Microbiology Exam Ch.5,6,7

Lysogeny is best described as ______.

integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome

This virus is in the adsorption stage of its life cycle, where it attaches to _____ from the host cell.

membrane receptors

The largest group of medically important microorganisms are ____________bacteria that have an optimal growth temperature in the range of human body temperature.

mesophilic

A microbe that is harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of oxygen in its metabolism is a(n) ______.

microaerophile

Substances like zinc, manganese and nickel are called ______.

micronutrients

Where would a thermophilic microorganism be found?

natural hot springs

As shown in the image, when an inhibitor binds to a regulatory site that is outside the active site,____________inhibition occurs.

noncompetitive

Identify all the components of the nucleocapsid.

nucleic acid and capsid

At minimum, all viruses are composed of ______.

nucleic acids and proteins

Viruses are considered to be ______ parasites because they multiply by invading a specific host cell and instructing its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release quantities of new viruses.

obligate intracellular

Some animal viruses are called ______ because they enter a host cell and permanently alter its genetic material, leading to cancer.

oncogenic

Antiviral drugs typically target ______.

one of the steps in the viral life cycle

If a cell is in a solution that is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?

out of the cell by osmosis

Which of the following best describes the relationship between viruses and their host cell?

parasitism

Disease-causing organisms are called ______.

pathogens

The basis for most food webs are the _____.

photoautotrophs

Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as_________, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as __________

phototrophs; chemotrophs

The general name for an enzyme that breaks down proteins to amino acids is

protease

The charged gradient which is formed in the ETS results in the ______.

proton motive force

Which type of organism can only grow in cold temperatures?

psychrophile

Psychrotolerants differ from psychrophiles in that ______ have a much higher maximum temperature.

psychrotolerants

Which best defines an active site?

region on an enzyme where the substrate binds

An enzyme that can synthesize DNA from RNA is called ______.

reverse transcriptase

Which type of microorganism feeds primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms?

saprobe

Most human viral infections are ______.

self-limiting

Enzymes are typically induced in the presence of a

substrates

A cell placed in a hypotonic environment, as illustrated in this image, will ______.

swell with the influx of water

A close partnership between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful, or neither to either member is called__________

symbiosis

An enzyme in the membrane that harnesses the flow of hydrogen ions and catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP is called ATP_________

synthase

Some deadly human pathogens such as diphtheria, cholera, and botulism are made more virulent by bacteriophages known as ___________ phages, or prophages.

temperate

Which of the following are roles of ATP?

-Prepares molecules for catabolism such as phosphorylation of glucose -Powers biosynthesis by activating molecules

In addition to the availability of nutrients, which environmental factors influence microbes?

-Radiation -Osmotic Pressure -pH

Which of the following are highly reactive, toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism?

-Superoxide ion (O2-) -Hydroxyl radical, (OH-) -Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Which of the following environmental factors are likely to have the greatest influence on microbial growth?

-Temperature -Gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen -pH -Pressures

Which of the following types of radiation can damage microbes?

-Ultraviolet -Ionizing

Identify the tube that contains an aerobe.

tube 1

Starting with pyruvic acid, which two types of fermentation can occur?

-alcoholic fermentation -acidic fermentation

Which of the following are toxic byproducts of aerobic respiration?

-hydrogen peroxide -superoxide ion

In the viral synthesis phase, late stage mRNAs are produced by using ______ as a template to make many new ______.

-ssRNA; +ssRNAs

In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields ten total NADHs. The total number of ATPs which will be produced when these NADHs donate their electrons to the electron transport chain is_________ATPs.

30

How do many biofilms form?

A collection of different microbes adhere to a common area and replicate, merging their populations.

Breaking both pink bonds (arrows) as shown in the image would result in which of the following?

AMP

Which compound connects those reactions that are anabolic to those reactions that are catabolic?

ATP

Which compound typically stores energy from catabolism?

ATP

An organism that prefers a habitat where the pH is below 7 is called a(n) _________.

Acidophile

For an enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the substrate must bind to the ______ site on the enzyme's surface.

Active

The site on an enzyme that matches its specific substrate is called the ______ site.

Active

A virus binds to specific receptor sites on the membrane of a susceptible host cell during the ______ phase of the viral life cycle.

Adsorption

ATP synthase is ______.

An embedded protein

Unlike organisms such as bacteria and protozoa, viruses ______.

Are not cellular

During which phase of the viral life cycle are new virions built from their components?

Assembly

New virions are built from their components during the_________ phase of the viral life cycle.

Assembly

Which of the following describes the various viral "parts" coming together to produce virus particles?

Assembly

What is an organic nutrient?

Atom or molecule containing hydrogen and carbon

The process by which one bacterial cell becomes two cells is termed

Binary Fission

In bacterial cells, ______ results in two cells from one parent cell.

Binary fission

Enveloped viruses are released from host cells through ______ or exocytosis, while naked viruses are released through ______ (rupture).

Budding; lysis

Which of the following acronyms is used to describe the collection of elements which compose 96% of a cell?

