Microbiology Exam Ch.5,6,7
Lysogeny is best described as ______.
integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome
This virus is in the adsorption stage of its life cycle, where it attaches to _____ from the host cell.
membrane receptors
The largest group of medically important microorganisms are ____________bacteria that have an optimal growth temperature in the range of human body temperature.
mesophilic
A microbe that is harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of oxygen in its metabolism is a(n) ______.
microaerophile
Substances like zinc, manganese and nickel are called ______.
micronutrients
Where would a thermophilic microorganism be found?
natural hot springs
As shown in the image, when an inhibitor binds to a regulatory site that is outside the active site,____________inhibition occurs.
noncompetitive
Identify all the components of the nucleocapsid.
nucleic acid and capsid
At minimum, all viruses are composed of ______.
nucleic acids and proteins
Viruses are considered to be ______ parasites because they multiply by invading a specific host cell and instructing its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release quantities of new viruses.
obligate intracellular
Some animal viruses are called ______ because they enter a host cell and permanently alter its genetic material, leading to cancer.
oncogenic
Antiviral drugs typically target ______.
one of the steps in the viral life cycle
If a cell is in a solution that is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?
out of the cell by osmosis
Which of the following best describes the relationship between viruses and their host cell?
parasitism
Disease-causing organisms are called ______.
pathogens
The basis for most food webs are the _____.
photoautotrophs
Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as_________, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as __________
phototrophs; chemotrophs
The general name for an enzyme that breaks down proteins to amino acids is
protease
The charged gradient which is formed in the ETS results in the ______.
proton motive force
Which type of organism can only grow in cold temperatures?
psychrophile
Psychrotolerants differ from psychrophiles in that ______ have a much higher maximum temperature.
psychrotolerants
Which best defines an active site?
region on an enzyme where the substrate binds
An enzyme that can synthesize DNA from RNA is called ______.
reverse transcriptase
Which type of microorganism feeds primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms?
saprobe
Most human viral infections are ______.
self-limiting
Enzymes are typically induced in the presence of a
substrates
A cell placed in a hypotonic environment, as illustrated in this image, will ______.
swell with the influx of water
A close partnership between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful, or neither to either member is called__________
symbiosis
An enzyme in the membrane that harnesses the flow of hydrogen ions and catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP is called ATP_________
synthase
Some deadly human pathogens such as diphtheria, cholera, and botulism are made more virulent by bacteriophages known as ___________ phages, or prophages.
temperate
Which of the following are roles of ATP?
-Prepares molecules for catabolism such as phosphorylation of glucose -Powers biosynthesis by activating molecules
In addition to the availability of nutrients, which environmental factors influence microbes?
-Radiation -Osmotic Pressure -pH
Which of the following are highly reactive, toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism?
-Superoxide ion (O2-) -Hydroxyl radical, (OH-) -Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Which of the following environmental factors are likely to have the greatest influence on microbial growth?
-Temperature -Gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen -pH -Pressures
Which of the following types of radiation can damage microbes?
-Ultraviolet -Ionizing
Identify the tube that contains an aerobe.
tube 1
Starting with pyruvic acid, which two types of fermentation can occur?
-alcoholic fermentation -acidic fermentation
Which of the following are toxic byproducts of aerobic respiration?
-hydrogen peroxide -superoxide ion
In the viral synthesis phase, late stage mRNAs are produced by using ______ as a template to make many new ______.
-ssRNA; +ssRNAs
In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields ten total NADHs. The total number of ATPs which will be produced when these NADHs donate their electrons to the electron transport chain is_________ATPs.
30
How do many biofilms form?
A collection of different microbes adhere to a common area and replicate, merging their populations.
Breaking both pink bonds (arrows) as shown in the image would result in which of the following?
AMP
Which compound connects those reactions that are anabolic to those reactions that are catabolic?
ATP
Which compound typically stores energy from catabolism?
ATP
An organism that prefers a habitat where the pH is below 7 is called a(n) _________.
Acidophile
For an enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the substrate must bind to the ______ site on the enzyme's surface.
Active
The site on an enzyme that matches its specific substrate is called the ______ site.
Active
A virus binds to specific receptor sites on the membrane of a susceptible host cell during the ______ phase of the viral life cycle.
Adsorption
ATP synthase is ______.
An embedded protein
Unlike organisms such as bacteria and protozoa, viruses ______.
Are not cellular
During which phase of the viral life cycle are new virions built from their components?
Assembly
New virions are built from their components during the_________ phase of the viral life cycle.
Assembly
Which of the following describes the various viral "parts" coming together to produce virus particles?
Assembly
What is an organic nutrient?
Atom or molecule containing hydrogen and carbon
The process by which one bacterial cell becomes two cells is termed
Binary Fission
In bacterial cells, ______ results in two cells from one parent cell.
Binary fission
Enveloped viruses are released from host cells through ______ or exocytosis, while naked viruses are released through ______ (rupture).
Budding; lysis
Which of the following acronyms is used to describe the collection of elements which compose 96% of a cell?
