Bio 117 quiz 2

A prokaryote that obtains energy from light is a(n) ________. A. autotroph and phototroph B. phototroph C. chemotroph D. heterotroph and chemotroph E. autotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph

B. phototroph

The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species, Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. The hybrids were first described in 1758 and have a wide distribution, from France across central Europe to Russia. Both male and female hybrids exist, but when the hybrids mate with other hybrids or with adults of either species, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this information? A. Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. B. These two species are likely in the process of fusing back into one species. C. Prezygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. D. The hybrids form a separate species under the biological species concept.

A. Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species.

Two frog populations (same species) living in two neighboring lakes sing slightly different courtship songs. Increased irrigation makes the land between the two lakes wetter, allowing frogs to expand their ranges to the area between the lakes. Females in both populations prefer loud frogs to quieter frogs but do not distinguish between the two slightly different songs. Assuming that courtship song differences have a genetic basis, predict what will likely happen to the songs of the two frog populations. A. The songs will become more similar to each other. B. Males will become louder. C. Disruptive selection will cause the songs to differentiate even more. D. You cannot predict a change in the courtship songs at the two lakes. E. Genetic drift will cause the songs to differentiate even more.

A. The songs will become more similar to each other.

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? A. gene flow B. niche differences C. morphological similarity D. geographic isolation E. molecular (DNA, RNA, protein) similarity

A. gene flow

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps the two populations separate? A. habitat isolation B. temporal reproductive isolation C. lack of hybrid viability D. behavioral reproductive isolation

A. habitat isolation

Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily? A. to serve as an outgroup B. to demonstrate likely homoplasies C. to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters (synapomorphies) D. to see if the lily is a cryptic orchid species

A. to serve as an outgroup

Which of the following would be useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a vertebrate taxon? I. morphological data from fossil species II. genetic sequences from living species III. behavioral data from living species A. I, II, and III B. I C. II D. III E. none; not I, II, or III

A. I, II, and III.

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees? A. The molecular clock validates the principle of parsimony. B. Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution. C. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. D. Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree.

B. Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution.

Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas, where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species? A. Reinforcement must be occurring when they winter together. B. Their winter habitat has no bearing on their degree of reproductive isolation. C. They must have strong prezygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity. D. They must have strong postzygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity.

B. Their winter habitat has no bearing on their degree of reproductive isolation.

Currently, the only predators of Galápagos marine iguanas are Galápagos hawks. Iguana body size is not correlated with risk of hawk predation, although small iguanas can sprint faster than large iguanas. If predators (for example, cats) that preferentially catch and eat slower iguanas are introduced to the island, iguana body size is likely to ________ in the absence of other factors; the iguanas would then be under ________ selection. A. stay the same; stabilizing B. decrease; directional C. increase; disruptive D. increase; directional E. decrease; disruptive

B. decrease; directional

Which of the following statements is TRUE about a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree? I. Descendant groups (branches) from the same node share derived characters. II. A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features. III. The ancestral group always displays all the synapomorphies of the descendant species. A. I, II, and III B. only I C. only III D. only II E. none; not I, II, or III

B. only I

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution? A. Both species are well adapted to their particular environments. B. The two species live at great distance from each other. C. The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical. D. The structures in adult members of both species are similar in size.

C. The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical.

Which of the following is the best example of fitness trade-off (compromise)? A. The strong, thick beak of a woodpecker helps it find insects in trees. B. In some hornbill species, the male helps seal the female in a tree with her nest until the young are ready to fledge. C. Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burdensome when moving. D. Hummingbirds are the best pollinators of certain flowers, but bees are the best pollinators for orchids.

C. Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burdensome when moving.

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? A. The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to lose these structures. B. Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse. C. Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. D. Natural selection cannot account for losses but accounts only for new structures and functions.

C. Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? A. a postzygotic isolating mechanism B. a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism C. a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism D. a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism

C. a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as ________. A. antigens B. antibodies C. antibiotics D. aflatoxins E. hallucinogens

C. antibiotics

Which of the following is an example of homoplasy? A. fur in bears and seals B. scales in snakes and lizards C. cell walls in plants and fungi D. chlorophyll in flowering plants and algae

C. cell walls in plants and fungi

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. The two populations are ________. A. none of the above. B. different species, under the phylogenetic species concept C. different subspecies, under the morphological species concept D. different species, under the biological species concept

C. different subspecies, under the morphological species concept

On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. The very closely related species Drosophila santomea is found at higher elevations and only on Sao Tomé. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, where hybrids are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. Which of the following reduces gene flow between the gene pools of the two species on Sao Tomé, despite the existence of hybrids? A. gametic isolation B. temporal isolation C. hybrid sterility D. a geographic barrier E. reduced hybrid viability

C. hybrid sterility

The approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept? A. biological species concept B. subspecies concept C. phylogenetic species concept D. morphological species concept

C. phylogenetic species concept

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A. Bacteria and Eukarya B. Bacteria and Protista C. Archaea and Monera D. Bacteria and Archaea E. Eukarya and Monera

D. Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. All members of a species can potentially interbreed. A. I and II B. II and III C. I, II, and III D. I and III

D. I and III

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? A. temporal isolation B. habitat isolation C. gametic isolation D. behavioral isolation

D. behavioral isolation

Imagine that you are given some chemoorganotrophic bacteria to grow. What should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria? A. light B. ammonia C. methane D. sugar E. hydrogen sulfide

D. sugar

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A. composition of the cell wall B. lack of a nuclear envelope C. presence of plasma membrane D. both A and B E. both B and C

E. both B and C

Mutation is the only evolutionary mechanism that ________. A. is more important in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes B. does little to change allele frequencies C. has no effect on genetic variation D. decreases fitness E. is the ultimate source of variation in natural populations

E. is the ultimate source of variation in natural populations