BIO 110 Final

Once ATP donates its phosphate to a ________________ it becomes ADP. The ADP can be recharged in an ________________ to form ATP.

coupled reaction; endergonic reaction

____________________ makes broad generalizations from specific observations (bottom-up logic), while ____________________ starts out with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion (top-down logic).

inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning

If you found a fossilized dinosaur bone, an accurate way to determine the age would be to analyze the __________ of carbon, such as __________, in the fossil.

isotope; carbon-14

The _____________ includes species such as mushrooms that obtain food by ___________ dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients.

kingdom Fungi; decomposing

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of ________________ - which includes individuals in a population exhibiting __________, some of which are passed from parents to offspring.

natural selection; variations

In ____________________, dissolving CO2 gas lowers the ___ of the ocean - affecting ocean life such as coral and shell-building organisms.

ocean acidification; pH

_________ is the loss of electrons, and _________ is the gain of electrons.

oxidation; reduction

Liver cells help clean your blood of toxic molecules using _________, while the ___________ is considered the "warehouse" of the cell.

peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus

__________________ is an enzyme produced by the liver to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Phenylalanine __________ in patients with phenylketonuria because they lack the enzyme to break down phenylalanine.

phenylalanine hydrolase; accumulates

Membrane ________________ regulate transport functions to establish ________________ or equilibria.

phospholipids and proteins; concentration gradients

The primary structure of a protein is the __________________, which in secondary structure can include _____________________.

polypeptide sequence, alpha helix or beta sheets

The mass number is the count of ____________________ for a standard element and the _____________ is the count of protons.

protons and neutrons; atomic number

__________________________ is a specialized, more selective method of cell membrane transport of pinocytosis - which falls under active transport and ____________.

receptor-mediated endocytosis; requires energy

Structure and function is exemplified when comparing a healthy red blood cell and _______, as the difference is a mutation of one ______.

sickle cell, amino acid

The amount of energy required to raise the __________ of 1 kilogram of water by 10C is a __________.

temperature; kilocalorie

______________, such as fluoride and _____, are chemicals required by living organisms in minute amounts (typically less than 0.1 percent by volume).

trace elements; zinc

An example of polar covalent bonding, which is _____________ of electrons, is water; while _____________ is an example of nonpolar covalent bonding - the equal sharing of electrons.

unequal sharing; methane (CH4)

2, 8, and 8 are the numbers for required to fill the first three _____________, which is the __________ shell of an element with electrons.

valence shells; outermost

Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true? A) Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline. B) Cellular respiration converts all of the energy in glucose into energy in ATP. C) Cellular respiration converts the kinetic energy of glucose into chemical energy. D) The heat produced during cellular respiration is only a tiny fraction of the chemical energy available in a glucose molecule.

A) Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline.

A skin cell of a red fox has 34 chromosomes. You look at the cell under a microscope and see that it has 34 chromosomes and one nucleus. Several hours later, you look at the same cell again and see that it has double the amount of DNA and one nucleus. A little while later, you see that it has 68 chromosomes and two nuclei. What stage of the cell cycle was this cell in when you viewed it at each time point? A) First view: G1; second view: G2; third view: telophase B) First view: G1; second view: metaphase; third view: cytokinesis C) First view: S; second view: prophase; third view: cytokinesis D) First view: G0; second view: G2; third view: telophase

A) First view: G1; second view: G2; third view: telophase

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding? A) In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other. B) In covalent bonding, both partners end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one partner does and the other does not. C) Covalent bonding involves only the outermost electron shell; ionic bonding also involves the next electron shell inside the outermost shell. D) Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds form between atoms of different elements.

A) In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other.

A region of a chromosome contains two strands of DNA, yet only one is used to transcribe a gene because A) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which precedes the gene only on the template strand of DNA. B) the start of transcription is random along the chromosome and doesn't always occur on a gene. C) RNA polymerase binds to the terminator, stopping transcription on one strand of DNA D) both strands are transcribed, but only one strand of DNA contains a reading frame. E) all genes are found on the same strand of DNA in a chromosome.

A) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which precedes the gene only on the template strand of DNA.