CHONPS
In the reaction illustrated here, between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA. Pyruvate has three carbons, whereas acetyl CoA has two carbons. In what chemical form is the other carbon atom?
CO2
________ is an important mineral for the stabilization of cell walls and endospores, whereas ______ is needed for cell transport.
Calcium; sodium
The term referring to breaking down complex compounds during cellular metabolism is
Catabolism
Hydrogen peroxide formed during aerobic respiration is converted to water and oxygen by the enzyme
Catalses
Viruses that remain hidden in cells and periodically become reactivated, such as herpes simplex, are in a________________state.
Chronic latent
Which of the following can act as a electron or hydrogen atom carrier for redox reactions in metabolism?
Coenzymes
Which of the following represent cofactors?
Coenzymes, metal ions, small organic molecules
Which is the typical route of infection for mad cow disease?
Consumption of contaminated food
In the disease condition known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, what does "bovine" mean?
Cow
What is detected in Neisseria and Pseudomonas when a positive oxidase test is seen?
Cytochrome oxidase
Synctia and inclusion bodies are two types of_________effects in virus-infected cells.
Cytopattic
Most RNA viruses will assemble the virion within the host cell's_________
Cytoplasm
Where are most RNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host?
Cytoplasm
For their genetic material, viruses can contain either______ or_______but not both.
DNA; RNA
What term is used to describe the removal of a nitrogen-containing amino group from an amino acid?
Deamation
The reaction that results in the removal of the amino group from an amino acid is called
Deamination
_______ is a process by which the weak bonds that maintain the shape of an apoenzyme are broken leading to an extreme distortion of the enzyme's shape.
Denaturation
What term is used to describe the return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle?
Denitrification
What is the fate of reduced coenzymes generated in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
Electron transport chain
The flow of _____ down the respiratory chain allows the active transport of hydrogen ions to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Electrons
A nutrient that must be provided to an organism because it cannot be manufactured metabolically is called a(n)___________ nutrient.
Essential
A(n) _____ nutrient is any substance that must be provided to an organism to satisfy a nutritional need
Essential
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be acquired from diet are called__________amino acids.
Essential
What term is used to describe the amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the cell but must be acquired from an outside source?
Essential
In which phase of bacterial growth are far more cells dividing than dying?
Exponential
Which of the following do not require oxygen for the further breakdown of pyruvic acid?
Facultative anaerobes
True or false: A colony forming unit is a single cell.
False
True or false: Alcohols cannot denature proteins/enzymes.
False
Which best describes a parasitic relationship between microbe and host?
Flesh-eating bacteria on human skin
From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?
Frozen Food
In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its_________ time.
Generation
Which term describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide?
Generation time
The sum total of the genetic information carried by a virus is called the viral_______
Genome
Glycogen and starch are found in bacterial storage granules. These compounds are related to _____ and allow the cell to store it for future use.
Glucose
Which of the following would move across the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?
Glucose
Which of the following best identifies the reason why the Krebs cycle must occur twice per glucose molecule?
Glucose will yield two pyruvates
The biochemical pathway illustrated here, where glucose is broken down over several steps to form pyruvate, is termed _____.
Glycolysis
Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?
Glycolysis
A graphical representation of the change in population size over time is called a(n)___________curve.
Growth
The limitation of the type of cell that a virus can invade is called the__________ range.
Host
The element added to NAD to reduce it is
Hydrogen
A solution that will cause a cell to lose water is termed________.
Hypertonic
A prophage is activated and enters the lytic cycle through the process called
Induction
Enzyme ______ is a type of control on enzyme synthesis where enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present.
Induction
The prefix that is added to the word "autotroph" to denote organisms which can use inorganic compounds in the environment to fix carbon dioxide with hydrogen atoms to make organic molecules is "_____________".
Litho
Which microorganism uses inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon?
Lithoautotroph
Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?
Little increase in cell numbers
Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a "__________and key" interaction.
Lock
Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions?
Lock and key
A bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage through a process called ____________ ______________
Lysogenic Conversion
Which of the following describes a process of bacteriophage infection which could result in a new disease trait (such as a toxin) in the infected bacterium?
Lysogenic conversion
Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?
Macronutrient
What is the common name of bovine spongiform encephalopathy?
Mad cows disease
The majority of medically significant microorganisms are ______, since their temperature range includes human body temperature.
Mesophiles
As a result of fermentation, ______ are produced that are recycled to enter ______.
NADs; glycolysis
A nonenveloped virus is also called a(n) ______ virus.
Naked
A_________virus does not have an envelope surrounding its capsid.
Naked
Viral RNA genomes that have to be converted into the proper form before being used for translation into proteins are called ______-sense RNA.
Negative
Most DNA viruses will assemble their virions within the host cell's________
Nucleus
Where are most DNA viruses replicated and assembled within the host?
Nucleus
Identify highly reactive, toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism.
OH- O2- H2O2
What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive?
Obligate Aeorbe
What term refers to a virus that can lead to cancer?
Oncogenic virus
Typically, when are enzymes induced?
