Bio 114 Final Exam
Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials _______.
Have some embryonic development outside the uterus
Which of the following is a covalent modification that can affect enzyme activity?
Phosphorylation
Which is an example of a structural homology?
Vertebrate forelimbs generally have the same number and a similar arrangement of bones
A ______ trait is one that has lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution.
Vestigial
What is the single feature that distinguishes a simple virus from plasmids?
Viruses have a protein coat or membrane-like envelope.
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
Viruses use cells to produce new generations of viruses.
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
chloroplasts
Across all of cellular life, there are three conserved structures. Those structures are______________.
chromosomes, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane
Fungal mycelia _____.
have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae
Substrates are also known as _____.
reactants
Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false?
All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies
Which of the following is true of all living things?
All living things process genetic and environmental information.
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Bacteria and Achaea
Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom?
Basidia
Form recognizable mushrooms/toadstool; AKA 'club fungi'; include puffballs and shelf fungi
Basidiomycota
When small, soft seeds on one of the Galápagos Islands were abundant due to increased rainfall, a population of finches evolved to have smaller, more pointed beaks. What condition was met in the finch population during this period of evolutionary change?
Beak shape is a heritable trait.
What is the correct sequence of events for viruses entering the host cell?
Binding, uncoating, transcription and translation
If glucose is fully labeled with 14C (a radioisotope of carbon), what molecule will become radioactive as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are completed?
Carbon dioxide
What is produced as a waste product of pyruvate processing?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Which of the following bonds found in carbohydrates have the lowest potential energy?
Carbon-oxygen (C-O) bonds
Which of the following is a lophotrochozoan?
Clam
Have nerve net; radial symmetry; may exist in polyp and/or medusa stage ________
Cnidaria
You find an animal with a bilateral larval form but what appears to be a radial adult form. Which taxa would you presume it to belong to?
Cnidaria
In most instances, enzymes do not work alone. What is a type of enzyme "helper"?
Cofactors Coenzymes Prosthetic groups
Glycoproteins are important in cell-cell recognition. Where are the carbohydrate portions of these molecules normally found?
On the exterior surface of the cell membrane
The central dogma states that ___.
DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins
In which of the following ways does DNA differ from RNA?
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, whereas RNA contains ribose.
What is the most common way that a bacterium can acquire a plasmid with genes for antibiotic resistance from another bacterium?
One bacterium can transfer a copy of a plasmid to another bacterium through a conjugation tube by the process of conjugation.
Over evolutionary time there has been a trend for land plants to shift from:
Homospory to heterospory
Which phrase best reflects the relationship between natural selection and evolution?
Natural selection is a process that causes evolution to occur
What is lateral (horizontal) gene transfer?
Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.
What is lateral gene transfer?
Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.
Land plant that produces seeds but not flowers.
Pine tree
Which of the following statements regarding prion proteins is correct?
Prion proteins are an infectious, disease-causing agent.
Which of the following statements is true of saprophytic fungi?
They digest the tough biomass (lignin and cellulose) of woody plants.
What happens when phospholipids are placed into water?
They form liposomes.
The Basidiomycota and Ascomycota form a monophyletic group. What synapomorphy is this grouping based on?
They form septate hyphae and large fruiting bodies.
What is the significance of buffers in biological systems?
They help maintain homeostasis with respect to pH.
Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?
They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.
Proteins are critical in living organisms. What is one example of the many important functions of proteins in organisms?
They impart mobility to entire cells and molecules within cells.
Which of the following statements is true for prokaryotes that perform aerobic respiration?
They oxidize NADH at the plasma membrane
Homeostasis is a living organism's
ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change.
An organic molecule always contains one or more atoms of _____.
carbon
Plants obtain carbon from _____.
carbon dioxide
This is an image of a(n) _____.
charophycean
In what form does energy pass through the trophic levels shown on the map?
chemical potential energy
Cows eat grass. If you added up all the biomass of a population of cows and the biomass of all the grass that those cows eat over their lifetimes, which would be higher?
cow biomass < grass biomass
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
creating energy
Most fungi are _____.
decomposers
If a cell is treated with a drug that inhibits ATP synthase, the pH in the mitochondrial intermembrane space will _____.
decrease
Which of these provides your body with energy?
fats
Sperm identify an ovum by interacting with a glycoprotein called ZP3 in the gelatinous extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum. Predict the outcome of the experimental removal of sugars from these glycoproteins. When sugars are removed from ZP3, _____.
fertilization is prevented
An element in the second row of the periodic table that has four valence electrons would most likely _____.
form four covalent bonds
A red blood cell that is placed in distilled water (pure water lacking solutes) will _____.
gain water and expand
Linnaeus' taxonomic system specifies a unique two-part name for each organism. The first part of the name is the organism's _____, and the second part is its _____.
genus; species
During cellular respiration, the carbons initially present in pyruvate are derived from _____ and are ultimately converted to _____.
glucose; CO2
The appearance of cuticle and stomata correlated with what event in the evolution of green plants?
growth on land
Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.
gymnosperms
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
gymnosperms
The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____.
hominids
The secondary structure of DNA is due primarily to _____.
hydrogen bonding between complementary bases
Which four elements make up 96 percent of matter found in living organisms?
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
Grass contains carbon. When a cow eats grass, where does the carbon from the grass end up?
in the biomass of the cow and in the atmosphere as CO2
A chemical reaction that occurs spontaneously ____.
must proceed without an input of external energy
Fungi often live in close association with other organisms in a nondetrimental fashion known as ______.
mutualism
Viruses are
not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction.
Where do fern antheridia develop?
on the underside of the gametophyte
Scientists recognized that to obtain evidence that life arose spontaneously at some point in history, they needed to find a molecule that was capable of carrying (in other words storing) information and was capable of self-replication. One piece of evidence critical in proposing the RNA world hypothesis was the discovery of _____ by Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech.
ribozymes
Rubisco differs from PEP carboxylase in that _____.
rubisco can use oxygen gas as a substrate
The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the _____.
rupture of the bacterium
Small subunit RNA sequences are useful for building a tree of life because _____.
small subunit RNA sequences are similar in closely related organisms and less similar in less closely related organisms
A key characteristic of modern birds is flight powered by feathered wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that the first feathers served a purpose other than flight?
some feathered theropods were not capable of flight
Which label would be the best choice for the cells on the right side of the arrow?
spores
When photosynthesis is happening rapidly, the sugars produced are stored as the polymer _____. When photosynthesis slows, the polymer can be converted into the disaccharide _____ and, finally, _____ is liberated to undergo glycolysis to provide ATP.
starch; sucrose; glucose
Nucleotides are joined by a _____ to form the DNA and RNA polymers that function in the cell.
sugar-phosphate linkage
Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____.
surroundings
Lophotrochozoan phyla have a lophophore, a specialized structure for _____.
suspension feeding
Which adaptation is unique to insects among all protostomes?
the ability to move by flying
Many proteins fold spontaneously because _____.
the bonds that form secondary and tertiary structure are energetically favorable
Why was the discovery of organisms, such as Archaeopteryx, that have a mix of traits usually associated with two different groups considered validation of Darwin's theory of evolution?
the discovery provided evidence that species descend with modification from other species
As a result of the lytic cycle, _____.
the host cell's DNA is destroyed
A community has a different meaning in biology than in everyday use. Which of the following represents a biological community?
the humans, cats, dogs, chickens, mosquitoes, rose bushes, and other organisms living together in a town
The pointer is indicating the _____.
viral protein coat
Electrons excited by absorption of light in photosystem II are transferred to plastoquinone via pheophytin, and, therefore, must be replaced. The replacement electrons come from _____.
water
Monosaccharides differ from one another in ____.
whether they contain an aldose or a ketose group
The term gymnosperm refers to plants _____.
with "naked seeds"
Under which conditions will the citric acid cycle be activated?
High levels of AMP
Which evolutionary mechanism results in adaptation?
Natural selection
Which viral genome type requires the greatest number of conceptual steps between infection of a host cell and translation of the viral genetic code into proteins?
(-)ssRNA
Which of the following best illustrates the order of events that occur during a viral infection?
(1) Entry; (2) transcription; (3) production of viral proteins; (4) replication of viral genome; (5) assembly of new virions
Many fungi are ____________.
Decomposers
Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?
Exoskeleton
What element is found in all organic compounds?
carbon
A reaction will be spontaneous at all temperatures under which set of conditions?