You've made a hot drink by dissolving a teaspoon of instant coffee and a teaspoon of sugar in a cup of hot water. Which of the following statements is true? A) You've just prepared an aqueous solution. B) The water is the solute portion of the drink. C) The instant coffee is basic and the water is acidic so they mix well. D) The instant coffee and sugar dissolve because they have no charged regions to repel the partial positive and partial negative regions of the water molecules.

A) You've just prepared an aqueous solution.

The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like A) a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom. B) a frog that turns into a prince. C) a kid jumping up and down on a trampoline. D) throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish.

A) a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom.

In humans, specialized cells that produce gametes are A) germ cells. B) somatic cells. C) egg cells. D) sperm cells. E) All of the answers are correct

A) germ cells.

In eukaryotic cells, the sequences of mRNA that are removed from an mRNA molecule before being translated are A) introns. B) exons C) anticodons. D) proteomes.

A) introns.

The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material A) is crossing-over B) is random fertilization C) occurs only during DNA replication D) is independent assortment

A) is crossing-over

Electrons that reach the end of the electron transport chain are transferred to A) oxygen, thereby reducing it to form water. B) nitrogen, reducing it to form NADH. C) hydrogen, to neutralize its charge before passing through ATP synthase. D) sulfur, oxidizing it to form more hydrogens in the concentration gradient. E) carbon dioxide, in order to allow it to enter the Krebs cycle.

A) oxygen, thereby reducing it to form water.

Between the specialized functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, neither have the ability to A) produce mRNA. B) produce lipids. C) detoxify poisons. D) produce proteins. E) form vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus.

A) produce mRNA.

After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle A) pyruvate is oxidized. B) a carbon atom is added to pyruvate to make a four-carbon compound. C) coenzyme A is cleaved off pyruvate. D) glucose is split, producing two molecules of pyruvate.

A) pyruvate is oxidized

Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis is a result of A) the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I. B) the random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm. C) the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes. D) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II.

A) the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.

If _______________ in a cell, feedback inhibition __________ cellular respiration.

ATP accumulates; slows down

Which of the following statements best describes a compound? A) A compound is a pure element. B) A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio. C) A compound is exemplified by sodium. D) A compound is a solution.

B) A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.

The electrons removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are carried to the electron transport chain by A) NADP and FADH2. B) NADH and FADH2. C) NADH and NADP. D) NADP and glucose.

B) NADH and FADH2.

Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? A) Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation. B) Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules. C) The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule is about 32. D) None of these

B) Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules.

During a discussion about ecosystems, a student says, "Plants eat sunlight, and animals eat other organisms." Which response to the student's comment is most accurate? A) Plants don't eat sunlight; they eat sugars that they get from the soil. B) Plants don't eat sunlight; they use sunlight to make sugars. C) Plants eat sunlight, but they also eat other organism such as decomposers. D) Plants eat sunlight, but animals also eat bacteria, which are not considered organisms.

B) Plants don't eat sunlight; they use sunlight to make sugars.

Which of the following statements is true for all types of passive transport? A) Proteins are needed to transport molecules across the membrane. B) The concentration gradient is the driving force. C) Only small polar molecules are able to cross the plasma membrane. D) Ions never cross the plasma membrane by passive transport.

B) The concentration gradient is the driving force.

Thinking about the wavelength of light compared to its energy, which of these portions of the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest amount of energy? A) orange light, at 640 nm B) blue-green light, at 450 nm C) green light, at 510 nm D) yellow light, at 590 nm

B) blue-green light, at 450 nm

The tree in your backyard is home to two cardinals, a colony of ants, a wasp's nest, two squirrels, and millions of bacteria. Together, all of these organisms represent a(n) A) species. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem.

B) community.

Multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to A) remove errors in DNA replication. B) create multiple copies of the DNA molecule at the same time. C) shorten the time necessary for DNA replication. D) assure the correct orientation of the two strands in the newly growing double helix.

B) create multiple copies of the DNA molecule at the same time.

Which meal is high in fiber, low in saturated fats, and high in unsaturated fats? A) beef, potatoes, and carrots B) eggs and bacon C) black beans, cheese, lettuce, and sour cream D) spaghetti noodles with olive oil and broccoli

B) eggs and bacon

Coupled reactions are reactions in which an A) exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction. B) exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction. C) endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction. D) endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

B) exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction.

Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? A) receptor-mediated endocytosis B) exocytosis C) diffusion D) phagocytosis

B) exocytosis

Wood frogs freeze solid during the winter and then thaw in the spring. As the freezing progresses, blood circulation stops. How would you expect cells not being served by the circulatory system to produce ATP during this time, and what by-product would you expect to build up in the cells? A) aerobic respiration and CO2 B) fermentation and lactate C) fermentation and alcohol D) photosynthesis and O2

B) fermentation and lactate

A seedling plant has a section of the stem tip that contains large numbers of cells undergoing mitosis for the purpose of A) fertilization of the gametes in order to produce new offspring. B) growth in height of the plant. C) asexual reproduction of gametes, to produce new offspring. D) sexual reproduction of gametes, to produce new offspring. E) replication of the DNA in the stem, where new flowers will go through meiosis.

B) growth in height of the plant.

The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by ________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ________ bonds. A) hydrogen; polar covalent B) polar covalent; hydrogen C) ionic; covalent D) polar covalent; ionic

B) polar covalent; hydrogen

The enzyme that builds a short complementary piece of RNA at the start of each DNA segment to be replicated is A) DNA polymerase. B) primase. C) ATP synthase. D) ligase. E) helicase.

B) primase.

An embryo fish in its egg cannot survive outside the egg because it has underdeveloped tissues and organs needed for survival. The embryo has a large number of cells undergoing mitosis for the purpose of A) fertilization of the gametes, so the embryo can continue growing and hatch. B) production of new cells that can differentiate and specialize for different functions. C) asexual reproduction, so that some embryos will survive. D) replication of new DNA copies, so that meiosis will further grow the embryo.

B) production of new cells that can differentiate and specialize for different functions.

Accessory pigments include molecules that reflect reds, oranges, and yellows. Leaves of many plants show these colors in the fall because A) the cooler weather causes the plant to produce more of the accessory photosynthetic pigments. B) the chlorophyll in the leaves degrades before the plants shed leaves, revealing the accessory pigments. C) the lessening of daylight as winter approaches causes the plant to produce more of the accessory photosynthetic pigments. D) plants produce more chlorophyll. E) All of the answer choices are correct

B) the chlorophyll in the leaves degrades before the plants shed leaves, revealing the accessory pigments.

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many electrons does boron have? A) 11 B) 15 C) 5 D) 2

C) 5

Determine which of these statements best summarizes the cellular regulation of concentration gradients. A) Enzymes are used in the cell to build molecules on one side of membranes to establish concentration gradients. B) The cellular regulations require large amounts of energy to maintain equilibrium of materials. C) Membrane phospholipids and proteins regulate transport functions to establish concentration gradients or equilibria. D) Passive and active transport both function with transport proteins to move materials across the cell membranes. E) Selective permeability of the cell membranes results in equal amounts of substances inside and outside the cell.

C) Membrane phospholipids and proteins regulate transport functions to establish concentration gradients or equilibria.

During Interphase - the genetic material is duplicated in _______, while cell growth is in __________, and protein building occurs in _____________. A) G1, S, G2 B) S, G1, G2 C) S, G2, G1 D) G2, S, G1

C) S, G2, G1

Which statement provides the best evidence that there is a common genetic code that demonstrates the unity of life? A) Bees, birds, and bats all have wings and fly. B) Many insects can pollinate only a particular species of plant due to many generations of evolutionary adaptation. C) Through genetic engineering, a gene from a firefly can be inserted into a bacterium to make it glow. D) All of these statements provide evidence.

C) Through genetic engineering, a gene from a firefly can be inserted into a bacterium to make it glow.

The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as ____________; while water molecules climbing up a paper towel is referred to as ______________. A) adhesion; cohesion B) polarity; transpiration C) cohesion; adhesion D) transpiration; polarity

C) cohesion; adhesion

Most of organic molecules in the food you eat are in the form of polymers (which are monomers joined together by _________); however your cells must breakdown the polymers back to monomers by ____________ to obtain the energy. A) dehydration; condensation B) enzymes; denaturation C) dehydration; hydrolysis D) hydrolysis; addition/subtraction of amino group

C) dehydration; hydrolysis

ATP can be used as the cell's energy exchange mechanism because A) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP. B) ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell. C) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP. D) ATP is a disposable form of chemical energy, used once and then discarded by the cell.

C) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP.