CHONPS

In the reaction illustrated here, between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA. Pyruvate has three carbons, whereas acetyl CoA has two carbons. In what chemical form is the other carbon atom?

CO2

________ is an important mineral for the stabilization of cell walls and endospores, whereas ______ is needed for cell transport.

Calcium; sodium

The term referring to breaking down complex compounds during cellular metabolism is

Catabolism

Hydrogen peroxide formed during aerobic respiration is converted to water and oxygen by the enzyme

Catalses

Viruses that remain hidden in cells and periodically become reactivated, such as herpes simplex, are in a________________state.

Chronic latent

Which of the following can act as a electron or hydrogen atom carrier for redox reactions in metabolism?

Coenzymes

Which of the following represent cofactors?

Coenzymes, metal ions, small organic molecules

Which is the typical route of infection for mad cow disease?

Consumption of contaminated food

In the disease condition known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, what does "bovine" mean?

Cow

What is detected in Neisseria and Pseudomonas when a positive oxidase test is seen?

Cytochrome oxidase

Synctia and inclusion bodies are two types of_________effects in virus-infected cells.

Cytopattic

Most RNA viruses will assemble the virion within the host cell's_________

Cytoplasm

Where are most RNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host?

Cytoplasm

For their genetic material, viruses can contain either______ or_______but not both.

DNA; RNA

What term is used to describe the removal of a nitrogen-containing amino group from an amino acid?

Deamation

The reaction that results in the removal of the amino group from an amino acid is called

Deamination

_______ is a process by which the weak bonds that maintain the shape of an apoenzyme are broken leading to an extreme distortion of the enzyme's shape.

Denaturation

What term is used to describe the return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle?

Denitrification

What is the fate of reduced coenzymes generated in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

Electron transport chain

The flow of _____ down the respiratory chain allows the active transport of hydrogen ions to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane.

Electrons

A nutrient that must be provided to an organism because it cannot be manufactured metabolically is called a(n)___________ nutrient.

Essential

A(n) _____ nutrient is any substance that must be provided to an organism to satisfy a nutritional need

Essential

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be acquired from diet are called__________amino acids.

Essential

What term is used to describe the amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the cell but must be acquired from an outside source?

Essential

In which phase of bacterial growth are far more cells dividing than dying?

Exponential

Which of the following do not require oxygen for the further breakdown of pyruvic acid?

Facultative anaerobes

True or false: A colony forming unit is a single cell.

False

True or false: Alcohols cannot denature proteins/enzymes.

False

Which best describes a parasitic relationship between microbe and host?

Flesh-eating bacteria on human skin

From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?

Frozen Food

In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its_________ time.

Generation

Which term describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide?

Generation time

The sum total of the genetic information carried by a virus is called the viral_______

Genome

Glycogen and starch are found in bacterial storage granules. These compounds are related to _____ and allow the cell to store it for future use.

Glucose

Which of the following would move across the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Glucose

Which of the following best identifies the reason why the Krebs cycle must occur twice per glucose molecule?

Glucose will yield two pyruvates

The biochemical pathway illustrated here, where glucose is broken down over several steps to form pyruvate, is termed _____.

Glycolysis

Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?

Glycolysis

A graphical representation of the change in population size over time is called a(n)___________curve.

Growth

The limitation of the type of cell that a virus can invade is called the__________ range.

Host

The element added to NAD to reduce it is

Hydrogen

A solution that will cause a cell to lose water is termed________.

Hypertonic

A prophage is activated and enters the lytic cycle through the process called

Induction

Enzyme ______ is a type of control on enzyme synthesis where enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present.

Induction

The prefix that is added to the word "autotroph" to denote organisms which can use inorganic compounds in the environment to fix carbon dioxide with hydrogen atoms to make organic molecules is "_____________".

Litho

Which microorganism uses inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon?

Lithoautotroph

Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?

Little increase in cell numbers

Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a "__________and key" interaction.

Lock

Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions?

Lock and key

A bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage through a process called ____________ ______________

Lysogenic Conversion

Which of the following describes a process of bacteriophage infection which could result in a new disease trait (such as a toxin) in the infected bacterium?

Lysogenic conversion

Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?

Macronutrient

What is the common name of bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

Mad cows disease

The majority of medically significant microorganisms are ______, since their temperature range includes human body temperature.

Mesophiles

As a result of fermentation, ______ are produced that are recycled to enter ______.

NADs; glycolysis

A nonenveloped virus is also called a(n) ______ virus.

Naked

A_________virus does not have an envelope surrounding its capsid.

Naked

Viral RNA genomes that have to be converted into the proper form before being used for translation into proteins are called ______-sense RNA.

Negative

Most DNA viruses will assemble their virions within the host cell's________

Nucleus

Where are most DNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host?

Nucleus

Identify highly reactive, toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism.

OH- O2- H2O2

What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive?

Obligate Aeorbe

What term refers to a virus that can lead to cancer?

Oncogenic virus

Typically, when are enzymes induced?