∆H is negative and ∆S is positive.
Experimental results: Effects of zebra mussels on fish population sizes
1. In both graphs, time is the independent variable and is shown on the x axis. Fish population size is the dependent variable and is shown on the y axis. 2. In Graph 1, the larval populations of American shad are measured in millions. In Graph 2, the juvenile populations of tessellated darters are measured in thousands. 3. The line in each graph shows the trend exhibited by the data before zebra mussels invaded the Hudson River . 4. After zebra mussels invaded, American shad populations decreased, and tesselated darter populations increased. 5. These data support the hypothesis that zebra mussels negatively affect fish in the open water and positively affect fish in the littoral zone.
What is the difference between 12C and 13C?
12C has one less neutron than 13C.
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.
475
What is significant about cephalization?
A concentration of sensory organs allows better detection of threats for motile organisms.
Which of the following events best illustrates an adaptive radiation?
A fishless lake is colonized by a single fish species, which over a few thousand years gives ride to several species, each with a series of unique feeding adaptations.
Using the known traits and lifestyle patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), select the most likely AMF association from the choices below. SHOW HINT
A glomeromycete species whose hyphae grow into the root cells of grassland plants in warm, low-phosphorus soils
In biology, an adaptation is defined as _____.
A heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment
What is the relationship between a hypothesis and a null hypothesis in an experiment?
A hypothesis is a testable statement to explain a set of observations. A null hypothesis states the results that are expected if the hypothesis is incorrect.
Which person has the highest fitness?
A man who dies at age 20 after fathering five healthy children
How can mass extinction events be distinguished form background extinctions?
A mass extinction occurs when at least 60 percent of species are wiped out within 1 million years
Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true?
A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.
What is a lophophore?
A specialized filter-feeding structure
Which of the following molecules are always provided by the host cell and are required for replication of all viruses?
ATP
Which of the following compounds inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase via feedback inhibition?
Acetyl CoA
What is the major unifying characteristic of all fungi?
Acquiring nutrition though absorption
What is the relationship between speciation and adaptive radiation?
Adaptive radiation is a form of speciation.
Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct?
Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage.
How can an individual cell increase the total reaction rate of a reaction?
Adding more enzyme catalyst
Which mode of energy production is the most efficient (produces the most ATP) per glucose?
Aerobic respiration
When detergents are added to the solution surrounding a lipid bilayer, _____.
All of these responses are correct.
All species are related by common ancestry. Which finding provides strong supporting evidence for this statement?
All organisms have DNA as their genetic material.
The theory of evolution by natural selection states:
All species are descended from a common ancestor
The linear order of amino acids in a protein helps determine which level of protein structure?
All the levels of protein structure
The reference map does not indicate the source of energy and nutrients for decomposers. What would be an appropriate linker to add to the map to make it more complete?
All trophic levels pass energy and nutrients to decomposers.
Many of the linkers in the map say "pass SOME energy and nutrients to." Where did the rest of the energy go? Select the most appropriate linker to make the map more complete.
All trophic levels release some energy as heat.
Refer to the figures below, all four trees are identical, except for which lineages are circles. Which circles choice represents a monophyletic group?
Answer must have a point of origin and all of its descendants circled
Genetic variation is the number and relative frequency of ________ that are present in a particular population.
Alleles
Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _______.
Allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
______ is when haploid and diploid phases of a life cycle are multicellular
Alternation of generations
For proteins to form on prebiotic Earth, what organic compound was first needed to form during chemical evolution?
Amino acids
______ are known for their indirect development and ties to moist environments.
Amphibians
What type of chemical interactions do phospholipids have with their environment?
Amphipathic
Which of the following is true of cell membranes?
Amphipathic proteins can span the membrane.
What is the major difference between amylose and amylopectin?
Amylose is a straight-chain polymer of glucose, whereas amylopectin is highly branched.
What two functional groups are present in every amino acid?
An amino group and a carboxyl group
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _______.
An extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.
Which of the following cannot evolve?
And individual
Dispersal capability is vital in plants and their evolution. List two features and describe their adaptive advantage relative to dispersal that has led to the success and diversification of Angiosperms (at least one of you features must be unique to Angiosperms).
Angiosperms have fruiting bodies and the fruit can be picked up by animals and dispersed with feces. Another dispersal capability is being carried by wind, such as pollen but it isn't protected.
Which of the following statements describes a fundamental difference between plant cells and animal cells?
Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
Both starch and cellulose are glucose polymers. Why can animals easily degrade starch, but not cellulose?
Animals have enzymes that can degrade a-1,4-glycosidic bonds, but not b-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Diverse sensory organs evolved in _______.
Animals with cephalization
Which of the following phyla are lophotrochozoans?
Annelida Platyhelminthes
A doctor prescribes an antibiotic to her patients. For the first few years, the drug works well; but after several years, the doctor sees more patients for whom that antibiotic doesn't work. Which of these explanations best explains what happened?
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were more likely to survive and reproduce
Treehoppers (a type of insect) produce honeydew, which ants use for food. Treehoppers have a major predator, the jumping spider. Researchers hypothesized that the ants would protect the treehoppers from the spiders. In an experiment, researchers followed study plots with ants removed from the system and compared them to a control plot. In the figure above, what can you conclude.
Ants do somehow protect the treehoppers from spiders
What distinguishes archaea from animal cells?
Archaea have cell walls.
In the figure above, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity of a population?
Arrow C
Characterized by Chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages and segmented bodies; include crustaceans, insects_____
Arthropoda
Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implied that _____.
Arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates
In graphs of enzyme activity versus temperature, activity increases up to a certain temperature and then decreases again. What is the mechanism that explains this pattern?
As temperatures increase, substrates collide with the enzyme more, but even higher temperatures cause too much enzyme movement and the enzyme denatures.
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions increase in rate very rapidly at low substrate concentrations but plateau at higher substrate concentrations. What is the reason for the plateau?
At high substrate concentrations, all available enzyme molecules are working at maximal speed and are unable to further increase the rate of reaction.
Which of the following fungi are parasitic?
Athlete's foot fungus
Which of the following are mitochondria thought to have evolved from?
Bacteria
Which group of fungi is largely aquatic?
Chytrids
Which concept for identifying species cannot be applied to asexual or fossil species?
Biological Species Concept
What is biological fitness?
Biological fitness measures the reproductive success of an individual relative to others in the population.
"Biologists practice evidence-based decision making." What does this statement mean?
Biologists select between a hypothesis and a null hypothesis based on experimental or observational data.
Which of the following is an example of a hydrolysis reaction?
Breaking the sugar lactose into its component sugars, glucose and galactose
Which chemical formula could represent a monosaccharide?
C3H6O3
Prokaryotic cells' intracellular fluid is often hypertonic to the habitat they find themselves in. What cellular feature prevents the prokaryote from expanding and lysing under these conditions?
Cell wall
How are cellulase enzymes similar to peroxidase enzymes?
Cellulases and peroxidase are extracellular digestive enzymes.
Use the following table to list trait for each character that distinguish between the phyla listed
Character Cnidaria Echinodermata Annelida # Tissues 2 3 3 Embryonic Development Neither Deuterostome Protostome Coelom Acoelomate True Coelom True Coelom Symmetry Radial Bilateral, Radial Bilateral
Pick two characteristics in the table to distinguishes between bacteria and protists, filling in the two rows with relevant information that tells the lineages apart.
Characteristic Bacteria Protist Information no nucleus nucleus Cells prokaryote eukaryote Energy heterotroph autotroph Replication asexual asexual/sexual
Bacteria that live around deep-sea hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules form carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____.
Chemoautotrophs
Which of the following polysaccharides contains a modified monosaccharide?
Chitin
Which of the following statements accurately compares the different polysaccharides?
Chitin, cellulose, and peptidoglycan consist of long, parallel strands linked to one another.
As a defense mechanism, the barley plant produces an enzyme called chitinase that breaks down the polysaccharide chitin found in certain pathogens. Which of the following statements describes the protective action of chitinase?
Chitinase disrupts the cell walls of fungal plant pathogens.
All species are small intracellular parasites; some species cause human STD.
Chlamydia
How do chlorophylls (A&B) differ from carotenoids?
Chlorophylls absorb orange to red light.
This cell structure likely evolved when a eukaryotic cell engulfed an ancestral cyanobacterium.
