BIO 131 Glenn Exam 2 - SUNY Broome

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how many layers thick is stratum lucidum? what do the cells look like?

- 3 to 4 layers - cells are translucent

what 2 things does the papillary layer of the dermis contain, and what are their functions?

- Meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors) - Dermal papillae (upward extensions that form boundary between dermis and epidermis)

when are eccrine glands active? what is their function?

- active when body heats up - help to lower body temperature

what is spongy bone? where is it found? what are its spaces filled with?

- arrangement of small needle-like pieces (spicules) or thin plates (trabeculae) - found at ends of bone - spaces filled with bone marrow

name 2 places hyaline cartilage is found in the body.

- articular cartilage at ends of long bones - cartilage rings in trachea

in some adult bones, red bone marrow becomes what? what does this cause?

- becomes yellow bone marrow - makes it incapable of producing blood cells

what 4 tissues does bone consist of?

- bone (osseous tissue) - hyaline cartilage - elastic cartilage - fibrocartilage

what 3 types of tissue are found in the epiphysis of a long bone, and where are each located?

- compact bone on outside - spongy bone on inside - articular cartilage covering joint surface

what is compact bone? what does it look like?

- dense outer layer of bone - looks smooth and solid

what is the periosteum of a long bone? what are its 3 functions?

- double-layered membrane with fibrous collagen outer layer and inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells - provides insertion for muscles and tendons; growth of bone; healing of fractures

what are the 2 functions of the hypodermis?

- energy reservoir - thermal insulation

which skin layer(s) is affected by second degree burns? what does a second degree burn cause?

- entire epidermis and part of dermis - causes blistering

which skin layer(s) is affected by first degree burns? what does a first degree burn cause?

- epidermis - causes redness and pain but no blistering

what type of cells are hair follicles formed from? where are they located?

- formed from epidermal cells - located in dermis

what are osteocytes? where are they located?

- former osteoblasts that have become trapped in bone matrix - located in lacunae (tiny cavities) in bone matrix

what type of cells does stratum spinosum contain?

- keratinocytes - dendritic (Langerhans) cells

what 3 types of cells does stratum basale contain?

- keratinocytes - melanocytes - tactile (Merkel) cells

what are the 4 types of cells are found in the epidermis?

- keratinocytes - melanocytes - tactile (Merkel) cells - dendritic (Langerhans) cells

what 2 things cause white/gray hair?

- lack of pigment - air bubbles in the medulla (core) of the hair shaft

what are the 2 functions of the appendicular skeleton?

- locomotion - manipulation of the environment

what is osteoid? what is it made up of?

- organic component of bone matrix - made up of proteins and collagen

name the 4 organic components of bone.

- osteoblasts - osteoclasts - osteocytes - osteoid

name the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep.

- papillary layer - reticular layer

what are the 3 functions of the axial skeleton?

- protection - support - carries other body parts

what is the epiphyseal line of a long bone? where is it located?

- remnant of growth plate - located between diaphysis and epiphysis

what do apocrine glands secrete? when do they begin to secrete this?

- sex pheromones - begin to secrete at puberty

What is the diaphysis of a long bone? What does it contain?

- shaft (body) of bone - contains medullary (bone marrow) cavity

what 3 parts of the body make up the axial skeleton?

- skull - vertebral column - rib cage

what are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

- support body - protect internal organs - movement - mineral storage of calcium and phosphate - pH balance - hematopoiesis

what is the endosteum of a long bone? what 3 things does the endosteum line?

- thin layer of connective tissue - lines trabeculae of spongy bone in marrow cavities, medullary cavity, and central canals

how many layers thick is stratum corneum? what is the appearance of the cells there?

- up to 30 layers thick - cells are dead, scaly, and keratinized

what parts of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?

- upper and lower limbs (arms and legs) - shoulder bones - hip bones

name the 4 steps of tissue repair.

1) Bleeding/inflammation 2) Scab formation 3) Formulation of granulation tissue 4) Regeneration or fibrosis (damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue)

Name the 5 functions of the integumentary system.

1) resistance to trauma and infection 2) prevents loss and gain of water 3) vitamin D synthesis 4) sensory receptors 5) thermoregulation

how many layers thick is stratum granulosum?