Only when suitable substrate is present

What is consumed during electron transport in an aerobic organism?

Oxygen

About 96% of the cell is composed of which elements?

Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Hydrogen Carbon Phosphorous

An organism that benefits at the expense of another is called a ________.

Parasite

Which type of organism causes harm to the body of the living host in which or on which it lives?

Parasite

An organism that benefits at the expense of another is called a

Parasitism

A noun often used to describe organisms which can cause disease is a _________

Pathogen

Infections in which cells harbor the virus but are not immediately lysed are called______________infections.

Persistent

When a cell harbors a virus that is not immediately lysing the cell, it's known as what type of infection?

Persistent Infection

The cell actively engulfs large particles into vesicles during the endocytic process of

Phagocytosis

The engulfment of large particles into vesicles within a cell is called ______.

Phagocytosis

A viral genome composed of single-stranded RNA that is ready for immediate translation into proteins is called______ -sense RNA.

Positive

Some diseases of the nervous system result from an infectious agent in the form of protein fibrils that is called a ______.

Prion

Which is NOT an advantage of fermentation to microbial survival and growth?

Promotes growth in oxygen-rich areas of the host

Phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome is called a ________

Prophage

Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome?

Prophage

______ are enzymes that break proteins down into their amino acid components.

Proteases

After water, the most common type of compound found in cells is ____.

Protein

The formation of a hydrogen ion gradient which powers ATP production using the electron transport system is called the _____________motive ____________.

Proton; force

When viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of a eukaryotic host cell, it is called a ______.

Provirus

Which of the following is the term for an animal virus that has integrated its DNA into the DNA of a host cell?

Provirus

Viroids are composed of only naked _____.

RNA

Ultraviolet light and ionizing rays are types of_________that can damage microbes.

Radiation

Which term describes the compound that GAINS electrons from an electron-donating compound?

Reduced

The gain of electrons by an atom or compound is called

Reduction

In which stage of viral multiplication would you expect to see "budding" occur?

Release

Identify which of the following that viruses CANNOT do.

Replicate the outside of the cell and synthesize proteins

A(n) ______ carries its own enzymes to create DNA from its RNA genome.

Retrovirus

What are viruses called which are capable of converting their RNA genomes into DNA?

Retrovirus

Which components contribute to the structure of ATP?

Ribose, Phosphate, Adenine

A heterotroph that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms is also called a(n)

Saprobe

For the naked virus shown in the image, the arrow indicates a(n) ______.

Spike

The term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts is the_________

Substrate

The coordinated action between 2 microorganisms or drugs that results in a heightened response or greater effectiveness is called______________

Synergism

Which term is used to describe the coordinated action between two microorganisms or drugs that results in a heightened response or greater effectiveness?

Synergism

Microorganisms that prefer hot environments in the range of 45°C to 80°C are called

Thermophiles

Microbes that grow optimally at temperatures greater than 45oC are called ______.

Thermophils

Which of the following organisms are viruses not able to infect?

They can infect every type of cell.

Which term describes the effect of an oncogenic virus on host cells?

Transformation

True or false: An enzyme's active site is unique for each substrate.

True

True or false: Bacteriophages can increase the pathogenicity of their bacterial host.

True

True or false: Minerals needed for some enzymes to function are useful at low concentrations, but the same minerals can be toxic in high concentrations.

True

The term that describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture is____________.

Turbid

What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture?

Turbidity

By the end of glycolysis, the net yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose is___________ATP molecules.

Two

By the end of glycolysis, the net yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose is_______________ATP molecules.

Two

By the end of glycolysis, the number of pyruvic acid molecules that are generated from one molecule of glucose is___________

Two

Once the virus is inside the cell, the viral nucleic acid is freed by enzymes that break down the viral capsid in a process called ______.

Uncoating

Plants are parasitized by virus-like agents composed of only naked strands of RNA that are called ___________

Viriods

A fully formed infectious virus particle that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a(n)_______

Virion

A fully formed infectious virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is referred to as a _______.

Virion

An infectious agent that lacks a capsid and merely consists of a strand of RNA is called a(n)________

Viroids

Most of the vaccines that we currently receive are to fight viral infections because ______.

antiviral drugs are challenging to design

Cells in the lag phase of the growth curve ______.

are metabolically active

Because photoautotrophs produce organic molecules that can be used by themselves and by other organisms, they ______.

are the basis for most food webs

This image illustrates the _____ step in the bacteriophage life cycle.

assembly

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source is a(n) ______, while an organism requiring carbon in an organic form is a(n) ______.

autotroph; heterotroph

Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n)

bacteriophages

The monomer of a capsid is called a

capsomere

The nutritional type of a specific microbe is determined by its sources of ______.

carbon and energy

The role of an enzyme is to increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction, acting as a(n)__________for the reaction.

catalyst

Where is the ETS located in prokaryotic cells?

cell membrane

Bacterial cells are enumerated as "colony-forming units" because ______.

chains or clusters of bacterial cells may form a colony

There are two types of cofactors, organic molecules called ______ or inorganic metal ions.