The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is an A) endergonic reaction in photosynthesis. B) endergonic reaction in cellular respiration. C) exergonic reaction in cellular respiration. D) exergonic reaction in photosynthesis. E) endergonic or exergonic reaction, depending on the step.

C) exergonic reaction in cellular respiration.

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that A) permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. B) helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. C) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. D) carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix.

C) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that A) kinetic energy is stored energy that has the potential to do work, and chemical energy is the energy of movement. B) kinetic energy can be converted into various forms of energy, whereas chemical energy can only be converted into heat. C) kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules. D) chemical energy is a particular form of kinetic energy.

C) kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules.

The total volume of plant cells is often significantly greater than the total volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that A) plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells. B) plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells. C) plant cells contain a large vacuole that occupies much of the volume of the cell. D) animal cells are spherical, whereas plant cells are elongated.

C) plant cells contain a large vacuole that occupies much of the volume of the cell.

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle is likely to be defective in this condition? A) the rough endoplasmic reticulum B) the Golgi apparatus C) the lysosome D) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C) the lysosome

If you drop a rubber ball, it doesn't bounce back to the height you dropped it from. This is consistent with A) conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy. B) the first law of thermodynamics. C) the second law of thermodynamics. D) conversion of entropy into potential energy.

C) the second law of thermodynamics.

The nucleotides called pyrimidines include A) cytosine and guanine. B) adenine and cytosine. C) thymine and cytosine. D) adenine and guanine.

C) thymine and cytosine.

Diploid (2n) means having A) one complete set of chromosomes in each gamete. B) a single set of chromosomes not having homologous pairs. C) two complete sets of homologous chromosomes. D) both the allele and the autosome form of chromosomes.

C) two complete sets of homologous chromosomes.

A scientist performs a controlled experiment. This means that A) the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate. B) the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data. C) two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable. D) one experiment is performed, but the scientist controls the variables.

C) two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable.

Consider the following situations: (1) a magnesium atom and two chlorine atoms join together to form a molecule of magnesium chloride; (2) water molecules interact with each other in a beaker; and (3) two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms join together to form ethane. Rank the strength of the bonding interactions taking place in each situation, from the weakest bonds to the strongest bonds. A) 1 < 2 < 3 B) 3 < 2 < 1 C) 2 < 3 < 1 D) 2 < 1 < 3

D) 2 < 1 < 3

Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true? A) Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction. B) Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents. C) Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs. D) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction.

D) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction.

Which statement is not part of the first law of thermodynamics? A) Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat. B) Energy can be converted to other forms of energy. C) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. D) The amount of energy in the universe is constant. E) All of these are part of the first law of thermodynamics.

D) The amount of energy in the universe is constant.

Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements about the atoms in ammonia (NH3) is correct? A) Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge. B) The nitrogen atom has a full positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a full positive charge. C) Each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge; the nitrogen atom has a full positive charge. D) The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge. E) There are nonpolar covalent bonds between each hydrogen atom and the nitrogen atom.

D) The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge.

The teeth of grain-eating animals (such as horses) are usually broad and ridged. This makes the teeth suitable for grinding and chewing. Meat-eating animals (such as lions) have pointed teeth that are good for puncturing and ripping flesh. This illustrates A) a result of natural selection only. B) the connection between form and function only. C) a food web. D) a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function.

D) a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function.

With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because they have A) identical chromosomes but different genes. B) identical genes but different chromosomes. C) the same combination of traits but different genes. D) a similar but not identical combination of genes.

D) a similar but not identical combination of genes.

One way to produce a vaccine is to heat a virus or bacteria and then inject the inactive pathogen as a vaccination. How would the heat inactivate a virus? A) by inhibiting its metabolism. B) by destroying the membrane. C) by blocking facilitated diffusion. D) by denaturing proteins.

D) by denaturing proteins.

The genome of an organism is all of its A) proteins. B) RNA. C) characteristics. D) genetic material. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) genetic material.

Typically, nitrogen atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. An isotope of nitrogen could A) be positively charged. B) have more protons. C) be negatively charged. D) have more neutrons.

D) have more neutrons.

The main organelles and structures involved by distinct function with milk production and secretion in their correct sequence are A) nucleus, smooth ER, rough ER, nuclear pore, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, and vesicle for secretion. B) nucleus, transport vesicle, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicle for secretion. C) nucleus, nuclear pore, Golgi apparatus, rough ER, transport vesicle, smooth ER, and vesicle for secretion. D) nucleus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, and vesicle for secretion.