Chloroplast
What feature was not present in the first eukaryotes?
Chloroplasts
Which of the following is a synapomorphy that defines all green algae and land plants?
Chloroplasts from primary endosymbiosis
Where on the phylogenetic tree to the right should the following appear?
Chloroplasts--- before phyla plantae Nucleus--- after archaea
To apply parsimony for constructing a phylogenetic tree, _____.
Choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology
Which of the four major types of fungi exhibit alternation od generations?
Chytridiomycota
Number the following events in a linear sequence based on fossil evidence, with the first event happening in the most distant past, and the last occurring the most recently
Colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses Carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes Extensive growth of gymnosperm forests Rise and diversification of angiosperms
Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to _______.
Colonize land
If two species of birds are interacting, and both are experiencing a negative effect on fitness, which type of interaction is occurring?
Competition
Which method of inactivating an enzyme could most likely be overcome by adding high levels of substrate?
Competitive inhibition
Which of the following makes it possible for DNA to serve as a template both for DNA synthesis and for RNA synthesis?
Complementary base pairing enables DNA to serve as a template.
Which of the following are mechanisms of prokaryotic genetic recombination?
Conjugation
______ is a mechanism of prokaryotic genetic recombination.
Conjugation
______ is a source of genetic variation in prokaryotes.
Conjugation
Parasitic relationships fall under the category of _____.
Consumption
What trait gives seeds an advantage over spores?
Contain nutrients
What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom ______.
Contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion
Which of the following are the synapomorphies that define the vertebrates?
Cranium Vertebrae
Place the following derived characters where they first evolved on the tree below.
Cuticle--- before liverworts Stomata---- before mosses Sporophyte-dominant--- before early vascular plants Seeds--- before angiosperms and gymnosperms
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _______.
Cyanobacteria
______ are thought to be the first organisms to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria
The sequence of nitrogenous bases in an RNA and DNA strand is always written in the 5′ ? 3′ direction because _____.
DNA and RNA are synthesized in this direction in cells
If you were to add a "Darwin and Wallace" box to the map, where would you connect it?
Darwin and Wallace--proposed the concept of-->natural selection
Animals with a cephalized body structure would be better able to ________.
Detect an obtain food
Researchers have found a new type of bacteria, and they want to determine its phylum. What would be the most reliable method to do so?
Determining the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria
______ are important for their role in ecosystem functioning as primary producers in the oceans.
Diatoms
The statement "various species of Galapagos finches are adapted to their particular habitats" means:
Different species have traits that increase fitness in a particular environment.
___________________ is a technique that allows researchers to separate cellular components based on their relative size and density.
Differential centrifugation
You want to know how many different types of bacteria live in an animal's intestines, what is the most efficient method for finding out?
Direct sequencing
Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today?
Directional selection
Natural selection occurs in a wide variety of patterns. Which of the following modes of selection changes the average value of a trait?
Directional selection
Which mode of selection likely underlies the pattern of 'character change' when we look at the history of life on earth?
Directional selection
Black-bellied seed crackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seed crackers?
Disruptive selection
Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?
Disruptive selection
Which mode of natural selection is most likely to contribute to speciation?
Disruptive selection
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?
Disruptive selection
What does Figure 1.7 indicate about the relationships among domain Bacteria, domain Archaea, and domain Eukarya?
Domain Archaea and domain Eukarya are more closely related to each other than either is to domain Bacteria.
What are rain shadows?
Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.
In what important way does competitive inhibition differ from allosteric inhibition?
During competitive inhibition, a regulatory molecule binds to the active site, whereas during allosteric inhibition, a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site.
Van Niel's experiments with purple sulfur bacteria led to which of the following hypotheses?
During plant photosynthesis, the oxygen gas released comes from water.
Why are associations between ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and plant roots more common in a Canadian forest than in a Mexican swamp?
EMF are most commonly found in cold or temperate climates.
Whish of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants?
Early bryophytes
What characterizes an ecdysozoan?
Ecdysozoans grow by molting.
Have radial symmetry as adults, deuterostome development, all species are aquatic ______
Echinodermata
A ___ is a community along with its physical environment.
Ecosystem
Which statement best describes results of an experiment designed to test whether the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel?
Electric current flowed across membranes only in the presence of CFTR, indicating the movement of chloride ions.
Which of the following statements about emerging viruses is true?
Emerging viruses can arise by switching host species or by genome arrangement.
1. The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells?
Endoderm
Triploblastic animals have which of the following germ layers:
Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm
Which of the following statements about energy flow are true?
Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels. Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature. If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter. In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy.
How do enveloped viruses differ from non-enveloped viruses?
Enveloped viruses have a membrane-like outer covering whereas non-enveloped viruses do not.
In a metabolic pathway, A is converted to B via enzyme one, B to C via enzyme two, and C to D via enzyme three. According to the retro-evolution hypothesis for metabolic pathway evolution, which enzyme evolved first?
Enzyme three
Which of the following is true of enzyme phosphorylation?
Enzymes (kinases) catalyze phosphorylation.
Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area?
Equator
The diameter of a average eukaryotic cells is 10 times larger than that of an average bacteria cell. How do eukaryotic cells carry out their cellular processes efficiently?
Eukaryotes divide their volume into compartments
All protists are _____.
Eukaryotic
Which of the following are components of themes of diversification in protists?
Eukaryotic cell type Multicellularity Structures for support and protection
Which of the following statements best describes the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
As cells grow larger, there is a detriment to efficient function. How do eukaryotic cells overcome the inefficiency?
Eukaryotic cells have organelles in the cytosol, which decreases the overall cytosolic fluid volume, allowing less room for reactions and thus increasing efficiency.
Which of the following is a modern definition of biological evolution?
Evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over time
Which enzymes in glycolysis consume ATP to allow for full transition of glucose to pyruvate?
Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase
Human impacts such as habitat loss and pollution are causing the extinction of many species. Based on your understanding of background extinctions and mass extinctions, which statement is most accurate?
Extinction is normal, but the extinction rate and cause of extinction suggests that a mass extinction is underway.
True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.
False
True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.
False
True or false? The evolution of different ecomorphs on the Caribbean islands is an example of stabilizing selection.
False
True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region.
False
Which of the following statements about bird evolution are accurate based on the evidence presented?
Feathers may have originally evolved for insulation. Feathers may have originally evolved for interspecies communication and display.
Which is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?
Fern
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rainforest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophytes and sporophytes generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ________.
Ferns
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.
Ferns
Which evidence supports the hypothesis that tetrapod animals came from fish?
Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapod's closest living relatives The fossil record shoes more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago.
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ________.
Flagellated protist
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cellular membrane in which proteins are embedded in a lipid bilayer. Which of the following statements describes evidence that supports the fluid-mosaic model of plasma membrane structure?
Freeze fracture followed by scanning electron microscopy showed pits and mounds.
Why are fungi so important to the carbon cycle?
Fungi accelerate the carbon cycle by breaking down wood and thus freeing up carbon atoms.
Which conclusion drawn from the phylogeny shown below best explains these morphological traits in living fungal lineages: chitin in fungal cell walls, flagella in chytrid spores and gametes, and the storage of food through synthesis of glycogen? [[Insert Figure 29.7]]
Fungi are more closely related to animals than they are to land plants.
Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?
Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize
Plant reproductive structures that protect gametes as they develop.
Gametangia
As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a ______.
Gametophyte of a moss
New evidence suggests that the genetic diversity of the Alaskan gray wolf grew significantly after the last ice age, when this population was no longer isolated from other populations. This in crease in genetic diversity is most likely due to ______.
Gene flow
Which of the above dies not tend to promote speciation?
Gene flow
Predict the outcome of gene flow in this agricultural scenario: One farmer is growing organic corn (not using pesticides or herbicides), while the neighboring farmer is growing genetically modified corn with an allele for herbicide resistance (so that the farmer can spray the crop with herbicides and kill the weeds, not the corn).
Gene flow between the two corn populations (for example, via wind blowing pollen from one field to another) could result in the introduction of the herbicide-resistance allele from the genetically modified crop to the organic crop and/or for the introduction of non-herbicide-resistance alleles from the organic crop to the genetically modified crop. Assuming that some of the seeds from each crop are used to plant the next generation in each population, the allele frequencies of the two crops will become more similar over time.