coenzymes

In this image illustrating competitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing toward the____________inhibitor, which blocks the reaction.

competitive

Mad cow disease can be transmitted to humans through ________ of infected beef.

consumption

An electron carrier with a metal atom at the center is a(n)____________

cytochrome

The transport of nutrients into the cell and waste materials out of the cell is regulated by the ______.

cytoplasmic membrane

The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein

denaturation

The reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, or nitrogen gas is called ______.

denitrification

The conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid occurs ______.

during glycolysis

The primary generator of ATP is ______.

electron transport chain

The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the ___________growth phase.

exponential

An organism that lacks an electron transport chain must derive its energy from ______.

fermentation

Glycolysis rates increase tremendously during _____.

fermentation

Where do building blocks for macromolecules originate?

from outside the cell or from synthesis within the cell

Which of these compounds has the greatest energy?

glucose

Some viral capsids are arranged in a three-dimensional 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners called a(n) ______.

icosahedron

Enzymes _______ the speed of chemical reactions in the body.

increase

It is challenging for scientists to design antiviral drugs because ______.

viruses use host features for their life cycle, so many drugs would affect host cells

Enzymes bond _____ with their substrate.

weakly

Which of the following are trace elements?

zinc, manganese, nickel

What term is used to describe the hydrogen ion concentration gradient that powers ATP synthesis and forms water?

Proton motive force

Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?

Psychrophile

In some viruses, including HIV, transcription of RNA into DNA is carried out by the enzyme_____________ ___________

Reverse Transcriptase

Which of the following is an enzyme found in HIV that is responsible for converting its RNA genome into a DNA genome?

Reverse transcriptase

During the assembly phase, viral ______ insert into the host cell membrane so that they can be picked up as the virus buds off with its envelope.

Spikes

Which of the following diseases are caused by prions?

Spongiform encephalopathy

The phase of bacterial cell growth when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying is the_________phase.

Stationary

During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?

Stationary phase

Viruses are classified based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______.

Structure

Why do all Krebs cycle reactions occur twice for each molecule of glucose that undergoes respiration?

The glucose molecule splits in glycolysis into two pyruvates which can enter the Krebs cycle

True or false: For binary fission to occur, a cell must use both catabolism and anabolism.

True

True or false: Most viral infections do not result in death of the host organism.

True

True or false: Oxygen is toxic to obligate anaerobes because these organisms lack the enzymes to degrade toxic products of aerobic metabolism.

True

True or false: The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA involves the loss of a carbon atom in the form of carbon dioxide.

True

True or false: Viruses can contain either DNA or RNA, but not both.

True

What method requires plating cultures for counting bacteria?

Viable plate method

Which cellular organisms can viruses infect?

bacteria, animals, fungi, plants and protozoa

Antibiotics are effective at combating ______ but not ______.

bacteria; viruses

A virus that infects bacterial cells is called a(n) ______.

bacteriophage

The red arrow is pointing to which type of enzyme inhibition?

competitive

A reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is an___________reaction.

exergonic

A reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is an________reaction.

exergonic

An ______ reaction releases energy as it goes forward.

exergonic

When a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage, it is called _____.

lysogenic conversion

The electron transport chain is located in the ______ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ______ membrane of bacteria.

mitochondrial; plasma

The hydrogen ions that have been pumped out of the cell by the electron transport chain travel back into the cell by ______.

passing through ATP synthase

The net energy yield from this pathway, where glucose is broken down over several steps to form pyruvate, is _____ molecule(s) of ATP and _____ molecules of NADH.

2; 2

How many ATP molecules are formed from each NADH in aerobic respiration?

3

What is produced in large quantities during catabolism that can then be used in anabolism?

-Reduced coenzymes -ATP

Which two are required in large quantities for anabolism?

-Reducing power -Energy

Which of the following are accomplished in metabolism?

-macromolecules are degraded to yield energy -macromolecules are assembled from components

The common products of fermentation include ______.

-organic acids -carbon dioxide -alcohol

The building blocks for anabolism come from ______.

-synthesis within the cell -outside the cell

Which compound feeds directly into the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA

Which name is given to microbes that grow in environments where the pH is lower than 7?

Acidophiles

Viruses are best described as ______ rather than alive.

Active

The virus shown here binding to host cell proteins is in the _____ stage of the viral life cycle.

Adsorption

Which viral stage occurs first?

Adsorption

What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

Anaerobic

Bacteria reproduce by_________fission.

Binary

The majority of bacteria grow by a process called ______.

Binary Fission

The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?

Both anabolic and catabolic

Viruses carrying oncogenes into a host cell can result in _____.

Cancer

Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid?

Capsid

Identical protein subunits that make up the viral capsid are called ______.

Capsomers

______ reactions break the bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules and often release energy.

Catabolic

Which of the following is NOT a chemical denaturing agent?

Catalase

Naked viruses do not possess a(n) _______

Envelope

Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses?

Envelope

A virus that has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid is called a(n)__________virus.