Only when suitable substrate is present
What is consumed during electron transport in an aerobic organism?
Oxygen
About 96% of the cell is composed of which elements?
Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Hydrogen Carbon Phosphorous
An organism that benefits at the expense of another is called a ________.
Parasite
Which type of organism causes harm to the body of the living host in which or on which it lives?
Parasite
An organism that benefits at the expense of another is called a
Parasitism
A noun often used to describe organisms which can cause disease is a _________
Pathogen
Infections in which cells harbor the virus but are not immediately lysed are called______________infections.
Persistent
When a cell harbors a virus that is not immediately lysing the cell, it's known as what type of infection?
Persistent Infection
The cell actively engulfs large particles into vesicles during the endocytic process of
Phagocytosis
The engulfment of large particles into vesicles within a cell is called ______.
Phagocytosis
A viral genome composed of single-stranded RNA that is ready for immediate translation into proteins is called______ -sense RNA.
Positive
Some diseases of the nervous system result from an infectious agent in the form of protein fibrils that is called a ______.
Prion
Which is NOT an advantage of fermentation to microbial survival and growth?
Promotes growth in oxygen-rich areas of the host
Phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome is called a ________
Prophage
Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome?
Prophage
______ are enzymes that break proteins down into their amino acid components.
Proteases
After water, the most common type of compound found in cells is ____.
Protein
The formation of a hydrogen ion gradient which powers ATP production using the electron transport system is called the _____________motive ____________.
Proton; force
When viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of a eukaryotic host cell, it is called a ______.
Provirus
Which of the following is the term for an animal virus that has integrated its DNA into the DNA of a host cell?
Provirus
Viroids are composed of only naked _____.
RNA
Ultraviolet light and ionizing rays are types of_________that can damage microbes.
Radiation
Which term describes the compound that GAINS electrons from an electron-donating compound?
Reduced
The gain of electrons by an atom or compound is called
Reduction
In which stage of viral multiplication would you expect to see "budding" occur?
Release
Identify which of the following that viruses CANNOT do.
Replicate the outside of the cell and synthesize proteins
A(n) ______ carries its own enzymes to create DNA from its RNA genome.
Retrovirus
What are viruses called which are capable of converting their RNA genomes into DNA?
Retrovirus
Which components contribute to the structure of ATP?
Ribose, Phosphate, Adenine
A heterotroph that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms is also called a(n)
Saprobe
For the naked virus shown in the image, the arrow indicates a(n) ______.
Spike
The term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts is the_________
Substrate
The coordinated action between 2 microorganisms or drugs that results in a heightened response or greater effectiveness is called______________
Synergism
Which term is used to describe the coordinated action between two microorganisms or drugs that results in a heightened response or greater effectiveness?
Synergism
Microorganisms that prefer hot environments in the range of 45°C to 80°C are called
Thermophiles
Microbes that grow optimally at temperatures greater than 45oC are called ______.
Thermophils
Which of the following organisms are viruses not able to infect?
They can infect every type of cell.
Which term describes the effect of an oncogenic virus on host cells?
Transformation
True or false: An enzyme's active site is unique for each substrate.
True
True or false: Bacteriophages can increase the pathogenicity of their bacterial host.
True
True or false: Minerals needed for some enzymes to function are useful at low concentrations, but the same minerals can be toxic in high concentrations.
True
The term that describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture is____________.
Turbid
What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture?
Turbidity
By the end of glycolysis, the net yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose is___________ATP molecules.
Two
By the end of glycolysis, the net yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose is_______________ATP molecules.
Two
By the end of glycolysis, the number of pyruvic acid molecules that are generated from one molecule of glucose is___________
Two
Once the virus is inside the cell, the viral nucleic acid is freed by enzymes that break down the viral capsid in a process called ______.
Uncoating
Plants are parasitized by virus-like agents composed of only naked strands of RNA that are called ___________
Viriods
A fully formed infectious virus particle that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a(n)_______
Virion
A fully formed infectious virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is referred to as a _______.
Virion
An infectious agent that lacks a capsid and merely consists of a strand of RNA is called a(n)________
Viroids
Most of the vaccines that we currently receive are to fight viral infections because ______.
antiviral drugs are challenging to design
Cells in the lag phase of the growth curve ______.
are metabolically active
Because photoautotrophs produce organic molecules that can be used by themselves and by other organisms, they ______.
are the basis for most food webs
This image illustrates the _____ step in the bacteriophage life cycle.
assembly
An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source is a(n) ______, while an organism requiring carbon in an organic form is a(n) ______.
autotroph; heterotroph
Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n)
bacteriophages
The monomer of a capsid is called a
capsomere
The nutritional type of a specific microbe is determined by its sources of ______.
carbon and energy
The role of an enzyme is to increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction, acting as a(n)__________for the reaction.
catalyst
Where is the ETS located in prokaryotic cells?
cell membrane
Bacterial cells are enumerated as "colony-forming units" because ______.