Select the correct statement about gene flow
Gene flow makes allele frequencies more similar between populations.
What is an important consequence of gene flow on natural populations?
Gene low tends to reduce genetic differences among populations
Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?
Genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences
A hurricane occurs near a nesting colony of seagulls, killing 98% of them. The surviving population happens to have longer beaks, on average, than the initial population. If beak length is genetically determined, what effect has the seagull population experienced from the hurricane.
Genetic drift
____ is defined as any change in allele frequency in a population that is due to change.
Genetic drift
Indicate which of the following conditions must exist in a population before evolution can occur.
Genetic variation among members of the population Differential survival or reproduction between members of the population
Which of the following is NOT a reproductive structure in fungi?
Gills
Which of the following is NOT related to the five fundamental characteristics of life?
Giraffes have longer necks so that they can reach food sources unavailable to other animals.
What is an important function of glycoproteins in animal cells?
Glycoproteins are important in cell-cell recognition.
Which of the following statements regarding polysaccharide polymerization is false?
Glycosidic linkages form between the same locations of monomers giving polymers a standard backbone structure.
Which of the following are stacks of flattened sacs responsible for increasing the surface area for photosynthesis to occur?
Granum
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ______.
Green algae
Which of these choices is not one of the characteristics that supports the hypothesis that land plants evolved from green algae?
Green algae and land plants both live in freshwater habitats.
Scientific method: Making predictions
Group 1 decreased increased Group 1 increased open water Group 2 open water littoral zone Group 2 littoral zone open water littoral zone Group 1Group 1Group 2Group 2Group 2Group 2
What is the effect of adding drops of the strong acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl) into a beaker of pure water?
HCl will readily give up a proton (H+) to form hydronium ions (H3O+) in water.
To identify the cell-surface protein that HIV uses to enter T cells, researchers used antibodies to block different membrane proteins prior to HIV infection. What was inferred from the experiment?
HIV binds to CD4 protein to gain entry to these cells.
Which of the following is true of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
HIV infects helper T cell lymphocytes and macrophages.
How does HIV kill its host?
HIV kills the host indirectly.
Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in species diversity?
Habitats are opened up for less competitive species
If you say that a ground squirrels has greater evolutionary fitness than another ground squirrel in the same population, you mean that the animal_____.
Has more offspring that survive and reproduce themselves
How do high temperatures speed chemical reactions?
Heat causes the reactants to move faster and collide more often.
There are three recognized phyla of deuterostomes: Echinodermata, Chordata and _____.
Hemichordata
All fungi are ______.
Heterotrophic
With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?
Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor
What bond type is responsible for the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen
Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom?
Hyphae are produced by mitosis.
Determine what kind of evidence would support the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
If birds evolved from dinosaurs, you would expect to find transitional fossil dinosaurs with feathers (such fossils have been found). You would also expect birds and dinosaurs to share many homologous traits (and they do).
When researchers analyzed the effects of temperature and reactant concentration on reaction rates (Figure 8.4), why were temperature and concentration examined separately?
If higher temperatures and reactant concentrations were combined, researchers couldn't tell which factor led to an increase in reaction rate.
Which statement regarding complementary base pairing is correct?
In DNA, the purine base adenine (A) pairs with the pyrimidine base thymine (T).
Which of the following best describes the process of natural selection?
In a given environment, specific versions of heritable traits help individuals survive better and reproduce more than other versions of those traits.
From the molecular formula, what would indicate that a six-carbon sugar was a disaccharide composed of two trioses and not a hexose?
In the disaccharide the molecular formula would be C6H10O5.
How does concentration of substrate and product change the rate of chemical reactions?
Increased concentration of substrate will increase a chemical reaction rate.
Which of the following would decrease membrane fluidity?
Increased level of saturation of fatty acids
What is a feature that is exclusive to eukaryotic plant cells?
It is impossible to determine.
Selecting variables to study
Independent variable thinning or no thinning before the fire Dependent variable tree survival rate after the fire Controlled variable elevation of the site dominant tree species
How are fitness and adaptation important to natural selection?
Individuals that are well adapted to their environment have high evolutionary fitness and are more likely to reproduce and pass their traits to their offspring.
What is "selected" during natural selection?
Individuals with certain advantageous traits are selected in the sense that they produce the most offspring.
Why is a vaccine for influenza needed on a yearly basis?
Influenza virus changes its genetic makeup, which changes the protein structure.
Identify which of the following evolutionary novelties arose in protist lineages
Ingestion of food Sexual reproduction
In evolutionary studies, it is important that data from independent sources agree in supporting predictions made by a theory. What is this observation called?
Internal consistency
Which of the following statements regarding ion channels is false?
Ion channels consume ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient.
You find a green organism in a pond near you house and believe it is a plant, not alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not and alga if it ______.
Is surrounded by a cuticle
Why is the chemical reduction of an electron acceptor in the photosynthetic reaction center important to plant function?
It allows the energy of absorbed light to be trapped and converted to chemical energy.
An acid is defined by which of the following?
It donates protons to other substances in a solution.
Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?
It enables the internal organs to move independently of the outer tubes, or exterior of the animal
What distinguishes a morphospecies?
It has distinctive characteristics, such as size, shape, or coloration.
You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm (Platyhelminthes) than it is to a roundworm (Nematoda)?
It has no coelom
Why is it critical for plants to maintain a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaves?
It helps prevent photorespiration.
What happens to glycolysis as ATP binds to phosphofructokinase at the allosteric regulatory site?
It inhibits the reaction.
Which of the following is true of the peptide bond?
It is a covalent bond formed via a condensation reaction.
What is true of the hairpin structure found in some RNA molecules?
It is an example of RNA secondary structure.
Which of the following statements are true regarding genetic drift?
It is random with respect to fitness Over time, it can lead to the random loss or fixation of alleles
Which of the following is true of the mitochondrion?
It is surrounded by a double membrane.
Which of the following is true of glycolysis?
It leads to the reduction of NAD+.
How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?
It made additional food sources available.
Which pathways of cellular respiration must a carbohydrate proceed through to be useful as a substrate for nucleotide synthesis?
It only needs to proceed through the first few steps of glycolysis.
Why did prescribed burning work?
It reduces the amount of fuel on the ground so that a wildfire never reaches the critical heat required to kill most of the trees.
How is a hybrid zone most likely to change over time if hybrid offspring have higher fitness than both parental populations?
It should expand into the ranges of both parental populations
An iceberg near the Arctic Circle represents which unusual property of water?
Its higher density as a liquid than as a solid
Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?
Jaws
Select the correct statement about the process of karyogamy.
Karyogamy produces a diploid reproductive stage.
The mixing of purified microtubules with transport vesicles and ATP does not result in movement of the vesicles. Why?
Kinesin is missing.
Which node represents LUCA in the tree of life in Figure 1.7?
LUCA is the common ancestor of all organisms alive today.
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
Lack of a nucleus Presence of plasma membrane Unicellularity
What will happen to the concentration of lactate if a human muscle cell runs out of oxygen?
Lactate levels will increase.
______ are pathogenic protists that can cause large skin lesions
Leishmania
What enzyme do fungi use to digest lignin?
Lignin peroxidase
In 1953, Stanley Miller conducted a Spark-Discharge experiment to examine whether organic compounds could be synthesized from the molecules present in Earth's early atmosphere. Imagine you are repeating the Spark-Discharge experiment but omit the spark discharges. What would likely result from this omission?
Little or nothing would happen.
A large carbohydrate is tagged with a fluorescent marker and placed in the extracellular environment surrounding a eukaryotic cell. The cell ingests the carbohydrate via endocytosis. Which of the following cellular structures is most likely to be the one fluorescently labeled?
Lysosomes
Select the example of intersexual selection.
Male zebra finches with more brightly colored beaks have greater reproductive success.
Which evidence supports the sexual competition hypothesis for giraffe neck length?
Males compete for the opportunity to mate with females by striking each other with their heads. Males with longer necks deliver more powerful strikes to their opponents than males with shorter necks.
The molluscan body plan is based on three major components: the food, the visceral mass, and the ________.
Mantle
Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?
Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation. To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock.
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, ATP can be produced without an electron transport chain as long as which conditions are met? Assume that ADP and Pi are available in all conditions.
Membrane-embedded ATP synthase and a proton motive force are present.
Which of the following represents an area where prokaryotes are more diverse that eukaryotes?