Enveloped

Which of the following bacterial growth phases correlates to the acute stages of a bacterial infection?

Exponential

True or false: A person shedding bacteria in the late stages of infection is more likely to spread it to others than a person in the early or middle stages.

False

True or false: In fermentative metabolism, pyruvate is reduced into pyruvic acid.

False

Fats are composed of___________acids joined to glycerol.

Fatty

Which are joined to glycerol to produce fats?

Fatty acids

The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called_______________.

Fermentation

The solute concentration of the external environment is lower than that of the cell's internal environment under_______ conditions.

Hypotonic

Viruses which have symmetrical 20-sided capsids are called ____.

Icosahedral

A geometric viral form having 20 faces and 12 corners is called a(n)

Icosahedron

A microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium is called a(n) _________.

Osmophile

Toxins of the bacteria responsible for diphtheria, cholera, and botulism are actually produced by ______.

Phophages

Which agent is the cause of spongiform encephalopathy?

Prion

Which type of macromolecules are the most abundant in cells?

Protein

Identify any of the following pathways which could produce proteins used by viruses.

-Host DNA --> mRNA --> proteins used by viruses -Viral positive-ssRNA --> proteins used by viruses -Viral positive-ssRNA --> Viral negative-ssRNA --> many Viral positive-ssRNAs --> proteins used by viruses

Which of the following occur during aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

-Krebs cycle -electron transport system

Which of the following are true regarding aerobic respiration?

-Large amounts of ATP are synthesized. -Oxygen is required as final electron acceptor. -Glucose is the starting compound for glycolysis.

Identify the components of ATP

-One adenine -Three phosphate groups -One ribose sugar

Which of the following enzymes are lacking in strict anaerobes?

-Peroxidase -Catalase

Which facts best support the position that viruses are not living organisms?

-Viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism. -Viruses cannot reproduce on their own.

Which methods can be used to estimate the sizes of bacterial populations without culturing on plates?

-analyzing turbidity of a broth -completing a direct cell count -using a flow cytometer

Production of which of the following cellular structures depends on an adequate supply of glucose?

-capsule -glycocalyx -cell wall

Viruses can cause cancer by ______.

-causing a loss of growth regulation -introducing oncogenes to a host cell

Besides glucose, which of the following compounds can be used as a source of energy and building blocks?

-fats -proteins -complex polysaccharides

An organism will gets its energy from fermentation when ______.

-oxygen is absent from its environment -it does not have an electron transport chain

Which of the following are compounds related to glucose that bacterial cells can manufacture using glycolysis pathway intermediates?

-peptidoglycan -glycogen

List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top.

1) Adsorption 2) Penetrating/ Uncoating 3) Synthesis 4) Assembly 5) Release

Put the following phases in order for a normal bacterial growth curve, beginning with the first at the top.

1) Lag Phase 2) Exponential ( Log) Phase 3) Stationary Phase 4) Death Phase

Place the following steps in order to demonstrate your understanding of the viable plate count, starting with the first step at the top.

1) Place a small number of cells into a sterile broth 2) Incubate the broth for a set time period 3) Take a sample from the broth and plate onto social media 4) Incubate all plates and count the colonies that develop

What is the NET YIELD of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

2

Which occurs in the initial 3 reactions of glycolysis?

2 ATP molecules are consumed

In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields ten total NADHs. The total number of ATPs which will be produced when these NADHs donate their electrons to the electron transport chain is_____________ATPs.

30

The term "naked" used in describing viruses implies: the lack of ______.

A lipid envelope

Breaking both pink bonds (arrows) as shown in the image would result in

AMP

Aerobic respiration produces more _____ than anaerobic respiration.

ATP

During anabolism, energy in the form of____________is used to create bonds.

ATP

During catabolic reactions, energy that is released is stored in cells as

ATP

The electron transport chain is the primary generator of _____.

ATP

The molecule that can store energy derived from catabolic reactions and provide that energy to anabolic reactions is ______.

ATP

Which of the following compounds provides the energy to form and break chemical bonds?

ATP

The enzyme through which hydrogen ions travel back into the cell after being transported outside the membrane by the ETC is termed _____

ATP synthase

A charge gradient exists _________ during electron transport.

Across the cell membrane

Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor?

Adsorption

What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

Aerobic

Which is the primary pathway used by aerobic microorganisms to obtain energy?

Aerobic respiration

The type of fermentation that produces ethyl alcohol is called ______________-fermentation, while the type that produces lactic acid is called____________ fermentation.

Alcohol; acid

The type of fermentation that produces ethyl alcohol is called _____________fermentation, while the type that produces lactic acid is called ____________fermentation.

Alcohol; acid

Which term describes a microbe that grows in environments with a pH greater than 7?

Alkalinophile

An organism that prefers alkaline pH (pH above 7) is called a(n)_________.

Alkaliphiles

Which term is used to describe the integration of anabolic and catabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency?

Amphibolism

What is a microaerophile?

An aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that in the atmosphere.

The specific process of ______ results in the synthesis of cell molecules and structures.

