bio 1201 exam 2

When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy are most likely

+ΔG, +ΔH, -ΔS

Most plants make sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, from CO2 fixed during photosynthesis. How many CO2 molecules are needed to make one sucrose molecule?

12 CO2

How many C02 molecules are produced when one maltose molecule is completely converted to CO2 and H2O by aerobic respiration? (Remember maltose is a disaccharide made of two glucose molecules)

18

From one glucose molecule, glycolysis provides the cell with ?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

The bases adenine and thymidine base pair in DNA double helices. What type of bond and how many make up the interaction?

2 hydrogen bonds

The sequence of one strand of a double stranded DNA molecule is given below. What is the sequence of the other strand? The sequence: 5'-CGTACAA-3'

5'-TTGTACG-3'

what is the DIRECT source of energy that drives ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial ATP synthase?

A H+ gradient across the inner membrane

The process of active transport and the movement of motor proteins involved in cell motility both require ______?

ATP

what type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane?

C4-type photosynthesis

which has more energy glucose or CO2?

CO2

The making of an exact copy of DNA is called ?

DNA replication

during aerobic respiration, which step oxidizes NADH?

Electron transport

during aerobic respiration, which step breaks glucose down into two 3-carbon molecules?

Glycolysis

during aerobic respiration, which step release the most CO2?

Krebs cycle

Where mitosis and cytokinesis occur

M phase

which has more energy ATP or NADH?

NADH

which has more energy NADH or FADH2?

NADH

which can pass most easily through a lipid bilayer?

O2

which organism produces O2?

Only photosynthetic organisms produce O2

The most abundant enzyme on the planet?

Rubisco

How are the plasma membrane and a membrane of the Golgi apparatus different?

The proteins in each membrane would be different

an unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage of ATP and ADP and phosphate is an example of what?

a coupled reaction

A chemical reaction that requires energy to take place is called ?

a endergonic reaction

The concentration of NADH outside of the mitochondrion is LOWER than the concentration inside. A specific transport protein is required for NADH to enter the mitochondria, and ATP IS required. This is an example of:?

active transport

changes in free energy formula G= Free energy H= Enthalpy T= Temperature (K) S= Entropy

change of G = change of H - T change S

eukaryotic chromosomes consist of ?

chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

DNA molecules in a cell are packages into?

chromosomes

Increasing substrate concentration can overcome ___.

competitive inhibition

the division of the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell?

cytokinesis

during aerobic respiration, which step directly requires 02?

electron transport

an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution is likely to ?

enlarged and possibly lyse

Insulin, a hormone, is made in pancreatic cells and exported from the cell in small vesicles. These vesicles fuse with plasma membrane releasing the insulin from the cell. What process is occurring ?

exocytosis

The concentration of pyruvate outside of the mitochondrion is HIGHER than than the concentration inside. A specific transport protein is required for pyruvate to cross the membrane, but NO ATP is required. This is an example of: ?

facilitated diffusion

(reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) that have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

gametes

the DNA in a cell constitues the cells?

genome

Using aerobic respiration, which molecule can provide the most energy?

glucose

which has more energy ATP or glucose?

glucose

Sequence of energy flow in cellular respiration

glucose -> NADH ( or FADH2) -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP

which pathway is common or reaction is used in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation?

glycolysis

a glass if salt water is ________________ relative to a glass of pure water

hypertonic

which cell cycle phase is where cell growth and the copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division?

interphase

The two phases the cell cycle consist of?

interphase and mitotic (M) phase

order of cell cycle

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

a special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells

meiosis

Where is the Krebs cycle located?

mitochondrial matrix

The divison of the genetic material in the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

mitosis

If the number of Hydrogen ion pumps in the ETC is increased what impact will this have on ATP production?

more ATP will be produced

If the number of Hydrogen ion pumps in the ETC is increased what impact will this have on substrate level ATP production?

no impact

require free energy

non spontaneous endergonic (G final>Ginital)

when compared with oxidized NAD+ reduced NADH has?

one less carbon=carbon double bond

a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

oxidation

(nonreproductive cells) that have two sets of chromosomes

somatic cells

release free energy

spontaneous exergonic (G initial > Gfinal)

what happens to the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?

the electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions and make water

energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed

the first law of thermodynamics

The process of endocytosis is

the movement of substances into the cell through membrane-bound vesicles

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat

the second law of thermodynamics