bio 1201 exam 2
When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy are most likely
+ΔG, +ΔH, -ΔS
Most plants make sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, from CO2 fixed during photosynthesis. How many CO2 molecules are needed to make one sucrose molecule?
12 CO2
How many C02 molecules are produced when one maltose molecule is completely converted to CO2 and H2O by aerobic respiration? (Remember maltose is a disaccharide made of two glucose molecules)
18
From one glucose molecule, glycolysis provides the cell with ?
2 ATP and 2 NADH
The bases adenine and thymidine base pair in DNA double helices. What type of bond and how many make up the interaction?
2 hydrogen bonds
The sequence of one strand of a double stranded DNA molecule is given below. What is the sequence of the other strand? The sequence: 5'-CGTACAA-3'
5'-TTGTACG-3'
what is the DIRECT source of energy that drives ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial ATP synthase?
A H+ gradient across the inner membrane
The process of active transport and the movement of motor proteins involved in cell motility both require ______?
ATP
what type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane?
C4-type photosynthesis
which has more energy glucose or CO2?
CO2
The making of an exact copy of DNA is called ?
DNA replication
during aerobic respiration, which step oxidizes NADH?
Electron transport
during aerobic respiration, which step breaks glucose down into two 3-carbon molecules?
Glycolysis
during aerobic respiration, which step release the most CO2?
Krebs cycle
Where mitosis and cytokinesis occur
M phase
which has more energy ATP or NADH?
NADH
which has more energy NADH or FADH2?
NADH
which can pass most easily through a lipid bilayer?
O2
which organism produces O2?
Only photosynthetic organisms produce O2
The most abundant enzyme on the planet?
Rubisco
How are the plasma membrane and a membrane of the Golgi apparatus different?
The proteins in each membrane would be different
an unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage of ATP and ADP and phosphate is an example of what?
a coupled reaction
A chemical reaction that requires energy to take place is called ?
a endergonic reaction
The concentration of NADH outside of the mitochondrion is LOWER than the concentration inside. A specific transport protein is required for NADH to enter the mitochondria, and ATP IS required. This is an example of:?
active transport
changes in free energy formula G= Free energy H= Enthalpy T= Temperature (K) S= Entropy
change of G = change of H - T change S
eukaryotic chromosomes consist of ?
chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
DNA molecules in a cell are packages into?
chromosomes
Increasing substrate concentration can overcome ___.
competitive inhibition
the division of the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell?
cytokinesis
during aerobic respiration, which step directly requires 02?
electron transport
an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution is likely to ?
enlarged and possibly lyse
Insulin, a hormone, is made in pancreatic cells and exported from the cell in small vesicles. These vesicles fuse with plasma membrane releasing the insulin from the cell. What process is occurring ?
exocytosis
The concentration of pyruvate outside of the mitochondrion is HIGHER than than the concentration inside. A specific transport protein is required for pyruvate to cross the membrane, but NO ATP is required. This is an example of: ?
facilitated diffusion
(reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) that have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
gametes
the DNA in a cell constitues the cells?
genome
Using aerobic respiration, which molecule can provide the most energy?
glucose
which has more energy ATP or glucose?
glucose
Sequence of energy flow in cellular respiration
glucose -> NADH ( or FADH2) -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP
which pathway is common or reaction is used in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation?
glycolysis
a glass if salt water is ________________ relative to a glass of pure water
hypertonic
which cell cycle phase is where cell growth and the copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division?
interphase
The two phases the cell cycle consist of?
interphase and mitotic (M) phase
order of cell cycle
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
a special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells
meiosis
Where is the Krebs cycle located?
mitochondrial matrix
The divison of the genetic material in the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
mitosis
If the number of Hydrogen ion pumps in the ETC is increased what impact will this have on ATP production?
more ATP will be produced
If the number of Hydrogen ion pumps in the ETC is increased what impact will this have on substrate level ATP production?
no impact
require free energy
non spontaneous endergonic (G final>Ginital)
when compared with oxidized NAD+ reduced NADH has?
one less carbon=carbon double bond
a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
oxidation
(nonreproductive cells) that have two sets of chromosomes
somatic cells
release free energy
spontaneous exergonic (G initial > Gfinal)
what happens to the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
the electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions and make water
energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed
the first law of thermodynamics
The process of endocytosis is
the movement of substances into the cell through membrane-bound vesicles
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat
the second law of thermodynamics