BIO 131 Glenn Exam 2 - SUNY Broome
how many layers thick is stratum lucidum? what do the cells look like?
- 3 to 4 layers - cells are translucent
what 2 things does the papillary layer of the dermis contain, and what are their functions?
- Meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors) - Dermal papillae (upward extensions that form boundary between dermis and epidermis)
when are eccrine glands active? what is their function?
- active when body heats up - help to lower body temperature
what is spongy bone? where is it found? what are its spaces filled with?
- arrangement of small needle-like pieces (spicules) or thin plates (trabeculae) - found at ends of bone - spaces filled with bone marrow
name 2 places hyaline cartilage is found in the body.
- articular cartilage at ends of long bones - cartilage rings in trachea
in some adult bones, red bone marrow becomes what? what does this cause?
- becomes yellow bone marrow - makes it incapable of producing blood cells
what 4 tissues does bone consist of?
- bone (osseous tissue) - hyaline cartilage - elastic cartilage - fibrocartilage
what 3 types of tissue are found in the epiphysis of a long bone, and where are each located?
- compact bone on outside - spongy bone on inside - articular cartilage covering joint surface
what is compact bone? what does it look like?
- dense outer layer of bone - looks smooth and solid
what is the periosteum of a long bone? what are its 3 functions?
- double-layered membrane with fibrous collagen outer layer and inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells - provides insertion for muscles and tendons; growth of bone; healing of fractures
what are the 2 functions of the hypodermis?
- energy reservoir - thermal insulation
which skin layer(s) is affected by second degree burns? what does a second degree burn cause?
- entire epidermis and part of dermis - causes blistering
which skin layer(s) is affected by first degree burns? what does a first degree burn cause?
- epidermis - causes redness and pain but no blistering
what type of cells are hair follicles formed from? where are they located?
- formed from epidermal cells - located in dermis
what are osteocytes? where are they located?
- former osteoblasts that have become trapped in bone matrix - located in lacunae (tiny cavities) in bone matrix
what type of cells does stratum spinosum contain?
- keratinocytes - dendritic (Langerhans) cells
what 3 types of cells does stratum basale contain?
- keratinocytes - melanocytes - tactile (Merkel) cells
what are the 4 types of cells are found in the epidermis?
- keratinocytes - melanocytes - tactile (Merkel) cells - dendritic (Langerhans) cells
what 2 things cause white/gray hair?
- lack of pigment - air bubbles in the medulla (core) of the hair shaft
what are the 2 functions of the appendicular skeleton?
- locomotion - manipulation of the environment
what is osteoid? what is it made up of?
- organic component of bone matrix - made up of proteins and collagen
name the 4 organic components of bone.
- osteoblasts - osteoclasts - osteocytes - osteoid
name the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep.
- papillary layer - reticular layer
what are the 3 functions of the axial skeleton?
- protection - support - carries other body parts
what is the epiphyseal line of a long bone? where is it located?
- remnant of growth plate - located between diaphysis and epiphysis
what do apocrine glands secrete? when do they begin to secrete this?
- sex pheromones - begin to secrete at puberty
What is the diaphysis of a long bone? What does it contain?
- shaft (body) of bone - contains medullary (bone marrow) cavity
what 3 parts of the body make up the axial skeleton?
- skull - vertebral column - rib cage
what are the 6 functions of the skeleton?
- support body - protect internal organs - movement - mineral storage of calcium and phosphate - pH balance - hematopoiesis
what is the endosteum of a long bone? what 3 things does the endosteum line?
- thin layer of connective tissue - lines trabeculae of spongy bone in marrow cavities, medullary cavity, and central canals
how many layers thick is stratum corneum? what is the appearance of the cells there?
- up to 30 layers thick - cells are dead, scaly, and keratinized
what parts of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?
- upper and lower limbs (arms and legs) - shoulder bones - hip bones
name the 4 steps of tissue repair.
1) Bleeding/inflammation 2) Scab formation 3) Formulation of granulation tissue 4) Regeneration or fibrosis (damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue)
Name the 5 functions of the integumentary system.
1) resistance to trauma and infection 2) prevents loss and gain of water 3) vitamin D synthesis 4) sensory receptors 5) thermoregulation
how many layers thick is stratum granulosum?