chains or clusters of bacterial cells may form a colony
There are two types of cofactors, organic molecules called ______ or inorganic metal ions.
coenzymes
In this image illustrating competitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing toward the____________inhibitor, which blocks the reaction.
competitive
Mad cow disease can be transmitted to humans through ________ of infected beef.
consumption
An electron carrier with a metal atom at the center is a(n)____________
cytochrome
The transport of nutrients into the cell and waste materials out of the cell is regulated by the ______.
cytoplasmic membrane
The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein
denaturation
The reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, or nitrogen gas is called ______.
denitrification
The conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid occurs ______.
during glycolysis
The primary generator of ATP is ______.
electron transport chain
The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the ___________growth phase.
exponential
An organism that lacks an electron transport chain must derive its energy from ______.
fermentation
Glycolysis rates increase tremendously during _____.
fermentation
Where do building blocks for macromolecules originate?
from outside the cell or from synthesis within the cell
Which of these compounds has the greatest energy?
glucose
Some viral capsids are arranged in a three-dimensional 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners called a(n) ______.
icosahedron
Enzymes _______ the speed of chemical reactions in the body.
increase
It is challenging for scientists to design antiviral drugs because ______.
viruses use host features for their life cycle, so many drugs would affect host cells
Enzymes bond _____ with their substrate.
weakly
Which of the following are trace elements?
zinc, manganese, nickel
What term is used to describe the hydrogen ion concentration gradient that powers ATP synthesis and forms water?
Proton motive force
Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?
Psychrophile
In some viruses, including HIV, transcription of RNA into DNA is carried out by the enzyme_____________ ___________
Reverse Transcriptase
Which of the following is an enzyme found in HIV that is responsible for converting its RNA genome into a DNA genome?
Reverse transcriptase
During the assembly phase, viral ______ insert into the host cell membrane so that they can be picked up as the virus buds off with its envelope.
Spikes
Which of the following diseases are caused by prions?
Spongiform encephalopathy
The phase of bacterial cell growth when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying is the_________phase.
Stationary
During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?
Stationary phase
Viruses are classified based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______.
Structure
Why do all Krebs cycle reactions occur twice for each molecule of glucose that undergoes respiration?
The glucose molecule splits in glycolysis into two pyruvates which can enter the Krebs cycle
True or false: For binary fission to occur, a cell must use both catabolism and anabolism.
True
True or false: Most viral infections do not result in death of the host organism.
True
True or false: Oxygen is toxic to obligate anaerobes because these organisms lack the enzymes to degrade toxic products of aerobic metabolism.
True
True or false: The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA involves the loss of a carbon atom in the form of carbon dioxide.
True
True or false: Viruses can contain either DNA or RNA, but not both.
True
What method requires plating cultures for counting bacteria?
Viable plate method
Which cellular organisms can viruses infect?
bacteria, animals, fungi, plants and protozoa
Antibiotics are effective at combating ______ but not ______.
bacteria; viruses
A virus that infects bacterial cells is called a(n) ______.
bacteriophage
The red arrow is pointing to which type of enzyme inhibition?
competitive
A reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is an___________reaction.
exergonic
A reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is an________reaction.
exergonic
An ______ reaction releases energy as it goes forward.
exergonic
When a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage, it is called _____.
lysogenic conversion
The electron transport chain is located in the ______ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ______ membrane of bacteria.
mitochondrial; plasma
The hydrogen ions that have been pumped out of the cell by the electron transport chain travel back into the cell by ______.
passing through ATP synthase
The net energy yield from this pathway, where glucose is broken down over several steps to form pyruvate, is _____ molecule(s) of ATP and _____ molecules of NADH.
2; 2
How many ATP molecules are formed from each NADH in aerobic respiration?
3
What is produced in large quantities during catabolism that can then be used in anabolism?
-Reduced coenzymes -ATP
Which two are required in large quantities for anabolism?
-Reducing power -Energy
Which of the following are accomplished in metabolism?
-macromolecules are degraded to yield energy -macromolecules are assembled from components
The common products of fermentation include ______.
-organic acids -carbon dioxide -alcohol
The building blocks for anabolism come from ______.
-synthesis within the cell -outside the cell
Which compound feeds directly into the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Which name is given to microbes that grow in environments where the pH is lower than 7?
Acidophiles
Viruses are best described as ______ rather than alive.
Active
The virus shown here binding to host cell proteins is in the _____ stage of the viral life cycle.
Adsorption
Which viral stage occurs first?
Adsorption
What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Anaerobic
Bacteria reproduce by_________fission.
Binary
The majority of bacteria grow by a process called ______.
Binary Fission
The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?
Both anabolic and catabolic
Viruses carrying oncogenes into a host cell can result in _____.
Cancer
Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid?
Capsid
Identical protein subunits that make up the viral capsid are called ______.
Capsomers
______ reactions break the bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules and often release energy.
Catabolic
Which of the following is NOT a chemical denaturing agent?
Catalase
Naked viruses do not possess a(n) _______
Envelope
Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses?
Envelope
A virus that has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid is called a(n)__________virus.