Anabolism

A relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as

Antagonism

Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment?

Antagonism

In viral multiplication, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virus particles during the___________step.

Assembly

Regarding enveloped viruses, at which point do viral spike proteins insert into the host's cell membrane in order to be incorporated into the new virion?

Assembly

Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through___________or exocytosis by enveloped viruses, and through____________ (rupture) by naked viruses.

Budding; lysis

Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system?

Fermentation

Although the net yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP, a total of ____ ATPs are formed during glycolysis.

Four

Since one molecule of glucose yields two FADH2, the total number of ATPs produced when these FADH2s donate electrons to the electron transport chain is___________ATPs.

Four

Since one molecule of glucose yields two FADH2, the total number of ATPs produced when these FADH2s donate electrons to the electron transport chain is_______________ATPs.

Four

The number of ATP molecules that are generated from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis is____________, though the net yield of ATP is less.

Four

The number of ATP molecules that are generated from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis is______________, though the net yield of ATP is less.

Four

Which of the following term describes the total nucleic content of a virus?

Genome

The typical pattern of change in population size over time, as represented on a graph, is called a(n) ______ curve.

Growth

Which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt?

Halophile

An organism that specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth is called a(n)________

Halophils

A virus with a rod-shaped capsomer has a(n)________capsid, while a virus with a capsid arranged as a multifaceted polygon has a(n)_________capsid.

Helical; icosahedral

Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect?

Host Range

Viral transformation by oncogenic viruses implies that the _____.

Host cell is changed

The flow of electrons down the respiratory chain allows the active transport of _____ to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane.

Hydrogen ions

Under ______ conditions, the environment has a higher solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm.

Hypertonic

Which of the following are cytopathic effects in virally infected animal cells?

Inclusion body and Syncytia

What term is used to define the process of a prophage being activated and entering into the lytic cycle?

Induction

Reactions in which one compound loses electrons and another compound gains elections are called___________reactions.

redox

In this image illustrating noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing to which component?

regulatory molecule

What determines a microbe's nutritional type?

source of carbon and source of energy

In strict aerobes and some anaerobes, pyruvic acid enters the _____________________for further processing and energy release.

Krebs cyle

When they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment, compounds are called_________.

Labile

When they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment, compounds are called___________.

Labile

Which term refers to the chemical instability of enzymes when they are subjected to changes in temperature or pH?

Labile

Cells in the _____ phase of the growth curve are metabolically active even though the number of cells is not increasing.

Lag

The phase that occurs when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow is called_______phase.

Lag

Together, the capsid and nucleic acid of a virus are called the

Nucleocapside

All organisms require an influx of substances from their habitat to meet their___________ needs for chemical elements and energy.

Nutrition

______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.

Nutrition

A strictly aerobic organism, requiring oxygen for survival, is referred to as a(n)___________ aerobe.

Obligate

All viruses must infect a host cell to replicate, and therefore, they are referred to as_________intracellular parasites.

Obligate

The viable plate method is based on the principle that each colony represents ______ cell or colony-forming unit from the original sample.

One

A microbe's ______ temperature covers a small range that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism.

Optimum

The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell's____________temperature.

Optimum

A nutrient that is made by living things and composed of hydrogen and carbon is a(n) _________nutrient.

Organic

Which term describes nutrients, such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms?

Organic nutrients

Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?

Osmophile

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration is called____________.

Osmosis

Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane?

Osmosis

A test that can be conducted to determine if bacteria possess cytochrome oxidase is called the _________detection test.

Oxidase

The loss of electrons from an atom or compound is called

Oxidation

A redox reaction involves the coupling of which 2 types of reactions?

Oxidation and Reduction

When ATP synthesis is coupled to electron transport, the process is called ______ phosphorylation.

Oxidative

Which of the following is best associated with the electron transport system?

Oxidative phosphorylation

In aerobic respiration,__________serves as the final electron acceptor.

Oxygen

During binary fission a band of _____ forms at the center of the cell, to direct the positioning of the new septum. (See arrow on image.)

Protein

All viruses have two parts: a ______ covering and ______ located in a central core.

Protein; DNA or RNA

During facilitated diffusion, molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of transport

Proteins

Most host cell receptors that viruses attach to are actually_______that the cell uses in normal function.

Proteins

Viruses typically attach to what type of host membrane receptors?

Proteins

Which of the following statements is true regarding the energy content of pyruvate?

Pyruvate has a greater energy content than acetyl CoA.

A single virus particle could contain a genome consisting of ______.

RNA only and DNA only

Why is refrigeration of leftover food an effective way to prevent spoilage?

Refrigeration temperatures are not optimal for reproduction and growth of food-associated pathogens.

The virus buds off the membrane and picks up an envelope and spikes during which stage of the viral life cycle?

Release

The virus buds off the membrane and picks up an envelope and spikes in the_________ stage of the viral life cycle.

Release

The virus buds off the membrane and picks up an envelope and spikes in the___________stage of the viral life cycle.

