Bio 108 MB unit 2
Mitochondria:
-extensive internal foldings greatly increase the surface area available for energy-producing processes of cellular respiration.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
-synthesis of secretory proteins -studded with ribosomes -As a protein chain grows from a bound ribosome, it is threaded through a pore in the ER membrane. Once inside, protein folding occurs.
Where are the two places a protein will ultimately end-up?
1.) 2.) separated from the cytoplasm by a cellular membrane
Which cell structures are unique to plant cells?
Choloroplasts, Cellulose cell wall & Central vacuole
_______________ ______________ is the process by which the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus progress from the cis face to the trans face.
Cisternal maturation
Proteins In direct contact with cytoplasm are synthesized by ___________ Ribosomes
Free
_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.
Gap junctions allow for the passage of material between cells, thus facilitating communication between these cells.
-composed of a series of flattened membranous discs called cisternae
Golgi apparatus
-houses a distinct set of enzymes used to process proteins in a sequential manner as they are prepared for transport to different sites.
Golgi apparatus
The ____________ ______________ serves as the finishing and shipping area for products of the endomembrane system. This organelle adds molecular identification tags, or shipping codes, to products bound for other parts of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
_______________occurs when part of the cell's plasma membrane engulfs a particle, forming a phagosome.
Phagocytosis
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes are involved in the manufacture of polypeptides (proteins).
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is
The nucleoid region
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. ANSWER:
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
Chloroplasts
They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
What cell junction forms a barrier that prevents fluids from moving between cells.
Tight junctions
Fimbriae
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
What type of transport process is the movement of a solute across a membrane, against its concentration gradient, and which requires energy?
active transport
What is a molecule that has both hdyrophobic and hydrophilic regions?
amphipathic
Proteins separated from the cytoplasm by a cellular membrane are synthesized by ___________ Ribosomes
bound
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
The genetic information housed within the nucleus is associated with protein and is called
chromatin
Cargo leaves the endoplasmic reticulum and is sent to the _____ Golgi cisterna, which then matures through the redistribution of enzymes to become a _____ Golgi cisterna and eventually the _____ Golgi cisterna.
cis; medial; trans
The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.
desmosomes
What type of transport process is the passive movement of a solute across a membrane and down its concentration gradient?
diffusion
A ____________ is a recycling center in the cell because it breaks down damaged organelles and returns organic monomers to the cytosol.
lysosome
The production department of the endomembrane system, where lipids and proteins are made, is the _______ _____________.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What type of transport process is the passive movement of a solute across a membrane, down its concentration gradient, and which requires transport proteins?
facilitated diffusion
Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ____________ filaments which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.
intermediate
The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _______________ filaments.
intermediate
thylakoids
membranous sacs inside of chloroplasts which are surrounded by a fluid called stroma
During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of _________________.
microfilaments
The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of __________________.
microfilaments
Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into ___________________.
microtubules
In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are _______________.
microtubules.
The ______________is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasim
nuclear envelope
Before RNA can be translated into protein, it first must be exported from the nucleus through a
nuclear pore
The synthesis and assembly of ribosomal components occurs in the _____________.
nucleolus
When a plant cell is placed in surroundings containing a greater solute concentration then inside the cell, what happens to the cell?
plasmolysis
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
Central vacuole
regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure & stores cell compounds
The part of the endomembrane system that is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis is the _____.
rough ER
Through which pathway do proteins move out of the cell to the extracellular matrix?
rough ER → Golgi → plasma membrane
a _____________ transports materials between various parts of the endomembrane system.
vesicle