Enveloped
Which of the following bacterial growth phases correlates to the acute stages of a bacterial infection?
Exponential
True or false: A person shedding bacteria in the late stages of infection is more likely to spread it to others than a person in the early or middle stages.
False
True or false: In fermentative metabolism, pyruvate is reduced into pyruvic acid.
False
Fats are composed of___________acids joined to glycerol.
Fatty
Which are joined to glycerol to produce fats?
Fatty acids
The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called_______________.
Fermentation
The solute concentration of the external environment is lower than that of the cell's internal environment under_______ conditions.
Hypotonic
Viruses which have symmetrical 20-sided capsids are called ____.
Icosahedral
A geometric viral form having 20 faces and 12 corners is called a(n)
Icosahedron
A microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium is called a(n) _________.
Osmophile
Toxins of the bacteria responsible for diphtheria, cholera, and botulism are actually produced by ______.
Phophages
Which agent is the cause of spongiform encephalopathy?
Prion
Which type of macromolecules are the most abundant in cells?
Protein
Identify any of the following pathways which could produce proteins used by viruses.
-Host DNA --> mRNA --> proteins used by viruses -Viral positive-ssRNA --> proteins used by viruses -Viral positive-ssRNA --> Viral negative-ssRNA --> many Viral positive-ssRNAs --> proteins used by viruses
Which of the following occur during aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
-Krebs cycle -electron transport system
Which of the following are true regarding aerobic respiration?
-Large amounts of ATP are synthesized. -Oxygen is required as final electron acceptor. -Glucose is the starting compound for glycolysis.
Identify the components of ATP
-One adenine -Three phosphate groups -One ribose sugar
Which of the following enzymes are lacking in strict anaerobes?
-Peroxidase -Catalase
Which facts best support the position that viruses are not living organisms?
-Viruses do not have any means of independent metabolism. -Viruses cannot reproduce on their own.
Which methods can be used to estimate the sizes of bacterial populations without culturing on plates?
-analyzing turbidity of a broth -completing a direct cell count -using a flow cytometer
Production of which of the following cellular structures depends on an adequate supply of glucose?
-capsule -glycocalyx -cell wall
Viruses can cause cancer by ______.
-causing a loss of growth regulation -introducing oncogenes to a host cell
Besides glucose, which of the following compounds can be used as a source of energy and building blocks?
-fats -proteins -complex polysaccharides
An organism will gets its energy from fermentation when ______.
-oxygen is absent from its environment -it does not have an electron transport chain
Which of the following are compounds related to glucose that bacterial cells can manufacture using glycolysis pathway intermediates?
-peptidoglycan -glycogen
List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top.
1) Adsorption 2) Penetrating/ Uncoating 3) Synthesis 4) Assembly 5) Release
Put the following phases in order for a normal bacterial growth curve, beginning with the first at the top.
1) Lag Phase 2) Exponential ( Log) Phase 3) Stationary Phase 4) Death Phase
Place the following steps in order to demonstrate your understanding of the viable plate count, starting with the first step at the top.
1) Place a small number of cells into a sterile broth 2) Incubate the broth for a set time period 3) Take a sample from the broth and plate onto social media 4) Incubate all plates and count the colonies that develop
What is the NET YIELD of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
2
Which occurs in the initial 3 reactions of glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules are consumed
In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields ten total NADHs. The total number of ATPs which will be produced when these NADHs donate their electrons to the electron transport chain is_____________ATPs.
30
The term "naked" used in describing viruses implies: the lack of ______.
A lipid envelope
Breaking both pink bonds (arrows) as shown in the image would result in
AMP
Aerobic respiration produces more _____ than anaerobic respiration.
ATP
During anabolism, energy in the form of____________is used to create bonds.
ATP
During catabolic reactions, energy that is released is stored in cells as
ATP
The electron transport chain is the primary generator of _____.
ATP
The molecule that can store energy derived from catabolic reactions and provide that energy to anabolic reactions is ______.
ATP
Which of the following compounds provides the energy to form and break chemical bonds?
ATP
The enzyme through which hydrogen ions travel back into the cell after being transported outside the membrane by the ETC is termed _____
ATP synthase
A charge gradient exists _________ during electron transport.
Across the cell membrane
Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor?
Adsorption
What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Aerobic
Which is the primary pathway used by aerobic microorganisms to obtain energy?
Aerobic respiration
The type of fermentation that produces ethyl alcohol is called ______________-fermentation, while the type that produces lactic acid is called____________ fermentation.
Alcohol; acid
The type of fermentation that produces ethyl alcohol is called _____________fermentation, while the type that produces lactic acid is called ____________fermentation.
Alcohol; acid
Which term describes a microbe that grows in environments with a pH greater than 7?
Alkalinophile
An organism that prefers alkaline pH (pH above 7) is called a(n)_________.
Alkaliphiles
Which term is used to describe the integration of anabolic and catabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency?
Amphibolism
What is a microaerophile?
An aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that in the atmosphere.