Metabolism
Considering the reaction CH4 (methane) plus O2 yields CO2 plus H2O plus energy, which of the following is true?
Methane acts as an electron donor.
What happens to the spores that are produced by these structures?
Microspores divide by mitosis to form male gametophytes.
Which key lineage of fungi are composed of a group of only parasites?
Microsporidia
Which evidence is consistent with the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of the mitochondrion?
Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and manufacture their own proteins.
In class we discussed the evidence supporting endosymbiosis as an explanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. List two specific lines of evidence that support the hypothesis of endosymbiosis
Mitochondria is inside a cell when evidence shows it was once free living Chloroplasts are inside a cell when evidence shows they were once free living
Which of the following statements regarding molecular chaperones is correct?
Molecular chaperones appear rapidly after a cell has been subjected to heat shock.
Gold particles below a certain size limit that are injected into the cytoplasm can later be observed in the nucleus. This suggests which of the following?
Molecules below a certain size can diffuse nonselectively through the nuclear pore complex.
Carbohydrates are made up of which of the following subunits?
Monosaccharides
In what ways are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages, as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?
Monotremes lay eggs; other mammals bear live young
Which of the species concepts are you using when you use a field guide to identify a bird?
Morphospecies concept
_____ are an example of seedless vascular flowers.
Moss
What are the 4 characteristics that, together define an organism as an animal?
Multicellular Motility Eukaryote Heterotroph
What group of organisms was likely ancestral to land plants?
Multicellular green algae found in freshwater habitats
What does this symbol represent in terms of life cycles, and why is it drawn this way?
Multicellular organism: It is a simple way of drawing many cells to represent a multicellular life stage.
What synapomorphy distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates?
Multicellularity
Which of these is not part of the human tube-within-a-tube body plan?
Muscles and organs derived from endoderm
Genetic variation _______.
Must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population
Determine what is incorrect in the following statement: Red deer mutated their genes so that they could have larger antlers to compete for mates.
Mutations do not occur because an organism wants or needs them. They just happen randomly and can be beneficial, neutral, or deleterious.
In our case study of columbines, coevolution was presented as a potential driver of diversity on angiosperms, due to....
Mutualistic interactions between columbines and pollinators
Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?
Mycelia
Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?
Mycelium
Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi?
Mycelium
Which of the following is true of NADH and FADH2?
NADH has more potential energy than FADH2.
Populations adapt to changing environmental conditions as a result of ______.
Natural selection
In 1953, Stanley Miller conducted a Spark-Discharge experiment to examine whether organic compounds could be synthesized from the molecules present in Earth's early atmosphere, including the gases methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen (H2). What would result if the gas methane (CH4) was omitted from the starting gases of this experiment?
Neither formaldehyde nor glycine nor hydrogen cyanide would form.
Unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom; includes hook and round worms _______
Nematoda
Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?
New World monkeys
Which statement is the best summary of the map?
New branches are still forming on the tree of life, and many branches are being lost.
Which statement correctly describes one aspect of the precise bonding between components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogen in the nitrogenous base bonds to the 1′ carbon of sugar.
Isolated thylakoids were incubated in an acidic solution at pH 4 until the pH was equilibrated across the thylakoid membrane. The thylakoids were then transferred to a buffer at pH 8 with ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP was synthesized. Did this experiment require light to generate the ATP?
No, because ATP synthesis depends only on the presence of a hydrogen ion gradient and does not require light directly.
Did whales evolve from hippos? The figure to the right is a phylogenetic tree of modern mammals. Choose the best answer from the below statements.
No, but they both share a recent common ancestor
Which type of molecules moves across a cell membrane most easily?
Nonpolar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
What trait characterizes the chordates?
Notochord and a post-anal tail
This structure likely evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane.
Nuclear envelope
What synapomorphy defines the Eukarya?
Nuclear envelope
Which of the following contains a polar covalent bond?
O-H
Which of the following accurately represents how intermediate filaments differ from actin filaments and microtubules?
Only intermediate filaments play a purely structural role.
During the denaturation of ribonuclease, which level of protein structure was maintained?
Only the primary protein structure was maintained.
Stomata _______.
Open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase).
Organism B
Life requires energy. Select the correct statement about how organisms acquire and use energy.
Organisms use chemical energy stored in ATP or adenosine triphosphate.
Put the following events from the history of life in relative order.
Origin of prokaryotes Origin of atmospheric oxygen Origin of eukaryotes Origin of multicellularity
Most fish deposit fertilized eggs, but some sharks keep the fertilized egg inside the female until she gives birth to a relatively well-developed pup. These sharks would thus be characterized as ________.
Ovoviviparous
As scientists, we expect the fossil record to be sparse and potentially biased (for a variety of reasons). Which of these is a valid critique of the general fossil record?
Paleontologists typically only find species that were widespread and/or present on the Earth for long periods of time
What is the difference between peptidoglycan, found in the cell walls of prokaryotes, and chitin, found in the exoskeletons of insects?
Parallel strands of glucosamines in chitin are cross-linked by hydrogen bonds, whereas parallel strands of peptidoglycan are linked by peptide bonds.
Understanding types of symbiosis
Parasitism is a +/- relationship, in which one organism benefits by harming another organism. For example, some species of hookworms enter a human host and eat blood. The hookworm benefits and the host is harmed by the loss of blood. Commensalism is a +/0 relationship, in which one organism benefits and the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed. For example, epiphytic orchids live on tree branches or tree trunks. The trees provide habitat for the orchids but usually are not affected by the orchids. Mutualism is a +/+ relationship in which both organisms benefit. For example, rumen microbes allow cows to digest grass, and the microbes benefit from a steady supply of nutrients.
Figure 1.2 shows Pasteur's famous experiment that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of living cells from nonliving materials. Identify the control treatment in this experiment.
Pasteur set up a straight-necked flask with sterilized nutrient broth.
Why can dinoflagellate blooms be harmful to humans?
People can get paraphyletic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellates blooms
Which organelle is a fluid-filled vessel responsible for the detoxification of the cell?
Peroxisomes
Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?
Pharyngeal gill slit
In the photosystem II, which component is responsible for transforming the light energy by acting as the initial electron acceptor?
Pheophytin
Which protein complex in the noncyclic electron flow linear pathway is responsible for creating the proton gradient in the thylakoid lumen?
Photosystem II and cytochrome complex
The ______ identifies species based on the evolutionary history of populations, based on Darwin's reasoning that all species are related by common ancestry.
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Which of the following is a type of diagram that is used to describe ancestor-descendant relationship among species or other taxa?
Phylogenetic tree
The chloroplasts of kelps are surrounded by four membranes, whereas the chloroplasts of plants are surrounded by two. How does the endosymbiosis theory account for this difference?
Plant chloroplasts evolved by primary endosymbiosis, whereas kelp chloroplasts evolved by secondary endosymbiosis.
How do most plants contribute to the ecosystem?
Plants hold water and moderate the climate.
What kind of plants utilize the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway?
Plants that live in a hot arid environment.
Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individual fungi?
Plasmogamy
Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals?
Plasmogamy
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?
Pollen
By definition, a _____ consists of individuals of the same species that are living in the same area at the same time.
Population
Which of the following statements regarding the theory of evolution are true?
Population can evolve in the absence of natural selection Evolution represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics
No true tissues, no symmetry; filter feeders; basal lineage _______
Porifera
Which lineage of viruses is the most diverse (i.e., contains the largest number of putative species or strains)?
Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the distribution of species?
Predation, competition
What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis?
Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
Which level of protein structure does not depend on any of the other levels?
Primary
A cow eating grass is an example of a ____.
Primary consumer
Which of the following use solar energy or chemical energy contained in reduced inorganic compounds to manufacture their own food?
Primary producers
Identifying trophic levels in a food web
Primary producers (autotrophs) and detritus, such as decaying plant material, are at the lowest trophic level in a food web. Primary consumers and decomposers (detritivores) rely on primary producers and detritus, respectively, for energy and organic compounds. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers and decomposers, and tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. When an organism dies, its chemical elements are recycled, becoming available to the food web at low trophic levels once again.
We discussed the % characteristics that organisms share. In addition to being made of cells, all organisms....
Process information Acquire and use energy
Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis?
Prokarya
If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed.
Prokaryotes
I prokaryotes, new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are:
Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes
_____ are the oldest known primate group.
Prosimians
Which macromolecule performs the greatest diversity of cell functions?