3 to 5
what percentage of bone is made up of organic components?
35%
what percentage of bone is made up of inorganic components?
65%
how many layers thick is stratum spinosum?
8 to 10 layers
most sebaceous glands are associated with what?
a hair follicle
what are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands?
apocrine and eccrine
what type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis made up of?
areolar connective tissue
what 2 tissue types is the hypodermis made up of?
areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
What are canaliculi?
hair-like canals that connect osteocytes within an osteon
what are the inorganic components of bone?
hydroxyapatites (mainly calcium phosphates)
name 1 place fibrocartilage is found in the body.
intervertebral discs
why are many drugs injected into the hypodermis?
it is highly vascular (many blood vessels)
what type of tissue is the epidermis made of?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what are lamellae?
layers of matrix within an osteon
what are dendritic (Langerhans) cells?
macrophages that kill microbes
what pigment is responsible for hair color?
melanin
what type of cell is responsible for skin color?
melanocytes
what is the deadliest form of skin cancer (most likely to metastasize)?
melanoma
what is an arrector pili?
muscle that allows hair to stand on end (causes goosebumps)
what is skin cancer?
mutation of skin cell DNA
how many layers thick is stratum basale?
one single layer
which type of cell secretes osteoid?
osteoblasts
What are perforating canals?
passages that connect blood supply of periosteum to central canals and the medullary cavity
what is a hair shaft?
portion of hair that continues beyond the skin
what is a hair root?
portion of hair within follicle (all hair beneath surface of skin)
What do keratinocytes do?
produce waterproofing substances (keratin and lipids) that protect the skin
what are tactile (Merkel) cells?
receptors for sense of touch
what color is pheomelanin?
reddish yellow
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
sebum (oil)
what is a central canal?
small "highway" of blood vessels and nerves that run through each osteon
what are glands?
specialized cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts
what type of cells are nails formed from?
specialized epithelial cells that become keratinized as they move away from the root
which layer of the epidermis contains stem cells?
stratum basale
which layer of the epidermis does basal cell carcinoma arise from?
stratum basale
name the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top
stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
at which layer of the epidermis do nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate?
stratum granulosum
Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
which layer of the epidermis is eleidin found?
stratum lucidum
which layer of the epidermis does squamous cell carcinoma arise from?
stratum spinosum
what is an osteon?
structural unit of compact bone
what is another term for the hypodermis?
subcutaneous layer
what is cartilage?
supportive connective tissue with a flexible, rubbery matrix
where do eccrine glands open into?
surface of skin
What do sudoriferous glands produce?
sweat
what do melanocytes do?
synthesize melanin pigment to produce skin and hair color
what happens to connective tissues after injury?
they are replaced by fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis)
what is alopecia?
thinning or loss of hair (baldness)
why do collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae run in opposite directions?
to strengthen bone and withstand stress
what are the 2 functions of sebaceous glands?
⋅ Lubricate and waterproof hair and skin ⋅ Weaken/kill bacteria on skin surface
what 4 things does the reticular layer of the dermis contain?
⋅ Pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors) ⋅ Hair follicles ⋅ Sebaceous glands ⋅ Sudoriferous glands
what is male pattern baldness?
genetically dominant trait expressed only in presence of testosterone
which 3 places on the body do apocrine glands open into?
hair follicles in anal region, groin, and armpits
where is the hypodermis located?
below the dermis
What is hematopoiesis?
blood formation in red bone marrow
what are osteoclasts?
bone dissolving cells
what are osteoblasts?
bone forming cells
What color is eumelanin?
brownish black
what causes whiteheads/blackheads?
buildup of sebum on the skin
what does hyaline cartilage look like?
clear and glassy matrix
what 2 types of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made up of?
dense irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue
What is the epiphysis of a long bone?
ends of the bone
which skin layer(s) is affected by third degree burns?
epidermis and dermis (entire thickness of skin)
which type of tissue regenerates well after being injured?
epithelial tissue
what causes skin to tan?
exposure to UV radiation, which causes increased production of melanin by melanocytes and spreading of melanin to keratinocytes
name 1 place elastic cartilage is found in the body.
external ear
severe burns can cause what 2 things?
fluid loss and infection