The specific process of ______ results in the synthesis of cell molecules and structures.
Anabolism
A relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as
Antagonism
Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment?
Antagonism
In viral multiplication, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virus particles during the___________step.
Assembly
Regarding enveloped viruses, at which point do viral spike proteins insert into the host's cell membrane in order to be incorporated into the new virion?
Assembly
Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through___________or exocytosis by enveloped viruses, and through____________ (rupture) by naked viruses.
Budding; lysis
Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system?
Fermentation
Although the net yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP, a total of ____ ATPs are formed during glycolysis.
Four
Since one molecule of glucose yields two FADH2, the total number of ATPs produced when these FADH2s donate electrons to the electron transport chain is___________ATPs.
Four
Since one molecule of glucose yields two FADH2, the total number of ATPs produced when these FADH2s donate electrons to the electron transport chain is_______________ATPs.
Four
The number of ATP molecules that are generated from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis is____________, though the net yield of ATP is less.
Four
The number of ATP molecules that are generated from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis is______________, though the net yield of ATP is less.
Four
Which of the following term describes the total nucleic content of a virus?
Genome
The typical pattern of change in population size over time, as represented on a graph, is called a(n) ______ curve.
Growth
Which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt?
Halophile
An organism that specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth is called a(n)________
Halophils
A virus with a rod-shaped capsomer has a(n)________capsid, while a virus with a capsid arranged as a multifaceted polygon has a(n)_________capsid.
Helical; icosahedral
Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect?
Host Range
Viral transformation by oncogenic viruses implies that the _____.
Host cell is changed
The flow of electrons down the respiratory chain allows the active transport of _____ to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Hydrogen ions
Under ______ conditions, the environment has a higher solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm.
Hypertonic
Which of the following are cytopathic effects in virally infected animal cells?
Inclusion body and Syncytia
What term is used to define the process of a prophage being activated and entering into the lytic cycle?
Induction
Reactions in which one compound loses electrons and another compound gains elections are called___________reactions.
redox
In this image illustrating noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing to which component?
regulatory molecule
What determines a microbe's nutritional type?
source of carbon and source of energy
In strict aerobes and some anaerobes, pyruvic acid enters the _____________________for further processing and energy release.
Krebs cyle
When they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment, compounds are called_________.
Labile
When they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment, compounds are called___________.
Labile
Which term refers to the chemical instability of enzymes when they are subjected to changes in temperature or pH?
Labile
Cells in the _____ phase of the growth curve are metabolically active even though the number of cells is not increasing.
Lag
The phase that occurs when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow is called_______phase.
Lag
Together, the capsid and nucleic acid of a virus are called the
Nucleocapside
All organisms require an influx of substances from their habitat to meet their___________ needs for chemical elements and energy.
Nutrition
______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.
Nutrition
A strictly aerobic organism, requiring oxygen for survival, is referred to as a(n)___________ aerobe.
Obligate
All viruses must infect a host cell to replicate, and therefore, they are referred to as_________intracellular parasites.
Obligate
The viable plate method is based on the principle that each colony represents ______ cell or colony-forming unit from the original sample.
One
A microbe's ______ temperature covers a small range that promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism.
Optimum
The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell's____________temperature.
Optimum
A nutrient that is made by living things and composed of hydrogen and carbon is a(n) _________nutrient.
Organic
Which term describes nutrients, such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms?
Organic nutrients
Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?
Osmophile
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration is called____________.
Osmosis
Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
A test that can be conducted to determine if bacteria possess cytochrome oxidase is called the _________detection test.
Oxidase
The loss of electrons from an atom or compound is called
Oxidation
A redox reaction involves the coupling of which 2 types of reactions?
Oxidation and Reduction
When ATP synthesis is coupled to electron transport, the process is called ______ phosphorylation.
Oxidative
Which of the following is best associated with the electron transport system?
Oxidative phosphorylation
In aerobic respiration,__________serves as the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen
During binary fission a band of _____ forms at the center of the cell, to direct the positioning of the new septum. (See arrow on image.)
Protein
All viruses have two parts: a ______ covering and ______ located in a central core.
Protein; DNA or RNA
During facilitated diffusion, molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of transport
Proteins
Most host cell receptors that viruses attach to are actually_______that the cell uses in normal function.
Proteins
Viruses typically attach to what type of host membrane receptors?
Proteins
Which of the following statements is true regarding the energy content of pyruvate?
Pyruvate has a greater energy content than acetyl CoA.
A single virus particle could contain a genome consisting of ______.
RNA only and DNA only
Why is refrigeration of leftover food an effective way to prevent spoilage?
Refrigeration temperatures are not optimal for reproduction and growth of food-associated pathogens.
The virus buds off the membrane and picks up an envelope and spikes during which stage of the viral life cycle?
Release
The virus buds off the membrane and picks up an envelope and spikes in the_________ stage of the viral life cycle.
Release
The virus buds off the membrane and picks up an envelope and spikes in the___________stage of the viral life cycle.
Release
This image depicts the _____ step in the bacteriophage life cycle.