Proteins
There are hundreds, if not thousands, of proteins that are specifically localized to the cell nucleus. What is likely to be true about transport of these proteins into the nucleus?
Proteins specifically localized to the nucleus must have the same or a similar nuclear localization signal that directs them to the nucleus.
In the Buchner experiment, why did boiling of the yeast extract prevent the processing of sugar?
Proteins were denatured.
Place the following features on the phylogenetic tree to the right: protostome development, diploblast.
Protostome- before Annelida Diploblast- before Cnidaria
How does a pump differ from a channel or a carrier?
Pumps require energy for transport, but channels and carriers do not use energy.
Hemoglobin is a protein composed of four subunits that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in red blood cells. What is the highest level of protein structure that can be formed by the hemoglobin protein?
Quaternary structure
Which of the following can both catalyze chemical reactions and carry information to copy itself?
RNA
Considering that there are many RNA viruses and that RNA can be a catalytic molecule, how does this relate to one of the theories for the origins of viruses?
RNA genomes of some viruses descended from genes found in early inhabitants of the RNA world.
Experiments in Dr. David Bartel's laboratory have tried to generate ribozymes that can perform which of the following reactions?
RNA replication and ribonucleotide monomer production
Order these lineages in their probable sequence of origin, from earliest to most recent
Radiata Protostomes Vertebrates Tetrapods
As shown in Figure 9.10, citrate is the initial carboxylic acid in the citric acid pathway and oxaloacetate is the final carboxylic acid. To determine if the citric acid pathway was cyclic, Krebs treated cells with radioactive oxaloacetate. What would have been the result of Krebs's experiment if the pathway were linear instead of circular?
Radioactive oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA would produce no radioactive citric acid cycle intermediates.
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the bet evidence in support of this hypothesis?
Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated
Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?
Ray-finned fishes
The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to _______.
Reduce dehydration
Which description of reinforcement is correct?
Reinforcement is due to natural selection against interbreeding and production of hybrid offspring.
Why do related species share homologous traits?
Related species inherited homologous traits from a common ancestor
The two major lineages that make up the living Amniota are ______ and Mammals.
Reptiles
In the space below, draw a phylogenetic tree od the tetrapods, showing the evolutionary relationship between: amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Reptiles - Amphibians - Mammals
Why did researchers set out to find molecules that would obstruct reverse transcriptase before investigating other viral proteins?
Reverse transcriptase is not a normal part of a human cell's biosynthetic machinery.
For nucleotides to form in the prebiotic soup, which sugar in the following list would have had to be present in abundant quantities?
Ribose
Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life?
Ribosomal RNA
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have this structure, which is the protein factory for the cell.
Ribosome
Which of the following is/are characteristics shared by all cells?
Ribosomes
Researchers supplied a short pulse of radioactively labeled leucine, followed by a long chase of unlabeled leucine, to cells that secrete digestive enzymes. The bulk of the radioactive label was initially found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), then in the Golgi apparatus, then in secretory vesicles, and finally outside the cell. These results support which of the following hypotheses?
Secreted proteins are synthesized in the rough ER and travel through the Golgi apparatus to be packaged into secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.
Plant reproductive structures that provide stored nutrients and a protective coat so that offspring can be dispersed by wind (or other means) away from the parent plant.
Seeds
The evolution of animal species has been prolific. Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to ______.
Sense, feed, and move
What reproductive trait is most associated with terrestrial (rather than aquatic) environments?
Sexual reproducing
In nature, female often do not mate at random but rather actively choose certain males based on certain characteristics. In some species, males even compete to gain a female's attention. What is this type of selection called?
Sexual selection
A pine tree gametophyte is _____.
Smaller than a fern gametophyte
A certain eukaryotic cell type specializes in synthesizing lipids. Which organelle would be found in greater abundance in this cell type than in other cell types that don't synthesize lipids?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of these are amniotes?
Snakes
Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic?
Some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups that are not protists
Fungi that live in and on the leaves and stems of vascular plants are known as endophytes. Which of the following statements about endophytes is correct?
Some species of endophytes are commensals, meaning that the two species, endophyte and plant, coexist without substantial mutual deleterious or beneficial effects.
What was the main selective pressure behind the evolution of different Anolis lizard species in the Caribbean?
Specific ecological niches
Members of which bacterial phylum share a unique morphology?
Spirochaetes
This group has a unique morphology; includes pathogens that cause syphilis and Lyme disease.
Spirochetes
The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the _____.
Spore
In the process of alternation of generations, the ______.
Sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
Most swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the terms best describes this situation?
Stabilizing selection
Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?
Stabilizing selection
Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies?
Stabilizing selection
Which of the following is the arrow pointing to?
Stamen
The recovery that follows a severe disturbance is called_____.
Succession
Imagine that you are given some chemoorganotrophic bacteria to grow. What should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria?
Sugar (C6H12O6)
Fungi release digestive enzymes into their ______.
Surroundings
Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic?
Suspension feeder
Which DNA sequence, written in the 5' to 3' orientation, is complementary to 5' CATGGACTA 3'?
TAGTCCATG
Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?
Temperature and moisture.
The fossil record provided more information about ancient cockroaches than about recent walking stick insects. This is likely an example of ______.
Temporal bias
The wrapping of DNA around proteins is an example of what level of DNA structure?
Tertiary
Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein found in skeletal muscle that consists of a single polypeptide chain. What is the highest level of protein structure that can be formed by the myoglobin protein?
Tertiary structure
What was the evolution of the amniotic egg such an important innovation?
Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction
What is the significance of the 2' hydroxyl on ribose for RNA function compared to DNA, which lacks the hydroxyl group at the 2' position?
The 2' OH increases the reactivity of RNA.
If a proton ionophore, a molecule that forms an artificial channel allowing hydrogen ions to cross membranes, is inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane, what happens to the concentration of ATP in a cell?
The ATP levels decrease.
Why have biologist hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?
The ancestor of land plants lacks the structural support to stand erect in air
Suppose that the plasma membrane around a eukaryotic flagellum is opened to reveal the axoneme inside. The radial spokes connecting the peripheral microtubule doublets to the central pair are then broken by chemical treatment and ATP is added. What is the expected observation?
The axoneme will elongate.
What is the process that Darwin described as "descent with modification"?
The characteristics of a species may change from generation to generation.
What is the evidence for the existence of two photosystems?
The combination of light at 680 nm and 700 nm is much more effective in stimulating photosynthesis than is either wavelength alone.
Figure 1.11 summarizes an experiment that tested the hypothesis that desert ants measure distance from their nest with a built-in pedometer that keeps track of their strides. Identify the control group in Test 1.
The control group was the ants with unaltered legs.
Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?
The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.
Which statement about genetic drift is correct?
The direction of evolutionary change due to genetic drift is random.
Suppose that a transmembrane protein destined for the plasma membrane is labeled with a fluorescent dye on the part of the protein exposed on the outer face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. If the protein distributes among cellular compartments, where would you expect the dye to be located?
The dye will be on the outer face of the ER, on the outer face of the Golgi apparatus, and on the intracellular face of the plasma membrane.
Which of the following statements is consistent with current hypotheses regarding the evolutionary relationships of the major fungal groups?
The earliest fungi were aquatic.
During which phases of cellular respiration is ATP produced via oxidative phosphorylation instead of substrate level phosphorylation?
The electron transport chain
Which of the following most accurately describes feedback inhibition?
The end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an early enzyme in the pathway.
During the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, CO2 is converted into more complex high low entropy molecules such as sugars. Where does the energy for this reaction originally come from?
The energy is captured through light energy to create temporary energy storage molecules such as ATP and NADPH.
This life cycle above shows alternation of generations. Indicate on your scantron which of the following about the life cycle are true?
The fern stage on the right side of the life cycle is the gametophyte The fern stage on the right side of the life cycle has one set of chromosomes per cell
What is a major feature of the RNA world hypothesis?
The first life-forms probably had RNA as their unit of genetic information.
Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?
The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos. Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives.
We categorized the different types of evidence for evolution as either demonstrating that species changed over time, or that species were related by common ancestry. Of the three types of evidence listed below, which are most directly associated with demonstrating that species change over time?
The fossil records Direct observation
What does it mean to say that a life cycle is gametophyte dominant versus sporophyte dominant?
The gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte. The gametophyte produces most of the nutrition. The gametophyte is longer-lived than the sporophyte.
Which of the following statements about the replication of a viral genome is true?
The genome is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic growth.
Proteins are amphipathic molecules that contain nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids and polar (hydrophilic) amino acids. Where would you expect to find the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid residues of a transmembrane protein?
The hydrophobic amino acids would come into contact with the hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipid bilayer, whereas the hydrophilic amino acids would interact with the intracellular and extracellular environment.
Matthias Whittaker conducted an experiment testing the hypothesis that desert ants measure distance from their nest with a built-in pedometer that keeps track of their strides. What variables were controlled in this experiment?
The investigators carried out their experiments at the same time of day, under the same humidity and temperature conditions, at the same feeders, and in the same channels.
When food sources are depleted, hyphae respond by making spores. Why?
The leading hypothesis is that spore production is favored by natural selection when hyphae are under nutritional stress.
Why is combination drug therapy for HIV/AIDS less likely to lead to resistance than single drug therapy?
The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small.
How do humans benefit from the gut microbiome?
The microbiome can help create vitamins useful for humans.
Where are the microsporangium and megasporangium found in a tulip?
The microsporangium is found within the stamen, and the megasporangium is found within the ovule.
Which species concept would be most useful to a team of biology students conducting a biodiversity survey on their campus?
The morphospecies concept
Which of the following transport processes is an example of active transport across a plasma membrane?
The movement of potassium across the plasma membrane through a channel protein
Which statement best describes the R-groups or side chains of amino acids?
The nature of side chains determines how soluble each amino acid is in water.
Which of the following is the best evidence that all life evolved from prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic ancestors?
The oldest fossil form of life known is prokaryotic
Which of the following is necessary for an atom to participate in the formation of a double covalent bond?
The participating atoms must have two or more unpaired electrons.
The degree of saturation of phospholipids in a membrane will affect which of the following functions of phospholipids?
The permeability of the membrane
Which of the following statements best describes the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure?
The phospholipid bilayer contains diverse proteins, including some embedded amphipathic proteins that span the bilayer.
Which of the following statements about the evolution of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands is true?
The phylogeny of ecomorphs on a given island reveals that adaptive radiation has taken place.
Predict the color of a pigment that absorbs light of green, yellow, and red wavelengths.
The pigment will appear blue.
What do all deuterostomes have in common?
The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus
What unique characteristic do all deuterostomes have in common?
The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
Which characteristics define a chordate?
The presence of four specific morphological traits
Which of the following is a mutualistic relationship with fungi?
The presence of green algae in the hyphae of lichen
What may have aided the polymerization of amino acids into peptides in the oceans of early prebiotic Earth?
The presence of mineral surfaces for the amino acids to adhere to
How is the zygomycete life cycle different from the other lineages of fungi?
The production of zygosporangia
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical/nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?
The rate of decomposition in the ecosystem
Imagine that there are different species of protists living in a pond. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pond gradually become infested with disease causing viruses and bacteria. Which protist species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment>
The sexually reproducing species
Viral transmission refers to which of the following processes?
The spread of infectious virions from one individual to another
Chlorophyll consists of a magnesium-containing head and a long, hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail. Why is the tail region important to the molecule's function?
The tail region anchors chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane.
A chemical that breaks disulfide bonds might destroy which level of protein structure?
The tertiary structure
Which addition to the map would be best?
The tree of life contains three major branches called bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
Which of these is a major trend in land plan evolution?
The trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?
The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color.
Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?
The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses.
Which characteristic best distinguishes echinoderms from the other deuterostome lineages?
Their body plan
Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?
Their body plan
It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?
Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs
It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?
Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.
Which statement best describes people infected with HIV?
There may be a lag of 8 to 12 years between the initial infection and the onset of illness, but virtually all people who become infected with the virus will die of AIDS.
What does phylogenetic evidence tell us about protostomes?
There were multiple transitions from water to land.
Suppose that the plasma membrane around a eukaryotic flagellum is opened to reveal the axoneme inside. The dynein sidearms between the peripheral microtubule doublets are removed by chemical treatment and ATP is added. What is the expected observation?
There will be no movement because the ability to use ATP is lost.
What do myosin, dynein, and kinesin all have in common?
They all hydrolyze ATP to provide energy for movement.
Why do mass extinctions wipe out species more or less randomly?
They are cause by exceptionally harsh, short-term conditions.
Why do mass extinctions wipe out species more or less randomly?
They are caused by exceptionally harsh, short-term conditions.
Which is usually true of catabolic pathways?
They break large molecules into smaller parts and produce energy.
Simple sugars can differ from one another in which of the following ways?
They can differ in the location of their carbonyl group.
Which hyphal feature is key to the way a fungal mycelium obtains food?
Thin filamentous shape
What is one of the greatest evolutionary benefits of the body plan of flatworms?
Thin flat bodies allow for efficient exchange of gases and nutrients form the environment.
An interesting observation made by the firefighters was that some parts of the forest seemed to escape the flames. The crown fire would drop down into a ground fire in these areas, and then jump back up into the canopy as the fire burned into adjacent areas. They observed that many of these areas had previously been thinned, which means that some of the trees were cut down and hauled away to be used as timber. In other areas, thinned forests burned with as much severity as the unthinned forest. Your objective is to design an observational study to help answer the question: What was the determining factor for areas that escaped the worst impacts of the fire, compared to areas that were severely burned?
Thinning accounts for observed differences in the rates of tree survival. Previously thinned forests will have higher tree survival than adjacent forests that were not thinned. Previously thinned forests will have higher tree survival than adjacent forests that were not thinned.
To test whether thinning before the fire had an effect on fire severity as measured by tree survival rates, you have randomly selected four plots that were thinned before the fire, and four plots in nearby unthinned forest in which other variables are held constant. The dominant tree species is Ponderosa pine in all of the plots, and the elevations range from 1000 to 1800 meters. Within each 25-m diameter plot, you count the number of dead trees and the number of trees that survived the wildfire. You calculate the percentage of live trees at each plot, then calculate the mean and the 95% confidence intervals around each mean for the four replicate plots, and graph the results. The graph below shows average tree survival for your study plots after the wildfire. Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals around each mean.
Thinning appears to have no significant effect compared to the control plots.
Redesigning your experiment
Thinning plus prescribed burning significantly increases the tree survival rate compared to the control and thinned treatments.
You have discovered a new type of animal cell and are viewing it under an electron microscope. You discern a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and protein-filled vesicles, more than in other cell types. Which of the following is a reasonable assumption?
This cell type secretes a lot of proteins.
The Calvin cycle uses six ATP molecules to produce one three-carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P) from three molecules of RuBP and three molecules of carbon dioxide. Yet the Calvin cycle actually requires nine ATP molecules to function. Why?
Three additional ATP molecules are used to regenerate RuBP.
All of the following components of a nucleotide are found in both RNA and DNA with one exception. Identify the exception.
Thymine (T)
Which of the following components of a nucleotide is uniquely found in DNA?
Thymine (T)
What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?
Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.
Name two sources of genetic variation in prokaryotes
Transduction Transformation
In the model of enzyme action, which state is responsible for lowering the activation energy of a reaction?
Transition state facilitation
What is a transitional fossil?
Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry would most likely also be _______.
Triploblastic
The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's ____.
Trophic structure
True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics.
True
True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria.
True
True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.
True
The most ancient branching point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having ______.
True tissues or no tissues
If NASA have you a sample of dust from Mars and asked you to determine whether the sample contains evidence of life, which of the following would be most effective for you to do?
Use a microscope to observe whether the dust contains cellular structure
Which of the following most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms _____.
Use essentially the same genetic code
Which of the following statements best describes the action of vaccines?
Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus.
Which of the following statements concerning virus entry into all cells is true?
Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) to enter a cell and replicate.
Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the fundamental niche of species 1. 2. Character displacement between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas. 3. In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), resource partitioning of species 1 may occur. 4. Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the interspecific competition of species 1 when species 2 is present. 5. The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of competitive exclusion. 6. The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a intraspecific competition interaction. 7. The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of -/-.
WORD
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
Water and minerals
Which of the following best describes why ionic molecules dissolve and dissociate in water?
Water is a polar, covalently bonded substance
Region A has a low solute concentration. Region B has a high solute concentration. They are separated by a selectively permeable membrane that is impermeable to the solute but allows passage of water. Which of the following is true?