Release

This image depicts the _____ step in the bacteriophage life cycle.

Release

Because it synthesizes DNA directly from RNA using reverse transcriptase, HIV is described as a(n)________

Retrovirus

A preformed protein carried in by HIV responsible for converting its RNA genome into DNA is the enzyme_______________

Reverse Transciptase

True or false: The lack of cytochromes, catalase, and peroxidases in anaerobes limits their ability to process free oxygen and contributes to its toxic effects on them.

True

True or false: Typically, cool temperatures do not denature enzymes the way heat does.

True

True or false: Viral nucleic acid may be single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA.

True

The process that occurs when viruses lose their capsid (and envelope, if they have one) during or after penetration into a host cell is called_______

Uncoating

Which of the following is the "fate" of NADH and FADH2?

Used in electron transport

Which definition best describes "oxidation"?

When a compound LOSES electrons to an electron-accepting compound

E. coli has a positive nitrate test. This would indicate that this organism can carry out _______ respiration.

anaerobic

True or false: Fermentation pathways give advantages to bacteria.

anaerobic

Which is NOT an effective strategy for addressing the propagation of viral infections?

antibiotic drugs

Each viral capsid is constructed from identical subunits called ______.

capsomeres

Which describes the function of a coenzyme?

carrying a chemical group from one substrate to another

In this image illustrating competitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing to which component?

competitive inhibitor

Endergonic reactions are often coupled with___________reactions in biological systems.

exergonic

When bacteriophages infect pathogenic bacteria resulting in a new pathogenic trait it's called _________.

lysogenic conversion

Chemical substances, such as sugars or amino acids, that are required in large quantities by cells are called_________

macronutrients

In order to multiply, viruses ______ a host cell.

must invade

In this image illustrating noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is indicating which component?

noncompetitive inhibitor

In this image showing noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing toward which component?

normal substrate

Positive-sense RNA is RNA that can be immediately ______.

translated into protein

This figure shows which type of enzyme inhibition?

Noncompetitive

Viruses have a compact and economical structure that is ______.

Not cellular

To obligate anaerobes, oxygen is ______ and ______.

Not used and toxic

Which of the following metabolic processes include the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system?

-Anaerobic respiration -Aerobic respiration

Which of the following statements about treating viral diseases are correct?

-Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. -Most vaccines target viral diseases.

Identify the commonalities between temperate phages and lytic phages.

-Assembly -Biosynthesis of viral components -Release -Penetration -Adsorption

Which of the following are the main products of the Krebs cycle?

-FADH2 -NADH

Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell.

-Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell —membrane -Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus

How many ATP molecules are formed from each FADH2 formed in aerobic respiration?

2

In glycolysis, ____ molecules of pyruvic acid are formed from each glucose.

2

The number of ATP molecules needed to start glycolysis is

2

If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?

Into the cell by osmosis

What element is NOT an essential nutrient for a microbe?

Iron

The term used to describe the condition where the solute concentration within the cell is equal to the solute concentration in the surrounding environment is__________.

Isotonic

Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?

Isotonic

Which is true of a virus that is in a chronic latent state?

It remains hidden within body cells but periodically becomes reactivated.

The only cellular respiration pathway which generates FADH as one of many products is the ___________ ___________

Krebs Cycle

Which of the following is the only metabolic pathway of cellular respiration which generates FADH?

Krebs Cycle

NADH and FADH2 are the main products of ______.

Krebs cycle

Which phase of bacterial growth is considered to be the first?

Lag

A substance that is critical to nutrition and metabolic function because it is used to derive coenzymes is a(n) _____________

Vitamin

Which of the following compounds would be found as part of a coenzyme?

Vitamin

In aerobic respiration, the oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen is converted to ______.

Water

The oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen in aerobic respiration is converted to_____________

Water

When oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the ETS,___________ is usually produced.

Water

The bonds formed between an enzyme and its substrate are ______.

Weak and Reversible

The first step in biofilm formation usually involves ______.

a pioneer bacterium attaching to a surface

Which of the following best describes a prion?

abnormal protein fibrils

The compound that feeds directly into the Krebs cycle is_______________-CoA.

acetyl

The word "induction" when used to describe "enzyme induction" refers to ______.

activating the gene responsible for a particular enzyme

Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?

active site

Prokaryotic cells will divide by a process called

binary fission

ATP can be utilized for ______.

both catabolic and anabolic pathways

Complex polysaccharides can be used as a source of carbon and energy by ______.

breaking them down into their component sugars

Which of the following breaks down fatty acids?

lipase

Enzymes that catalyze the removal of fatty acids from a glycerol backbone are called ______.

lipases

The condition in which the bacterial host chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA is called______

lysogency

Although fermentation yields only 2 ATPs per molecule of glucose, cells can grow rapidly by fermentation because ______.

the rate of glycolysis increases

Bacterial oxygen tolerance patterns are determined by incubating a pure culture of a microorganism in _____________, medium.

thioglycollate

Incubating a pure culture of a microorganism in/on ______ is a method used to determine bacterial oxygen tolerance patterns.

thioglycollate medium

In bacterial pathogens, which temperature range typically leads to inhibition of enzyme catalysis rather than enzyme denaturation?