3 to 5

what percentage of bone is made up of organic components?

35%

what percentage of bone is made up of inorganic components?

65%

how many layers thick is stratum spinosum?

8 to 10 layers

most sebaceous glands are associated with what?

a hair follicle

what are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands?

apocrine and eccrine

what type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis made up of?

areolar connective tissue

what 2 tissue types is the hypodermis made up of?

areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue

What are canaliculi?

hair-like canals that connect osteocytes within an osteon

what are the inorganic components of bone?

hydroxyapatites (mainly calcium phosphates)

name 1 place fibrocartilage is found in the body.

intervertebral discs

why are many drugs injected into the hypodermis?

it is highly vascular (many blood vessels)

what type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

what are lamellae?

layers of matrix within an osteon

what are dendritic (Langerhans) cells?

macrophages that kill microbes

what pigment is responsible for hair color?

melanin

what type of cell is responsible for skin color?

melanocytes

what is the deadliest form of skin cancer (most likely to metastasize)?

melanoma

what is an arrector pili?

muscle that allows hair to stand on end (causes goosebumps)

what is skin cancer?

mutation of skin cell DNA

how many layers thick is stratum basale?

one single layer

which type of cell secretes osteoid?

osteoblasts

What are perforating canals?

passages that connect blood supply of periosteum to central canals and the medullary cavity

what is a hair shaft?

portion of hair that continues beyond the skin

what is a hair root?

portion of hair within follicle (all hair beneath surface of skin)

What do keratinocytes do?

produce waterproofing substances (keratin and lipids) that protect the skin

what are tactile (Merkel) cells?

receptors for sense of touch

what color is pheomelanin?

reddish yellow

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

sebum (oil)

what is a central canal?

small "highway" of blood vessels and nerves that run through each osteon

what are glands?

specialized cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts

what type of cells are nails formed from?

specialized epithelial cells that become keratinized as they move away from the root

which layer of the epidermis contains stem cells?

stratum basale

which layer of the epidermis does basal cell carcinoma arise from?

stratum basale

name the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top

stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum

at which layer of the epidermis do nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate?

stratum granulosum

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

which layer of the epidermis is eleidin found?

stratum lucidum

which layer of the epidermis does squamous cell carcinoma arise from?

stratum spinosum

what is an osteon?

structural unit of compact bone

what is another term for the hypodermis?

subcutaneous layer

what is cartilage?

supportive connective tissue with a flexible, rubbery matrix

where do eccrine glands open into?

surface of skin

What do sudoriferous glands produce?

sweat

what do melanocytes do?

synthesize melanin pigment to produce skin and hair color

what happens to connective tissues after injury?

they are replaced by fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis)

what is alopecia?

thinning or loss of hair (baldness)

why do collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae run in opposite directions?

to strengthen bone and withstand stress

what are the 2 functions of sebaceous glands?

⋅ Lubricate and waterproof hair and skin ⋅ Weaken/kill bacteria on skin surface

what 4 things does the reticular layer of the dermis contain?

⋅ Pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors) ⋅ Hair follicles ⋅ Sebaceous glands ⋅ Sudoriferous glands

what is male pattern baldness?

genetically dominant trait expressed only in presence of testosterone

which 3 places on the body do apocrine glands open into?

hair follicles in anal region, groin, and armpits

where is the hypodermis located?

below the dermis

What is hematopoiesis?

blood formation in red bone marrow

what are osteoclasts?

bone dissolving cells

what are osteoblasts?

bone forming cells

What color is eumelanin?

brownish black

what causes whiteheads/blackheads?

buildup of sebum on the skin

what does hyaline cartilage look like?

clear and glassy matrix

what 2 types of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made up of?

dense irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

ends of the bone

which skin layer(s) is affected by third degree burns?

epidermis and dermis (entire thickness of skin)

which type of tissue regenerates well after being injured?

epithelial tissue

what causes skin to tan?

exposure to UV radiation, which causes increased production of melanin by melanocytes and spreading of melanin to keratinocytes

name 1 place elastic cartilage is found in the body.

external ear

severe burns can cause what 2 things?

fluid loss and infection


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