Release
Because it synthesizes DNA directly from RNA using reverse transcriptase, HIV is described as a(n)________
Retrovirus
A preformed protein carried in by HIV responsible for converting its RNA genome into DNA is the enzyme_______________
Reverse Transciptase
True or false: The lack of cytochromes, catalase, and peroxidases in anaerobes limits their ability to process free oxygen and contributes to its toxic effects on them.
True
True or false: Typically, cool temperatures do not denature enzymes the way heat does.
True
True or false: Viral nucleic acid may be single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
True
The process that occurs when viruses lose their capsid (and envelope, if they have one) during or after penetration into a host cell is called_______
Uncoating
Which of the following is the "fate" of NADH and FADH2?
Used in electron transport
Which definition best describes "oxidation"?
When a compound LOSES electrons to an electron-accepting compound
E. coli has a positive nitrate test. This would indicate that this organism can carry out _______ respiration.
anaerobic
True or false: Fermentation pathways give advantages to bacteria.
anaerobic
Which is NOT an effective strategy for addressing the propagation of viral infections?
antibiotic drugs
Each viral capsid is constructed from identical subunits called ______.
capsomeres
Which describes the function of a coenzyme?
carrying a chemical group from one substrate to another
In this image illustrating competitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing to which component?
competitive inhibitor
Endergonic reactions are often coupled with___________reactions in biological systems.
exergonic
When bacteriophages infect pathogenic bacteria resulting in a new pathogenic trait it's called _________.
lysogenic conversion
Chemical substances, such as sugars or amino acids, that are required in large quantities by cells are called_________
macronutrients
In order to multiply, viruses ______ a host cell.
must invade
In this image illustrating noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is indicating which component?
noncompetitive inhibitor
In this image showing noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing toward which component?
normal substrate
Positive-sense RNA is RNA that can be immediately ______.
translated into protein
This figure shows which type of enzyme inhibition?
Noncompetitive
Viruses have a compact and economical structure that is ______.
Not cellular
To obligate anaerobes, oxygen is ______ and ______.
Not used and toxic
Which of the following metabolic processes include the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system?
-Anaerobic respiration -Aerobic respiration
Which of the following statements about treating viral diseases are correct?
-Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. -Most vaccines target viral diseases.
Identify the commonalities between temperate phages and lytic phages.
-Assembly -Biosynthesis of viral components -Release -Penetration -Adsorption
Which of the following are the main products of the Krebs cycle?
-FADH2 -NADH
Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell.
-Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell —membrane -Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus
How many ATP molecules are formed from each FADH2 formed in aerobic respiration?
2
In glycolysis, ____ molecules of pyruvic acid are formed from each glucose.
2
The number of ATP molecules needed to start glycolysis is
2
If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?
Into the cell by osmosis
What element is NOT an essential nutrient for a microbe?
Iron
The term used to describe the condition where the solute concentration within the cell is equal to the solute concentration in the surrounding environment is__________.
Isotonic
Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?
Isotonic
Which is true of a virus that is in a chronic latent state?
It remains hidden within body cells but periodically becomes reactivated.
The only cellular respiration pathway which generates FADH as one of many products is the ___________ ___________
Krebs Cycle
Which of the following is the only metabolic pathway of cellular respiration which generates FADH?
Krebs Cycle
NADH and FADH2 are the main products of ______.
Krebs cycle
Which phase of bacterial growth is considered to be the first?
Lag
A substance that is critical to nutrition and metabolic function because it is used to derive coenzymes is a(n) _____________
Vitamin
Which of the following compounds would be found as part of a coenzyme?
Vitamin
In aerobic respiration, the oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen is converted to ______.
Water
The oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen in aerobic respiration is converted to_____________
Water
When oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the ETS,___________ is usually produced.
Water
The bonds formed between an enzyme and its substrate are ______.
Weak and Reversible
The first step in biofilm formation usually involves ______.
a pioneer bacterium attaching to a surface
Which of the following best describes a prion?
abnormal protein fibrils
The compound that feeds directly into the Krebs cycle is_______________-CoA.
acetyl
The word "induction" when used to describe "enzyme induction" refers to ______.
activating the gene responsible for a particular enzyme
Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?
active site
Prokaryotic cells will divide by a process called
binary fission
ATP can be utilized for ______.
both catabolic and anabolic pathways
Complex polysaccharides can be used as a source of carbon and energy by ______.
breaking them down into their component sugars
Which of the following breaks down fatty acids?
lipase
Enzymes that catalyze the removal of fatty acids from a glycerol backbone are called ______.
lipases
The condition in which the bacterial host chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA is called______
lysogency
Although fermentation yields only 2 ATPs per molecule of glucose, cells can grow rapidly by fermentation because ______.
the rate of glycolysis increases
Bacterial oxygen tolerance patterns are determined by incubating a pure culture of a microorganism in _____________, medium.
thioglycollate
Incubating a pure culture of a microorganism in/on ______ is a method used to determine bacterial oxygen tolerance patterns.
thioglycollate medium
In bacterial pathogens, which temperature range typically leads to inhibition of enzyme catalysis rather than enzyme denaturation?
