BIO 112 Final MCQ

Imagine you are in an introductory biology laboratory observing the cross section of a primary dicot stem. The diameter of vascular bundle was 200 µm. Your instructor asked you to convert the diameter of the vascular bundle into mm. Which of the following is the correct response?

0.2

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Nitrogen gas is approximately 78% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of nitrogen is

592.8 mm Hg.

Essential elements are the elements that are required for a plant to

?

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

?

The amount of water lost through the stomata of a leaf under the same environmental conditions depends on the

?

Transgenic plants (plants modified by biotechnology tools) are

?

Which of the following ions plays a critical role in transport and cotransport processes in plant cells?

?

Suppose a T cell had no access to the amino acid cysteine. What consequence would this have with regard to the immune response of the T cell?

Antigen receptors would not form properly.

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

The pressure potential of the cells would increase.

Why does overwatering a plant kill it?

The roots are deprived of oxygen.

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.

Vessel element; sieve-tube member

Scurvy is a disease that results from a vitamin deficiency. Symptoms of scurvy include poor wound healing, bleeding from the gums and skin, loose teeth, and bones that break more easily, all of which are due to abnormal collagen production. A deficiency in what vitamin could result in scurvy?

Vitamin C

A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green and thin, had stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of 10 square meters. What is the most likely environment where this leaf was growing?

a tropical rain forest

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides.

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

an autoimmune disease.

A patient who undergoes a high level of histamine release, dilation of blood vessels, and an acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen.

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is

antibody production by plasma cells.

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

antihistamines.

The apical bud of a shoot produces ________, resulting in the inhibition of lateral bud growth.

auxin

When antibodies bind antigens, they may clump together. Why does this occur?

because antibodies have at least two binding regions for antigens

Juan is a 5-year-old boy and recently recovered from the chickenpox. He returned to kindergarten and found out that his friend Tram had chickenpox too. Normally chickenpox is very infectious, but Juan did not acquire it again. Why was Juan protected from a second exposure to chickenpox?

because his immune system now has immunological memory

Antihistamine treatment reduces

blood vessel dilation

Which of the following plant organs is an evolutionary adaptation of a leaf that stores food?

bulb

The shoot elongation in a growing bud is due to

cell elongation localized in each internode.

Please use the following information to answer the questions below. An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had been infected when she was a child, at which time she merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick. The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

class I MHC molecules.

Nitrogen fixation is a process that

converts nitrogen gas into ammonia.

T cells of the immune system include

cytotoxic and helper cells.

Suppose a herd of dairy cows is given an excess of antibiotics, which enter their stomachs. What biological process will the cows now have difficulty performing?

digesting cellulose

Which of the following types of plants are incapable of self-pollination?

dioecious

Guard cells of stomata in leaves of plants are modified

epidermal cells.

Root hairs, which absorb the water and minerals in the majority of plants, are the extensions of root

epidermal cells.

The spermathecae is used by what kind of species for sperm storage?

female insects

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

fishes.

The three characteristics of all angiosperms are

flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.

Antigens are

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

Changes in both cell shape and cell position occur extensively during

gastrulation, organogenesis, and cleavage.

The complement system is a

group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascading manner.

Guard cells do which of the following?

help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time is exemplified by

herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital), whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host.

The strength and hardness of wood are due to

highly lignified walls of xylem.

An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is (are)

histamine.

Arrange the following steps of cell differentiation during plant growth (in length) in the correct sequence. i. cell division in primary meristem ii. cell division in apical meristem iii. differentiated cells iv. growing cells in primary meristem

ii, i, iv, iii

The pattern of leaf arrangement on the shoots of land plants is critical for

increasing the rate of photosynthesis.

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as

indeterminate

Which type of meristem enables grasses to regrow after grazing by herbivores?

intercalary meristem

Innate immunity

is activated immediately upon infection.

Secondary growth in eudicot stems and roots is caused by the

lateral meristem.