D) nucleus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, and vesicle for secretion.

Which of the following is the correct sequence, from least inclusive to most inclusive, following an individual organism? A) population - ecosystem - community - biosphere B) community - population - ecosystem - biosphere C) community - population - biosphere - ecosystem D) population - community - ecosystem - biosphere E) ecosystem - population - biosphere - community

D) population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

Prior to mitosis and after S phase, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called A) chromatin. B) sister chromosomes. C) nucleoli. D) sister chromatids.

D) sister chromatids.

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit A) the citric acid cycle only. B) oxidative phosphorylation only. C) glycolysis only. D) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

D) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

In considering genetics, ____________ only differ slight by three character traits: number of ________, number of oxygen, and types of ____________.

DNA & RNA; strands; nucleotides

Cells need increased surface area for diffusion of nutrients and wastes. Cells increase their surface area by A) having microscopic extensions of the cell membrane. B) being long and thin. C) having a flattened shape. D) having specialized organelles to move components throughout the cell. E) All of the above are correct.

E) All of the above are correct.

The process of phosphorylation A) may change the shape of the target molecule. B) may energize the target molecule. C) removes a phosphate group from a molecule. D) adds a phosphate group to a molecule. E) All of the answer choices are correct

E) All of the answer choices are correct

Fermentation is most common in A) plants, at night. B) human muscle cells. C) fungi, decomposing dead plants. D) bacteria, in mammal intestines. E) both human muscle cells, and intestinal bacteria.

E) both human muscle cells, and intestinal bacteria.

The primary pigment molecule needed for photosynthesis is A) carotenoid. B) chlorophyll b. C) carbon dioxide. D) glucose. E) chlorophyll a.

E) chlorophyll a.

The theory of endosymbiosis is based on A) similarities between chloroplasts and other organelles in animals. B) evidence from the fossil record. C) the knowledge that ribosomes are structures found in bacteria, plants, and animals. D) the experiments in which bacteria were made to grow in plant cells forming chloroplasts. E) the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria.

E) the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria.

The number of _______________ produced per citric acid cycle is ________ to reach the number produced per glucose.

NADH and FADH2; doubled

There are two types of enzyme inhibition: ____________________ bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to ________________.

competitive inhibitors; a different site

Arsenic is a poison that binds to a molecule needed to build __________. If arsenic were ingested, the part of cellular respiration that would be stopped is the _______________.

acetyl CoA; citric acid cycle

The __________ of an enzyme is the region of an enzyme where the _________________ and undergo a chemical reaction.

active site; substrate molecules bind

The role of tubulin during mitosis to pull _____________ apart during cell division, while the role of actin in eukaryotic cells is providing strength in _____________________ of cells.

cell chromosomes, stretching and compression

The overall equation for __________________ of glucose is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy, and is an __________________; while photosynthesis is the opposite.

cellular respiration; exergonic reaction

__________________ occurs when protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase, while substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when there is a transfer of a _________________________ directly to ADP.

chemiosmotic phosphorylation; phosphate group from a substrate

___________, similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells, allow animal cells to pass material between cells vs tight junctions which fuse neighboring membranes together such as _________.

gap junctions, skin cells

Firewood is made up of cellulose, which is a polymer of ________________. When burning, heat and light are given off, indicating that an ________________ is occurring.

glucose molecules; exergonic reaction

A __________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations; while a ________ is an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

hypothesis; theory

_________________ is the pull an element can have for __________ when polar covalently bond with another element - such as oxygen with hydrogen in water molecules

electronegativity; electrons

When an __________ of a reaction pathway is in excess and inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway, this is an example of _______________.

end product; negative feedback

In an ecosystem ______ typically flows from _________, such as grass, to a series of consumers, such as ______.

energy; producers; humans

___________ diffusion across a biological membrane requires transport proteins and moves a substance ____________________ gradient.

facilitated; down its concentration

Yeasts can produce ATP by either ____________ or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are ____________________

fermentation; facultative anaerobes

Although C4 plants and CAM plants both _________; C4 plants do this in _______________________, unlike CAM plants.

fix carbon twice; mesophyll and bundle sheath cells