Low
In active transport, molecules are moving across the membrane from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration.
Low; High
After assembly of nucleic acids and proteins into hundreds of bacteriophages, the host cell ______ and releases the mature virions.
Lyses
The term used to describe the physical rupture of a cell is
Lysis
In which process do some macromolecules get assembled from smaller components and other macromolecules get degraded to yield energy?
Metabolism
The term pertaining to all the chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell is
Metabolism
A component that can activate enzymes and help bring the active site and substrate together is a(n)________
Metals
Which best describes what occurs in the electron transport system?
Movement of electrons actively pump hydrogens creating a concentration gradient.
A symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit is called__________.
Mutualism
In _____, molecules are moving across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
active transport
A virus capable of infecting a cell would be called ______ while one that cannot carry out infection would be referred to as ______.
active; inactive
Superoxide ion and hydrogen peroxide are toxic byproducts of _____.
aerobic respiration
The greatest amount of ATP is produced by _____.
aerobic respiration
The coupling of catabolic pathways with anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called
amphibolism
The process of building larger molecules from smaller ones with an input of energy is called ______.
anabolism
Any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen is a(n)
anaerobes
What types of reactions are required for binary fission to occur?
Both catabolic and anabolic
During the release stage of the viral multiplication cycle, enveloped viruses leave their host cells through___________ , or exocytosis.
Budding
In this image of an enveloped virus, the component that is composed of lipids is indicated by the letter _____.
C
The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the__________ , a coat of proteins.
Capsid
Which of the following is the monomeric unit of a viral capsid?
Capsomer
Which of the following is the degradation of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?
Catabolism
Which enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide, formed in aerobic respiration, to water and oxygen?
Catalase
Which of the following is sometimes needed for an enzyme to be fully functional?
Cofactor
An organic molecule or inorganic element that is needed for enzyme function is called a(n)
Cofactors
A molecule that resembles an enzyme's normal substrate, binding to the active site and preventing the actual substrate from binding there, is called a ______ inhibitor.
Competitive
Which type of inhibition involves a "mimic" molecule that can block enzyme activity at its active site?
Competitive
_____ contain a tightly bound metal atom at their center that is actively involved in accepting electrons and donating them to the next carrier in the electron transport chain.
Cytochromes
What cell structure regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell?
Cytoplasmic membrane
Viral nucleic acids are _______
Either single-stranded or double stranded
The release of electrons to power the pumping of hydrogen ions which generates a concentration gradient to produce ATP involves the _____________ ______________ System.
Electron transport
The release of electrons to power the pumping of hydrogen ions which generates a concentration gradient to produce ATP involves the _________________ __________________ System.
Electron transport
Which two types of reactions are often coupled in cells?
Endergonic and exergonic
The 2 principal processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are________ (engulfment) and direct fusion.
Endocytosis
Antimicrobial agents such as heat and disinfectants rapidly accelerate the death phase in all populations, but microbes in the______________ growth phase are more vulnerable to these agents than those that have entered the stationary phase.
Exponential
What pathway can be used by facultative anaerobes if oxygen is not readily available?
Fermentation
Which of the following describes a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit?
Mutualism
Which term best describes the association between a human host and the normal microbiota that aids in digestion?
Mutualistic
During fermentation, which electron carrier is made available to reenter glycolysis so that ATP production can continue in the absence of oxygen?
NAD
In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, NAD is reduced to_______
NADH
The enzyme NADH dehydrogenase receives electrons from ______ and transfers them to other electron carriers.
NADH
In the electron transport chain, NADH transfers electrons and H+ to _____.
NADH dehydrogenase
Which of the following terms is used to describe a viral RNA genome which CANNOT be immediately translated into protein?
Negative sense
What can be tested to determine the use of anaerobic metabolism in bacteria?
Nitrate reduction
What effect would adding additional substrate in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor have on an enzymatic reaction?
No effect
As shown in the image, when an inhibitor binds to a regulatory site that is outside the active site, ___________ inhibition occurs.
Noncompetitive
As a virus buds off with its envelope, it picks up viral_________which were inserted into the host's cell membrane during the assembly phase.
Spikes
What are the three main criteria used to classify viruses?
Structure, chemical composition, and genetic makeup
In this image illustrating noncompetitive inhibition, the red arrow is pointing toward the_________
Substrate
Induction of the activity of a regulated enzyme is completely dependent on_____________concentration.
Substrate
Regulated enzymes are induced according to the concentration of which of the following?
Substrate
What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?
Substrate
Which is NOT a function of coenzymes?
Supplying energy for the reaction
Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms?
Symbiosis
An enzyme in the membrane that harnesses the flow of hydrogen ions and catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP is called ATP_____________.
Synthase
Which type of phage generally can increase the pathogenicity of a bacterium?
Temperate phage
______ phages enter the prophage state, while ______ phages burst the host cell.
Temperature; Lytic