Which of the following environmental factors plays a critical role in plant photosynthesis?

light and CO 2

Which tissue is responsible for plant growth?

meristem

What do tendons hold together?

muscles to bones

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

mutations of DNA in rapidly evolving generations of flu viruses result in altered surface proteins in infected host cells.

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

natural killer cells.

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit?

okra

Clonal selection implies that

only certain cells can produce interferon.

Which type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is fed by nursing and ends when nursing ends?

passive immunity

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

pericycle

The location and function of lenticels in woody plants are ________ and ________, respectively.

periderm; gas exchange

If the range of a species of plants expands to a higher latitude, which of the following processes is the most likely to be modified by natural selection?

photoperiodic response

The symplast is the continuum of cytosol connected by

plasmodesmata.

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to

produce more cells.

Which type of roots support tall and top-heavy plants?

prop roots

Storage roots, stems, and leaves are some of the evolutionary adaptations of plants. Which of the following are listed in the order of modified root, stem, and leaf?

rhizome, stolon, tendril

The moment of orgasm is characterized by

rhythmic contraction of many parts of the reproductive system.

Which plant pollen grain has one opening?

rice

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

root hairs

Vascular cambium in eudicot stems produce

secondary xylem and phloem.

Annual rings in woody plant stems and roots represent the

secondary xylem of spring and summer.

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life-threatening is

septic shock.

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

A group of students were investigating the effects of smoking on grass frogs for a research paper. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods of time would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to support their hypothesis, they discovered they were wrong in their original assessment. What potential harmful effects could carcinogens from tobacco smoke likely have on the frogs, if not lung cancer?

skin cancer

Adventitious roots in monocots are very helpful in coastal ecosystems to reduce

soil erosion.

Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?

spongy mesophyll

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the

stele.

CO 2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the

stoma.

An association between the roots of a terrestrial plant with soil fungus is referred to as

symbiosis

Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?

the interior of a sieve tube

Which of the following has (have) both endocrine and exocrine activity?

the pancreas

Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during

the period just before ovulation.

A key part of the humoral immune response is

the production of antibodies by plasma cells.

The switch of a B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA.

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces.

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

the set of MHC molecules produced

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

the tracheal system of an insect

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

they are required for animal diets, but these animals are not able to synthesize the nutrients.

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

they have cellulose-digesting, mutualistic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Three mitotic divisions within the female gametophyte of a flowering plant will produce

three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids.

Phloem sap in plant vascular system flows

two ways from the leaves to the sites of sugar use and to the sugar storage units.

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

A human who has no access to fresh water and can only drink salty seawater instead

will excrete more water molecules than are taken in because of the high load of ion ingestion.

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the

xylem

Suppose you get a cut on your finger, and bacteria enter your skin through the cut. What would be the immediate response by your immune system?

The complement system would be activated.

Which of the following essential nutrients plays an essential role in the opening and closing of the stomatal aperture?

K

The general biology class was divided into two groups. The first group of students was given 5 red bean seeds and 100 mL distilled water, and the second group received 5 red bean seeds and 100 mL 5% salt solution. Both teams immersed seeds in their respective solvents at the same time and left them for 24 hours. What do you expect to observe in seeds after 24 hours, and why?

Red beans in distilled water shrink due to water potential difference between the seeds and the water outside.

Which of the following is a true statement?

Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Which of the following statements about growth in plants is true?

Some plants lack secondary growth.

Jazmin is a 44-year-old female who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens but not against viral infections. Jazmin probably has a disorder in her

T cells.

Suppose a B cell is unable to perform alternative splicing. What consequence will this have in regards to the immune response of the B cell?

The B cell will make a limited number of antigen receptors.

A researcher suspects that a weakened immune response may be due to poor antigen presentation. Which experiment would best test this hypothesis?

Expose B cells to different antigens, and measure the proliferation rate.

What has been shown to cause gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

Below are four factors that may be important for an animal to reproduce. Which factor(s) are required by animals that reproduce using internal fertilization? I. cooperative copulatory behavior II. compatible reproductive systems III. a moist environment for spawning IV. sperm

I, II, and IV only