Low

In active transport, molecules are moving across the membrane from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.

Low; High

After assembly of nucleic acids and proteins into hundreds of bacteriophages, the host cell ______ and releases the mature virions.

Lyses

The term used to describe the physical rupture of a cell is

Lysis

In which process do some macromolecules get assembled from smaller components and other macromolecules get degraded to yield energy?

Metabolism

The term pertaining to all the chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell is

Metabolism

A component that can activate enzymes and help bring the active site and substrate together is a(n)________

Metals

Which best describes what occurs in the electron transport system?

Movement of electrons actively pump hydrogens creating a concentration gradient.

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit is called__________.

Mutualism

In _____, molecules are moving across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

active transport

A virus capable of infecting a cell would be called ______ while one that cannot carry out infection would be referred to as ______.

active; inactive

Superoxide ion and hydrogen peroxide are toxic byproducts of _____.

aerobic respiration

The greatest amount of ATP is produced by _____.

aerobic respiration

The coupling of catabolic pathways with anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called

amphibolism

The process of building larger molecules from smaller ones with an input of energy is called ______.

anabolism

Any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen is a(n)

anaerobes

What types of reactions are required for binary fission to occur?

Both catabolic and anabolic

During the release stage of the viral multiplication cycle, enveloped viruses leave their host cells through___________ , or exocytosis.

Budding

In this image of an enveloped virus, the component that is composed of lipids is indicated by the letter _____.

C

The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the__________ , a coat of proteins.

Capsid

Which of the following is the monomeric unit of a viral capsid?

Capsomer

Which of the following is the degradation of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?

Catabolism

Which enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide, formed in aerobic respiration, to water and oxygen?

Catalase

Which of the following is sometimes needed for an enzyme to be fully functional?

Cofactor

An organic molecule or inorganic element that is needed for enzyme function is called a(n)

Cofactors

A molecule that resembles an enzyme's normal substrate, binding to the active site and preventing the actual substrate from binding there, is called a ______ inhibitor.

Competitive

Which type of inhibition involves a "mimic" molecule that can block enzyme activity at its active site?

Competitive

_____ contain a tightly bound metal atom at their center that is actively involved in accepting electrons and donating them to the next carrier in the electron transport chain.

Cytochromes

What cell structure regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell?

Cytoplasmic membrane

Viral nucleic acids are _______

Either single-stranded or double stranded

The release of electrons to power the pumping of hydrogen ions which generates a concentration gradient to produce ATP involves the _____________ ______________ System.

Electron transport

The release of electrons to power the pumping of hydrogen ions which generates a concentration gradient to produce ATP involves the _________________ __________________ System.

Electron transport

Which two types of reactions are often coupled in cells?

Endergonic and exergonic

The 2 principal processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are________ (engulfment) and direct fusion.

Endocytosis

Antimicrobial agents such as heat and disinfectants rapidly accelerate the death phase in all populations, but microbes in the______________ growth phase are more vulnerable to these agents than those that have entered the stationary phase.

Exponential

What pathway can be used by facultative anaerobes if oxygen is not readily available?

Fermentation

Which of the following describes a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit?

Mutualism

Which term best describes the association between a human host and the normal microbiota that aids in digestion?

Mutualistic

During fermentation, which electron carrier is made available to reenter glycolysis so that ATP production can continue in the absence of oxygen?

NAD

In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, NAD is reduced to_______

NADH

The enzyme NADH dehydrogenase receives electrons from ______ and transfers them to other electron carriers.

NADH

In the electron transport chain, NADH transfers electrons and H+ to _____.

NADH dehydrogenase

Which of the following terms is used to describe a viral RNA genome which CANNOT be immediately translated into protein?

Negative sense

What can be tested to determine the use of anaerobic metabolism in bacteria?

Nitrate reduction

What effect would adding additional substrate in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor have on an enzymatic reaction?

No effect

As shown in the image, when an inhibitor binds to a regulatory site that is outside the active site, ___________ inhibition occurs.

Noncompetitive

As a virus buds off with its envelope, it picks up viral_________which were inserted into the host's cell membrane during the assembly phase.

Spikes

What are the three main criteria used to classify viruses?

Structure, chemical composition, and genetic makeup

In this image illustrating noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing toward the_________

Substrate

Induction of the activity of a regulated enzyme is completely dependent on_____________concentration.

Substrate

Regulated enzymes are induced according to the concentration of which of the following?

Substrate

What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?

Substrate

Which is NOT a function of coenzymes?

Supplying energy for the reaction

Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms?

Symbiosis

An enzyme in the membrane that harnesses the flow of hydrogen ions and catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP is called ATP_____________.

Synthase

Which type of phage generally can increase the pathogenicity of a bacterium?

Temperate phage

______ phages enter the prophage state, while ______ phages burst the host cell.

Temperature; Lytic