventually the _____ Golgi cisterna.

cis; medial; trans

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.

desmosomes

What type of transport process is the passive movement of a solute across a membrane and down its concentration gradient?

diffusion

A ____________ is a recycling center in the cell because it breaks down damaged organelles and returns organic monomers to the cytosol.

lysosome

The production department of the endomembrane system, where lipids and proteins are made, is the _______ _____________.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

What type of transport process is the passive movement of a solute across a membrane, down its concentration gradient, and which requires transport proteins?

facilitated diffusion

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ____________ filaments which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.

intermediate

The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _______________ filaments.

intermediate

thylakoids

membranous sacs inside of chloroplasts which are surrounded by a fluid called stroma

During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of _________________.

microfilaments

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of __________________.

microfilaments

Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into ___________________.

microtubules

In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are _______________.

microtubules.

The ______________is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasim

nuclear envelope

Before RNA can be translated into protein, it first must be exported from the nucleus through a

nuclear pore

The synthesis and assembly of ribosomal components occurs in the _____________.

nucleolus

When a plant cell is placed in surroundings containing a greater solute concentration then inside the cell, what happens to the cell?

plasmolysis

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

Central vacuole

regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure & stores cell compounds

The part of the endomembrane system that is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis is the _____.

rough ER

Through which pathway do proteins move out of the cell to the extracellular matrix?

rough ER → Golgi → plasma membrane

a _____________ transports materials between various parts of the endomembrane system.

vesicle