Water moves from region A to region B via osmosis.
Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment?
Water pollution.
Liquid water has a high surface tension and a high specific heat and functions effectively as a solvent for molecules with polar covalent or ionic bonds. What one feature of water imparts all of these properties?
Water readily forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with polar solutes.
Many plants grow significantly faster (i.e., they benefit) when they can form mycorrhizal associations with soil fungi. What fact explains this finding?
When researchers added radioactive phosphorus atoms to soil, plants grown in the presence of their symbiotic fungi received more of the radioactive phosphorus than did plants grown in the absence of fungi.
What morphologic traits can be used to categorize virus?
Whether the virus is naked or enveloped
Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have _______.
Wings
The term gymnosperm refers to plants _____
With 'naked' seeds
Identify the two growth forms of fungi.
Yeasts and mycelia
A mutualistic symbiotic relationship is one where two (or more) organisms benefit from a relationship. Is the origin of mitochondria by endosymbiosis an example of a mutualistic relationship?
Yes, the engulfed bacterium benefited by receiving organic nutrients and oxygen from the surrounding host cell, and the host cell benefited by receiving ATPATPfrom the bacterium
In examining an unknown animal's species during it embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?
You see a mouth develop before an anus
Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?
Young populations with a few individuals
Produce a reproductive structure like the one shown to the right
Zygomycota
Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses?
a cell membrane
Unlike animal cells, bacteria have a porous cell wall surrounding their plasma membrane. The cell wall may help bacteria survive in _____ environment.
a hypotonic
If a monosaccharide's carbonyl group is on an internal carbon, then the monosaccharide is ____.
a ketose
Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?
a neck interlocking ribs flat head with eyes on top
The three types of lipids found in cells (fats, steroids, and phospholipids) are insoluble in water because they all possess _____.
a significant component of hydrocarbons
The extensive hydrogen bonding found among parallel glucose polymers of cellulose enables it to function in plants as _____.
a structural polysaccharide
Suppose you were in charge of sending an unmanned space probe to a new planet in search of life. The probe would be able to collect and test samples and make observations, but the planet is too far away for the probe to be able to bring samples back to Earth. The probe is small and would only be able to run a few tests, so you want to pick a test for evidence of life that is broad enough to incorporate all forms of life as we know it. Which one of the following tests would be the best to use in this situation?
a test for the presence of cells that contain DNA
Name one factor that affects climate and describe/define how it affects each climate for each of the following scales:
a. Global i. A factor that affects global climate is sun exposure/distance from the sun. This is because sunlight exposure effects many other abiotic factors such as precipitation and temperature b. Regional i. A factor that affects regional climate is if the area is in a rain shadow or not, because this affects precipitations and wind.
We discussed three primary factors (abiotic, biotic, and historical) that limit/influence the distribution and the abundance of organisms. Answer the following about abiotic factors:
a. What is an abiotic factor? i. A factor that is no living in an ecosystem that affects how the ecosystem works. b. Provide and example of an abiotic factor? i. Precipitation c. Explain how your example can affect an organism's distribution and/or abundance i. Organisms that need a lot of water would not survive well in an area with low precipitation so they would not live in those areas. d. Explain how your example can impact a species' evolution i. Species in areas with low precipitation could evolve by developing better mechanisms to retain water and need less of it.
New ecological opportunities and key innovations often trigger which process?
adaptive radiations
Which sequence of organisms represents a primary producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer in a food chain?
algae -> snail -> otter -> shark
The sequestering of carbon in CAM plants helps them to survive by _____.
allowing carbon dioxide to be gathered and used at different times of the day
Which of the following is a tetrapod?
an amphibian a reptile a bird a mammal
In moss, _____ produce sperm.
antheridia
Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans?
apes
Which of the following shared characteristics of living birds and theropod dinosaurs provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs?
birds and theropods have hollow bones that are strong, but light birds and many theropods have a wishbone (or furcula) birds and theropods have S-shaped necksbirds and many theropods have feathers
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.
bryophytes
A hydrophobic R group would most likely be found _____.
buried in the interior of a protein
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.
diploid sporophyte
The Amazon rainforest is an example of which level of organization?
ecosystem
Walking to class on a very cold morning, you notice a dead mouse that must have frozen overnight. What characteristic of life was there just yesterday but is now absent?
energy
Molecules that move down a concentration gradient and require transport proteins to cross a membrane use _____.
facilitated diffusion
Which characteristic of life best explains why parents with black hair will likely have a child with black hair?
information
If a hydrogen atom gains an electron, then _____.
it acquires a negative charge
For a chemical reaction to proceed spontaneously, _____.
it must occur without an input of external energy
How did Dr. Jack Horner's discovery of dinosaur nesting grounds support the hypothesis that birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs?
it provided evidence that dinosaurs raised and cared for their young in colonies like many birds
Where do plants get the energy to make organic molecules?
light.
The 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx fossil has birdlike features such as feathered wings, but it also has characteristics that we associate with living reptiles. Which of the following are considered reptilian characteristics of Archaeopteryx?
long, bony tail claws on the ends of each digit in the "hands"teeth in the jaws
The molluscan body plan is based on three major components: the foot, the visceral mass, and the _______.
mantle
Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____.
meiosis
Pasteur's experiment with the swan-necked flask supported the all-cells-from-cells hypothesis by demonstrating that _____.
microorganism cells grow only in broth exposed to a source of preexisting cells
If you were to add a term and linker to the map that said "__________ was/were essential for the discovery of cells," which term would you add?
microscopes
Which of these is NOT an organic molecule?
minerals
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
mitosis ... mitosis
The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.
moisture
Lophotrochozoan phyla include _____.
mollusks, annelids, and flatworms
Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?
monkeys
Cyanobacteria are thought to be the first organisms to evolve ____.
oxygenic photosynthesis
As a group, invertebrates are _____.
paraphyletic
The potential energy needed to drive polymerization of DNA or RNA is primarily stored in the bonds between __________ of an activated nucleotide.
phosphate groups
Modern taxonomy attempts to describe the _____, or genealogical relationships, among organisms.
phylogeny
Electrons excited by the absorption of light in photosystem I are transferred to iron-sulfur electron acceptors and, therefore, must be replaced. The replacement electrons come directly from _____.
plastocyanin
Unlike an anion, a cation has a(n) _____.
positive charge
A large boulder is balanced on top of a hill. You give the boulder a push, and it rolls down the hill. This is an example of converting _____ energy to _____ energy.
potential; kinetic
Coevolutionary arms races occur between _____.
predators and prey
One part of the cell theory states that all cells come from _____.
preexisting cells
Researchers doubt that proteins were the first living entities because_____.
proteins do not serve as a good template for replication
In the chemical equation for burning methane (CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O), CH4 and O2 are the __________, and CO2 and H2O are the _____.
reactants; products
One of the purposes of the citric acid cycle is to _____.
reduce NAD+
The primary biochemical outcome of the activity of photosystem I is to _____.
reduce NADP+
Compared to FAD, FADH2 is ____.
reduced and has more potential energy
Natural selection favors alleles that allow viruses to _____.
replicate within a host
The predominant form of glucose dissolved in an aqueous solution is _____.
the ring configuration
A protein that has an ER signal sequence will produce a protein destined for secretion only when ____________.
the signal recognition particle (SRP) directs the ribosome to a translocon and allows translation to occur into the rough ER
Which discovery ultimately overturned the prevailing perception that all dinosaurs were large, slow, and lumbering?
the small theropod dinosaur Deinonychus, which had a large sickle-shaped claw on each of its hind limbs
Biologists divide fungi into four different groups based on _____.
their distinctive reproductive structures
ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction because _______.
there is a large drop in enthalpy
Polysaccharides probably did not play an important role in the origin of life because ____.
they cannot serve as a template for replication
The transfer of genetic information by way of a virus is called____________.
transduction
Like the levels of biological organization, the tree of life is itself a hierarchical structure. Which list best demonstrates this?
tree of life, domains, phyla, genera, species
Which of the following statements describes the secondary structure of DNA? DNA's secondary structure consists of _____.
two antiparallel DNA strands twisted into a double helix
If NASA gave you a sample of dust from Mars and asked you to determine whether the sample contains evidence of life, what could you do?
use a microscope to observe whether the dust contains cellular structures